Reciprocal Relationship Between Pain and Depression: A 12-Month Longitudinal Analysis in Primary Care
Open accessAbstract
Unlabelled Pain and depression are the most prevalent physical and psychological symptom-based disorders, respectively, and co-occur 30 to 50% of the time. However, their reciprocal relationship and potentially causative effects on one another have been inadequately studied. Longitudinal data analysis involving 500 primary care patients with persistent back, hip, or knee pain were enrolled in the Stepped Care for Affective Disorders and Musculoskeletal Pain (SCAMP) study. Half of the participants had comorbid depression and were randomized to a stepped care intervention (n = 123) or treatment as usual (n = 127). Another 250 nondepressed patients with similar pain were followed in a parallel cohort. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Mixed effects model repeated measures (MMRM) multivariable analyses were conducted to determine if change in pain severity predicted subsequent depression severity, and vice versa. Change in pain was a strong predictor of subsequent depression severity (t-value = 6.63, P < .0001). Likewise, change in depression severity was an equally strong predictor of subsequent pain severity (t-value = 7.28, P < .0001). Results from the full cohort were similar in the clinical trial subgroup. In summary, pain and depression have strong and similar effects on one another when assessed longitudinally over 12 months.Perspective This study strengthens the evidence for a bidirectional and potentially causative influence of pain and depression on one another. A change in severity of either symptom predicts subsequent severity of the other symptom. Thus, recognition and management of both conditions may be warranted, particularly when treatment focused on 1 condition is not leading to an optimal response.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Comorbidity between psychological distress and chronic pain negatively influences the response to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments.
“and negatively influences the response to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments (Kroenke et al., 2011).”
From A systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions for comorbid chronic pain and clinically relevant psychological distress (2023) · cites this paper as Kroenke et al., 2011
The Introduction and Discussion report that co-occurring pain and depression can adversely affect treatment response. The Discussion also mentions antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral therapy, but the paper addresses depression specifically, not psychological distress more broadly. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe relationship between pain and depression is bidirectional.
“The relationship between pain and depression is bidirectional.7”
From Efficacy, cost-utility and physiological effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Behavioural Activation Treatment for Depression (BATD) in patients with chronic low back pain and depression: study protocol of a randomised, controlled trial including mobile-technology-based ecological momentary assessment (IMPACT study) (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70864-3 · Cited by 4,261 · see citing works
Self-citationDworkin, R. H., Turk, D. C., Wyrwich, K. W., Beaton, D., Cleeland, C. S., Farrar, J. T., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Jensen, M. P., Kerns, R. D., Ader, D. N., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.005 · Cited by 3,471 · see citing works
Depression and Pain Comorbidity: A Literature Review
Bair, M. J., Robinson, R. L., Katon, W., & Kroenke, K. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.20.2433 · Cited by 3,463 · see citing works
Self-citationGrading the severity of chronic pain
Von Korff, M., Ormel, J., Keefe, F. J., & Dworkin, S. F. (1992) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(92)90154-4 · Cited by 3,022 · see citing works
Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study
Spitzer, R. L. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.272.22.1749 · Cited by 2,648 · see citing works
Unützer, J., Katon, W., Callahan, C. M., Williams, Jr., Hunkeler, E., Harpole, L., Hoffing, M., Della Penna, R. D., Noël, P. H., Lin, E. H. B., et al. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.22.2836 · Cited by 2,405 · see citing works
Effect Sizes for Interpreting Changes in Health Status
Kazis, L. E., Anderson, J. J., & Meenan, R. F. (1989) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198903001-00015 · Cited by 2,401 · see citing works
Utility of a New Procedure for Diagnosing Mental Disorders in Primary Care: The PRIME-MD 1000 Study
Spitzer, R. L. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520220043029 · Cited by 1,873 · see citing works
A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain
Linton, S. J. (2000) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200005010-00017 · Cited by 1,776 · see citing works
Monitoring Depression Treatment Outcomes With the Patient Health Questionnaire-9
L??we, B., Un??tzer, J., Callahan, C. M., Perkins, A. J., & Kroenke, K. (2004) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200412000-00006 · Cited by 1,354 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic pain-associated depression: Antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review
Fishbain, D. A., Cutler, R., Rosomoff, H. L., & Rosomoff, R. S. (1997) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-199706000-00006 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
