The Elicitation of Relaxation and Interoceptive Awareness Using Floatation Therapy in Individuals With High Anxiety Sensitivity
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BACKGROUND: Floatation-REST (Reduced Environmental Stimulation Therapy), an intervention that attenuates exteroceptive sensory input to the nervous system, has recently been found to reduce state anxiety across a diverse clinical sample with high levels of anxiety sensitivity (AS). To further examine this anxiolytic effect, the present study investigated the affective and physiological changes induced by Floatation-REST and assessed whether individuals with high AS experienced any alterations in their awareness for interoceptive sensation while immersed in an environment lacking exteroceptive sensation. METHODS: Using a within-subject crossover design, 31 participants with high AS were randomly assigned to undergo a 90-minute session of Floatation-REST or an exteroceptive comparison condition. Measures of self-reported affect and interoceptive awareness were collected before and after each session, and blood pressure was measured during each session. RESULTS: Relative to the comparison condition, Floatation-REST generated a significant anxiolytic effect characterized by reductions in state anxiety and muscle tension and increases in feelings of relaxation and serenity (p < .001 for all variables). Significant blood pressure reductions were evident throughout the float session and reached the lowest point during the diastole phase (average reduction >12 mm Hg). The float environment also significantly enhanced awareness and attention for cardiorespiratory sensations. CONCLUSIONS: Floatation-REST induced a state of relaxation and heightened interoceptive awareness in a clinical sample with high AS. The paradoxical nature of the anxiolytic effect in this sample is discussed in relation to Wolpe's theory of reciprocal inhibition and the regulation of distress via sustained attention to present moment visceral sensations such as the breath.
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Floatation-REST systematically attenuates exteroceptive sensory input to the nervous system and appears to noninvasively enhance exposure to interoceptive sensations such as the breath and heartbeat.
“This intervention, which systematically attenuates exteroceptive sensory input to the nervous system, also appears to noninvasively enhance exposure to interoceptive sensations such as the breath and heartbeat (128).”
From Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. (2018) · cites this paper as [128]
Bottom-up interventions that either reduce or increase peripheral multisensory inputs have been highlighted as a potential avenue for treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders.
“Beyond these approaches, bottom-up interventions that either reduce [68] or increase [69, 70] peripheral multisensory inputs have been highlighted as a potential avenue for treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders, respectively.”
From Neural correlates of altered interoception in depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- Feinstein, J. S., Khalsa, S. S., Yeh, H., Al Zoubi, O., Arevian, A. C., Wohlrab, C., Pantino, M. K., Cartmell, L. J., Simmons, W. K., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Tulsa (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Feinstein, Justin S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 555-562
- ISSN
- 2451-9022 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6040829
- OpenAlex
- W2791710617
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- William K. Warren Foundation, Epsom Salt Council (JSF), and National Institutes of Health Centers of Biomedical Research Excellence (1P20GM121312)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- anxiety sensitivity, state anxiety, relaxation, interoceptive awareness, blood pressure, muscle tension, reciprocal inhibition, sensory deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Attention, Awareness, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Self Concept, Sensation, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Young Adult, Interoception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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