Krebs, E. E., Lorenz, K. A., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Wu, J., Sutherland, J. M., Asch, S. M., & Kroenke, K. (2009) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-009-0981-1 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Self-citationKaton, W., Korff, M. V., Lin, E., Simon, G., Walker, E., Unützer, J., Bush, T., Russo, J., & Ludman, E. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1109 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Chronic Pain and Psychopathology: Research Findings and Theoretical Considerations
Dersh, J., Polatin, P. B., & Gatchel, R. J. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200209000-00010 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Comorbid Depression, Chronic Pain, and Disability in Primary Care
Arnow, B. A., Hunkeler, E. M., Blasey, C. M., Lee, J., Constantino, M. J., FIREMAN, B. H., KRAEMER, H. C., Dea, R., Robinson, R., & Hayward, C. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000204851.15499.fc · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Williams, Jr., Barrett, J., Oxman, T., Frank, E., Katon, W., Sullivan, M., Cornell, J., & Sengupta, A. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.12.1519 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Kroenke, K., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Wu, J., Hoke, S., Sutherland, J., & Tu, W. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.723 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Self-citationA cross‐national study of the course of persistent pain in primary care
Gureje, O., Simon, G., & Korff, M. V. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00483-8 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Impact of pain on depression treatment response in primary care
Bair, M. J., Robinson, R. L., Eckert, G. J., Stang, P. E., Croghan, T. W., & Kroenke, K. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000106883.94059.c5 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Self-citationA longitudinal study to explain the pain‐depression link in older adults with osteoarthritis
HAWKER, G. A., Gignac, M. A. M., Badley, E. M., Davis, A. M., French, M., Li, Y., Perruccio, A. V., Power, J. D., Sale, J. E. M., & Lou, W. Y. W. (2010) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.20298 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Comorbid Chronic Pain and Depression: Who Is at Risk?
Miller-Matero, L. R., & Caño, A. (2009) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.007 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Similar Effectiveness of Paroxetine, Fluoxetine, and Sertraline in Primary Care
Kroenke, K., West, S. L., Swindle, R. W., Gilsenan, A., Eckert, G. J., Dolor, R. J., Stang, P., Zhou, X., Hays, R. D., & Weinberger, M. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.23.2947 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationDietrich, A. J., Oxman, T. E., Williams, J. W., Schulberg, H. C., Bruce, M. L., Lee, P. W., Barry, S., Raue, P. J., Lefever, J. J., Heo, M., et al. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38219.481250.55 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationMitchell, A. J., & Coyne, J. C. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Comorbid painful physical symptoms and depression: prevalence, work loss, and help seeking
Demyttenaere, K., Bonnewyn, A., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T., De Graaf, R., & Alonso, J. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.007 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Conditional and Marginal Models: Another View
Lee, Y., & Nelder, J. A. (2004) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/088342304000000305 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Geerlings, S. W., Twisk, J. W. R., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & van Tilburg, W. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s127-002-8210-2 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Chou, K. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.013 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Impact of pain on the outcomes of depression treatment: Results from the RESPECT trial
Kroenke, K., Shen, J.-Z., Oxman, T., Williams, J. W., & Dietrich, A. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.09.021 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationCovic, T. (2003) · British journal of rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg369 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Prevalence and impact of depression and pain in neurology outpatients
Williams, L. S. (2003) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.11.1587 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Pain symptoms in depression: definition and clinical significance
Katona, C., Peveler, R., Dowrick, C. F., Wessely, S. C., Feinmann, C., Gask, L. L., Lloyd, H., Williams, A. C. D. C., & Wager, E. (2005) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.5-4-390 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Somatic Symptoms in Patients With Cancer Experiencing Pain or Depression
Kroenke, K., Zhong, X., Theobald, D., Wu, J., Tu, W., & Carpenter, J. S. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.337 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationLabbate, L. A., Croft, H. A., & Oleshansky, M. A. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Antidepressants and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Symptom Syndromes
Jackson, J. L., O’Malley, P. G., & Kroenke, K. (2006) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900014383 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationSerious psychological distress in U.S. adults with arthritis
Shih, M., Hootman, J. M., Strine, T. W., Chapman, D. P., & Brady, T. J. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00573.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Hurwitz, E. L., Morgenstern, H., & Yu, F. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00010-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Emptage, N. P., Sturm, R., & Robinson, R. L. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.4.468 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Meyer, T., Cooper, J., & Raspe, H. (2007) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181557955 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Relationships Among Depression, Chronic Pain, Chronic Disabling Pain, and Medical Costs
Arnow, B. A., Blasey, C. M., Lee, J., FIREMAN, B. H., Hunkeler, E. M., Dea, R., Robinson, R. L., & Hayward, C. (2009) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2009.60.3.344 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Leuchter, A. F., Husain, M. M., Cook, I. A., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Gilmer, W. S., Luther, J., D, M. F. M., & Rush, A. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709006035 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Stepped Care for Affective Disorders and Musculoskeletal Pain (SCAMP) study
Kroenke, K., Bair, M. J., Damush, T. M., Hoke, S., Nicholas, G., Kempf, C., Huffman, M. A., Wu, J., & Sutherland, J. M. (2007) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.08.005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression and pain: an overview
Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., Pasco, J. A., Dodd, S., & Berk, M. (2006) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00130.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Outcomes of newly referred neurology outpatients with depression and pain
Williams, L. S., Jones, W. J., Shen, J., Robinson, R. L., & Kroenke, K. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000134669.05005.95 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationPain Limits the Effectiveness of Collaborative Care for Depression
Thielke, S. M., Fan, M., Sullivan, M. D., & Unützer, J. (2007) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3180325a2d · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mavandadi, S., Have, T. R. T., Katz, I. R., Durai, U. N. B., Krahn, D. D., Llorente, M. D., Kirchner, J. E., Olsen, E. J., Stone, W. W. V., Cooley, S. L., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01042.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A Clinical Genetic Method to Identify Mechanisms by Which Pain Causes Depression and Anxiety
Max, M. B., Wu, T., Atlas, S. J., Edwards, R. R., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Bollettino, A. F., Hipp, H. S., McKnight, C. D., Osman, I. A., Crawford, E. N., et al. (2006) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1186/1744-8069-2-14 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Kroenke, K. (2005) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.v07n0401 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationCole, T. (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980228)17:4
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 52 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [26]Kroenke K Somatic symptoms and depression: a double hurt Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 7 148 149 2005 16163396 PMC1192431
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain
Edwards, R. R., Dworkin, R. H., Sullivan, M. D., Turk, D. C., & Wasan, A. D. (2016) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.001 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
The link between multiple sclerosis and depression
Feinstein, A., Magalhaes, S., Richard, J., Audet, B., & Moore, C. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.139 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Lerman, S. F., Rudich, Z., Brill, S., Shalev, H., & Shahar, G. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000158 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Prescription Opioid Use among Adults with Mental Health Disorders in the United States
Davis, M. A., Lin, L. A., Liu, H., & Sites, B. D. (2017) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2017.04.170112 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Pain and Depression: An Integrative Review of Neurobiological and Psychological Factors
Goesling, J., Clauw, D. J., & Hassett, A. L. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0421-0 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Reframing chronic pain as a disease, not a symptom: rationale and implications for pain management
Clauw, D. J., Essex, M. N., Pitman, V. W., & Jones, K. D. (2019) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2019.1574403 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Kenny, D. T., & Ackermann, B. J. (2013) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735613493953 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The Mesolimbic Dopamine System in Chronic Pain and Associated Affective Comorbidities
Serafini, R. A., Pryce, K. D., & Zachariou, V. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.018 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Brown, A., Rance, J., & Bennett, P. (2016) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12832 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Prescription Opioid Duration, Dose, and Increased Risk of Depression in 3 Large Patient Populations
Scherrer, J. F., Salas, J., Copeland, L. A., Stock, E. M., Ahmedani, B. K., Sullivan, M. D., Burroughs, T., Schneider, D., Bucholz, K. K., & Lustman, P. J. (2016) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1885 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Wijma, A. J., van Wilgen, C. P., Meeus, M., & Nijs, J. (2016) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2016.1194651 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Psychological aspects of chronic musculoskeletal pain
Crofford, L. J. (2015) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2015.04.027 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Outcalt, S. D., Kroenke, K., Krebs, E. E., Chumbler, N. R., Wu, J., Yu, Z., & Bair, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9628-3 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenthal, P., & Borsook, D. (2015) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306280 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Psychosocial Factors and Central Sensitivity Syndromes
Adams, L., & Turk, D. C. (2015) · Current Rheumatology Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573397111666150619095330 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Kroenke, K., Yu, Z., Wu, J., Kean, J., & Monahan, P. O. (2014) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12537 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationThe association between body fat and musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Walsh, T. P., Arnold, J. B., Evans, A., Yaxley, A., Damarell, R., & Shanahan, E. M. (2018) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-018-2137-0 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Longitudinal association between pain, and depression and anxiety over four years
Gerrits, M. M. J. G., van Marwijk, H. W. J., van Oppen, P., van der Horst, H., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.10.011 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Key role of gut microbiota in anhedonia-like phenotype in rodents with neuropathic pain
Yang, C., Fang, X., Zhan, G., Huang, N., Li, S., Bi, J., Jiang, R., Yang, L., Miao, L., Zhu, B., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0379-8 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Craig, A. R., Tran, Y., Siddall, P. J., Wijesuriya, N. S., Lovas, J., Bartrop, R. W., & Middleton, J. W. (2013) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.03.002 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Pain and depression comorbidity: A preclinical perspective
Li, J. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.042 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
McVinnie, D. S. (2013) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/2049463713484296 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Koffel, E., Kroenke, K., Bair, M. J., Leverty, D., Polusny, M. A., & Krebs, E. E. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000245 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential associations of specific depressive and anxiety disorders with somatic symptoms
Bekhuis, E., Boschloo, L., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Schoevers, R. A. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.11.007 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Chang, M.-H., Hsu, J.-W., Huang, K., Su, T., Bai, Y., Li, C., Yang, A. C., Chang, W.-H., Chen, T., Tsai, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.06.004 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Are depression, anxiety and poor mental health risk factors for knee pain? A systematic review
Phyomaung, P. P., Dubowitz, J., Cicuttini, F. M., Fernando, S., Wluka, A. E., Raaijmaakers, P., Wang, Y., & Urquhart, D. M. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-10 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Fallon, N. B., Brown, C. A., Twiddy, H., Brian, E., Frank, B., Nurmikko, T. J., & Stančák, A. (2020) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/2049463720973703 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A Practical and Evidence-Based Approach to Common Symptoms: A Narrative Review
Kroenke, K. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0461 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychiatry and Pain Management: at the Intersection of Chronic Pain and Mental Health
Goesling, J., Lin, L. A., & Clauw, D. J. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0872-4 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Pain affects depression through anxiety, fatigue, and sleep in multiple sclerosis.
Amtmann, D., Askew, R. L., Kim, J., Chung, H., Ehde, D. M., Bombardier, C. H., Kraft, G. H., Jones, S. M. W., & Johnson, K. L. (2015) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000027 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Manchikanti, L., Abdi, S., Atluri, S. L., Balog, C. C., Benyamin, R. M., Boswell, M. V., Brown, K. R., Bruel, B. M., Bryce, D. A., Burks, P. A., et al. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Comorbidity between pain and mental illness—evidence of a bidirectional relationship
Bondesson, E., Larrosa Pardo, F., Stigmar, K., Ringqvist, Å., Petersson, I. F., Jöud, A., & Schelin, M. E. C. (2018) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1218 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Functional urological disorders: a sensitized defence response in the bladder–gut–brain axis
Leue, C., Kruimel, J., Vrijens, D., Masclee, A., van Os, J., & van Koeveringe, G. (2017) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/nrurol.2016.227 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Generaal, E., Vogelzangs, N., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Dekker, J. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw030 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Pain and affective distress in arthritis: relationship to immunity and inflammation
Harth, M., & Nielson, W. R. (2019) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2019.1573675 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
O'Moore, K., Newby, J., Andrews, G., Hunter, D. J., Bennell, K., Smith, J., & Williams, A. D. (2018) · Arthritis care & research · doi:10.1002/acr.23257 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy: A Systematic Narrative Review of the Literature
Drozdz, S. J., Goel, A., McGarr, M. W., Katz, J. D., Ritvo, P., Mattina, G. F., Bhat, V., Diep, C., & Ladha, K. S. (2022) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s360733 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Pain, not chronic disease, is associated with the recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders
Gerrits, M. M., van Oppen, P., Leone, S. S., van Marwijk, H. W., van der Horst, H. E., & Penninx, B. W. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-187 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Depression in patients with knee osteoarthritis: risk factors and associations with joint symptoms
Zheng, S., Tu, L., Cicuttini, F., Zhu, Z., Han, W., Antony, B., Wluka, A. E., Winzenberg, T. M., Aitken, D. A., Blizzard, L., et al. (2021) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03875-1 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Howe, C., & Sullivan, M. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.003 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Fernandez, M., Colodro-Conde, L., Hartvigsen, J., Ferreira, M. L., Refshauge, K. M., Pinheiro, M. B., Ordoñana, J. R., & Ferreira, P. H. (2017) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2017.02.009 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Effect of environment on the long-term consequences of chronic pain
Bushnell, M. C., Case, L. K., Čeko, M., Cotton, V. A., Gracely, J. L., Low, L. A., Pitcher, M. H., & Villemure, C. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460347.77341.bd · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Science Behind Animal-Assisted Therapy
Marcus, D. A. (2013) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-013-0322-2 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Resilience moderates the association between chronic pain and depressive symptoms in the elderly
Bauer, H., Emeny, R. T., Baumert, J. J., & Ladwig, K. (2016) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.850 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Liu, M., & Chen, J. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Ng, K. C., Wu, L. H., Lam, H. Y., Lam, L. K., Nip, P. Y., Ng, C. M., Leung, K. C., & Leung, S. F. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.033 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Gay, C. W., Robinson, M. E., Lai, S., O’Shea, A. M., Craggs, J. G., Price, D. D., & Staud, R. M. (2015) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2015.0366 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Scott, E. L., Kroenke, K., Wu, J., & Yu, Z. (2016) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.011 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationCentral sensitization and the biopsychosocial approach to understanding pain
Adams, L. M., & Turk, D. C. (2018) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12125 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Correlates of Higher-Dose Opioid Medication Use for Low Back Pain in Primary Care
Kobus, A. M., Smith, D. H., Morasco, B. J., Johnson, E. S., Yang, X., Petrik, A. F., & Deyo, R. A. (2012) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.09.003 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Resilience and vulnerability in individuals with chronic pain and physical disability.
Alschuler, K. N., Kratz, A. L., & Ehde, D. M. (2016) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000055 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Clinical outcome assessment in clinical trials of chronic pain treatments
Patel, K. V., Amtmann, D., Jensen, M. P., Smith, S. M., Veasley, C., & Turk, D. C. (2021) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000784 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, G. K., Hinman, R. S., Zeni, J., Risberg, M. A., Snyder‐Mackler, L., & Bennell, K. L. (2015) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2015.03.013 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Education and Pain Among Adults Aged 30–49 in the United States
Zajacova, A., Rogers, R. G., Grodsky, E., & Grol-Prokopczyk, H. (2020) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2020.03.005 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Damush, T. M., Kroenke, K., Bair, M. J., Wu, J., Tu, W., Krebs, E. E., & Poleshuck, E. L. (2016) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.830 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationFritz, J. M., Brennan, G. P., Hunter, S. J., & Magel, J. S. (2013) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.01.008 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Temporal Relation Between Pain and Depression
Hilderink, P. H., Burger, H., Deeg, D. J. H., Beekman, A. T. F., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3182733fdd · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Empowering Patients with Persistent Pain Using an Internet-based Self-Management Program
Wilson, M., Roll, J. M., Corbett, C., & Barbosa-Leiker, C. (2015) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2014.09.009 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Novick, D., Montgomery, W. S., Aguado, J., KADZIOLA, Z. A., Peng, X., Brugnoli, R., & Haro, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.020 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The impact of psychological factors on recovery from injury: a multicentre cohort study
Këllezi, B., Coupland, C. A. C., Morriss, R. K., Beckett, K., Joseph, S., Barnes, J., Christie, N., Sleney, J., & Kendrick, D. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1299-z · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Cotchett, M. P., Lennecke, A., Medica, V. G., Whittaker, G., & Bonanno, D. (2017) · The Foot · doi:10.1016/j.foot.2017.03.003 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Sleep Disorders are a Prevalent and Serious Comorbidity in Dry Eye
Ayaki, M., Tsubota, K., Kawashima, M., Kishimoto, T., Mimura, M., & Negishi, K. (2018) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23467 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pain is Independently Associated with Impaired Physical Function in HIV-Infected Patients
Merlin, J. S., Westfall, A. O., Chamot, E., Overton, E. T., Willig, J. H., Ritchie, C. S., Saag, M. S., & Mugavero, M. J. (2013) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12255 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mathur, V. A., Kiley, K. B., Haywood, C., Bediako, S. M., Lanzkron, S., Carroll, C. P., Buenaver, L. F., Pejsa, M., Edwards, R. R., Haythornthwaite, J. A., et al. (2016) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000361 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Temporal Relationship between Pain Intensity and Pain Interference and Incident Dementia
Ezzati, A., Wang, C., Katz, M. J., Derby, C. A., Zammit, A. R., Zimmerman, M. E., Pavlovic, J. M., Sliwinski, M. J., & Lipton, R. B. (2018) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205016666181212162424 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pain experience of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with comorbid chronic pain and posttraumatic stress
Outcalt, S. D., Ang, D. C., Wu, J., Sargent, C., Yu, Z., & Bair, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2013.06.0134 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationPhillips, A. E., Faghih, M., Drewes, A. M., Singh, V. K., Yadav, D. K., & Olesen, S. S. (2020) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000782 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Angst, F., Benz, T., Lehmann, S., Wagner, S., Simmen, B. R., Sándor, P. S., Gengenbacher, M., & Angst, J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.044 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Association of dry eye disease with psychiatric or neurological disorders in elderly patients
Han, S. B., Yang, H. K., Hyon, J. Y., & Wee, W. R. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s137580 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Implications of Preoperative Depression for Lumbar Spine Surgery Outcomes
Javeed, S., Benedict, B. C., Yakdan, S. M., Saleem, S., Zhang, J. K., Botterbush, K. S., Frumkin, M. R., Hardi, A., Neuman, B. J., Kelly, M. P., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.48565 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Clinical Significance of Pain at Hospital Discharge Following Traumatic Orthopedic Injury
Archer, K. R., Heins, S. E., Abraham, C. M., Obremskey, W. T., Wegener, S. T., & Castillo, R. C. (2015) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000246 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in People With and Without Plantar Heel Pain
Cotchett, M., Munteanu, S. E., & Landorf, K. B. (2016) · Foot & Ankle International · doi:10.1177/1071100716646630 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The SPADE Symptom Cluster in Primary Care Patients With Chronic Pain
Davis, L. L., Kroenke, K., Monahan, P. O., Kean, J. T., & Stump, T. E. (2015) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000286 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamic Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Osteoarthritis Knee Pain
Rathbun, A. M., Stuart, E. A., Shardell, M. D., Yau, M. S., Baumgarten, M., & Hochberg, M. C. (2017) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.23239 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Li, H., Li, X., Feng, Y., Gao, F., Kong, Y., & Hu, L. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117186 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kroenke, K., Krebs, E., Wu, J., Bair, M. J., Damush, T., Chumbler, N., York, T., Weitlauf, S., McCalley, S., Evans, E., et al. (2013) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2012.11.008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationConstantinides, C. A., Landis, S., Jarrett, J., Quinn, J., & Ireland, P. J. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1963853 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Sharpe, L., McDonald, S., Correia, H., Raue, P. J., Meade, T., Nicholas, M. K., & Areán, P. A. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1334-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Anxiety but Not Social Stressors Predict 12-Month Depression and Pain Severity
Bair, M. J., Poleshuck, E. L., Wu, J., Krebs, E. E., Damush, T. M., Tu, W., & Kroenke, K. (2012) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3182652ee9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationSymptom Burden Among Community‐Dwelling Older Adults in the United States
Patel, K. V., Guralnik, J. M., Phelan, E. A., Gell, N., Wallace, R. B., Sullivan, M. D., & Turk, D. C. (2018) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15673 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cotchett, M. P., Whittaker, G., & Erbas, B. (2015) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2565-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation among Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Lee, D.-H., Noh, E. C., Kim, Y. C., Hwang, J. Y., Kim, S. N., Jang, J. H., Byun, M. S., & Kang, D. (2014) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2014.11.1.32 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The co-occurrence of pain and depression in adults with multiple sclerosis
Alschuler, K. N., Ehde, D. M., & Jensen, M. P. (2013) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kongsted, A., Kent, P. M., Albert, H., Jensen, T. S., & Manniche, C. (2012) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-236 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Prevalence of chronic pain in LTCs and multimorbidity: A cross-sectional study using UK Biobank
McQueenie, R., Jani, B., Siebert, S., McLoone, P., McCowan, C., Macdonald, S., Mair, F. S., & Nicholl, B. I. (2021) · Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity · doi:10.1177/26335565211005870 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Déruaz‐Luyet, A., N’Goran, A. A., Senn, N., Bodenmann, P., Pasquier, J., Widmer, D., Tandjung, R., Rosemann, T. J., Frey, P., Streit, S., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013664 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Euesden, J., Matcham, F., Hotopf, M. H., Steer, S. E., Cope, A. P., Lewis, C. M., & Scott, I. C. (2017) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000462 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A SCN10A SNP biases human pain sensitivity
Duan, G., Han, C., Wang, Q., Guo, S., Zhang, Y., Ying, Y., Huang, P., Zhang, L., Macala, L. J., Shah, P., et al. (2016) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1177/1744806916666083 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Innes, K. E., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2017) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnx107 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Healthcare burden of depression in adults with arthritis
Sambamoorthi, U., Shah, D., & Zhao, X. (2017) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1080/14737167.2017.1281744 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Psychosocial aspects of everyday life with chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review
Andersen, L. N., Kohberg, M., Juul‐Kristensen, B., Herborg, L. G., Søgaard, K., & Roessler, K. K. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.01.001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Calvó‐Perxas, L., Franch, J. V., Garriga, O. T., Pousa, S. L., & Garre‐Olmo, J. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.034 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sanabria-Mazo, J. P., Colomer-Carbonell, A., Fernández-Vázquez, Ó., Noboa-Rocamora, G., Cardona-Ros, G., McCracken, L. M., Montes-Pérez, A., Castaño-Asins, J. R., Edo, S., Borràs, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1200685 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Aragonès, E., Rambla, C., López-Cortacans, G., Tomé-Pires, C., Sánchez-Rodríguez, E., Caballero, A., & Miró, J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The management of fibromyalgia from a psychosomatic perspective: an overview
Sancassiani, F., Machado, S. E. D. C., Ruggiero, V., Cacace, E., Carmassi, C., Gesi, C., Dell’Osso, L., & Carta, M. G. (2017) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2017.1320982 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Incorporating PROMIS Symptom Measures into Primary Care Practice—a Randomized Clinical Trial
Kroenke, K., Talib, T. L., Stump, T. E., Kean, J. T., Haggstrom, D. A., DeChant, P., Lake, K. R., Stout, M. E., & Monahan, P. O. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4391-0 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationComparative responsiveness of pain measures in cancer patients
Kroenke, K., Theobald, D., Wu, J., Tu, W., & Krebs, E. E. (2012) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.05.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationColedam, D. H. C., Júnior, R. P., Ribeiro, E. A. G., & de Oliveira, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.05.009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Taylor, B. V., Simpson, S., Blizzard, L., Campbell, J. A., Palmer, A. J., & van der Mei, I. A. F. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458520958369 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Rapti, E., Damigos, D., Apostolara, P., Roka, V., Tzavara, C. K., & Lionis, C. D. (2019) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0366-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kroenke, K., Wu, J., Bair, M. J., Krebs, E. E., Damush, T. M., & Tu, W.
- Affiliations
- Regenstrief Institute (US)
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kroenke, Kurt
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 964-973
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3222454
- OpenAlex
- W2012410632
- Cited by
- 573
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 18.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 071268, R01MH071268)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- pain, depression, bidirectional relationship, comorbidities, musculoskeletal pain, back pain, hip pain, knee pain, stepped care, primary care, pain intensity, depression severity, longitudinal change
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Primary Health Care, Cohort Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
