Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review
Open accessAbstract
We systematically examined and updated the scientific literature on the association between screen time (e.g., television, computers, video games, and mobile devices) and sleep outcomes among school-aged children and adolescents. We reviewed 67 studies published from 1999 to early 2014. We found that screen time is adversely associated with sleep outcomes (primarily shortened duration and delayed timing) in 90% of studies. Some of the results varied by type of screen exposure, age of participant, gender, and day of the week. While the evidence regarding the association between screen time and sleep is consistent, we discuss limitations of the current studies: 1) causal association not confirmed; 2) measurement error (of both screen time exposure and sleep measures); 3) limited data on simultaneous use of multiple screens, characteristics and content of screens used. Youth should be advised to limit or reduce screen time exposure, especially before or during bedtime hours to minimize any harmful effects of screen time on sleep and well-being. Future research should better account for the methodological limitations of the extant studies, and seek to better understand the magnitude and mechanisms of the association. These steps will help the development and implementation of policies or interventions related to screen time among youth.
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Sleep disturbances may also arise from cognitive arousal and alertness related to device content or engagement, and from device vibrations and notification sounds.
“Sleep disturbances may also arise because of cognitive arousal and alertness related to device content or engagement205 as well as nighttime sleep disturbances from devices such as vibrations and notification sounds.202”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [202]
Citation 202 is attached to the nighttime-device-disturbance clause, not the preceding cognitive-arousal clause. The Results section (Mobile Devices and Sleep; page unavailable) reports that having a phone in the bedroom was associated with adverse sleep outcomes, but our copy does not identify vibrations or notification sounds as the cause of those disturbances. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFrequent presence of mobile devices in bedrooms is attributable to sleep disruption.
“as well as sleep disruption attributable to frequent presence of mobile devices in bedrooms.202”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [202]
The Results (Mobile Devices and Sleep) report significant associations between having a cell phone in the bedroom and adverse sleep outcomes. The Introduction describes screen time as a hypothesized cause of insufficient sleep, but the review does not establish that the presence of mobile devices itself causes sleep disruption. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStrong evidence exists that digital media disrupts child and teen sleep duration, onset, and quality.
“Strong evidence exists on the disruptive impact of digital media on child and teen sleep duration, onset, and quality.200-204”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [202]
The Summary and Limitations section (page not available) reports that 90% of reviewed studies found an adverse association between screen time and at least one sleep outcome. The Results sections describe associations with shorter sleep, later sleep onset, and some measures of sleep quality, though quality findings vary by device. The claim’s wording implies a proven disruptive effect, whereas the Causality Difficult to Ascertain section says the studies do not establish causation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost research used self- or parent-reported data on total screen use rather than assessing specific device or activity types that might have differing associations with sleep.
“Most used self- or parent-reported data on total screen use rather than assessing specific device or activity types that might have differing associations with sleep.2,13”
From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
The Measurement Error section says 99% of included studies relied on self- or parent-reports. But the Results section identifies only 11 of 67 articles as combining multiple screen types into one measure; many assessed specific types, including television, computers, video games, and mobile devices. The claim is supported on reporting method, not on most studies measuring only total screen use. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep onset latency partly mediated the associations between SNS use and depressive and anxiety symptoms, possibly explained by puberty-related circadian delay, psychological and physiological arousal from emotionally salient content before sleep, and melatonin suppression caused by screen light emission at bedtime.
“We found that SOL partly mediated the associations between SNS use and depressive and anxiety symptoms, possibly explained by puberty-related circadian delay, psychological and physiological arousal from emotionally salient content before sleep, as well as melatonin suppression caused by screen light emission at bedtime [45–47].”
From Social networking site use, depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study (SCAMP) (2026) · cites this paper as [46]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The evidence on which guidelines to stop using screens 1 to 2 hours before bedtime are based largely comes from cross-sectional studies with many inherent limitations.
“Moreover, the evidence on which these guidelines are based largely comes from cross-sectional studies with many inherent limitations.2,10,11,12”
From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
The review’s ‘Causality Difficult to Ascertain’ section says that all but three of 67 studies lacked a randomized design, and only nine measured screen exposure before sleep, supporting the claim that much of the evidence has methodological limitations. It does not establish that the evidence specifically underlying a guideline to stop screens 1–2 hours before bedtime largely came from cross-sectional studies. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCompetition for users' attention has created a digital environment where content is more arousing or elicits strong emotions and may make it harder to relax for sleep.
“For instance, the competition for users’ attention has created an digital environment where content is more arousing or elicits strong emotions7 and may make it more difficult to relax for sleep.200,202”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [202]
Previous studies have demonstrated negative associations between screen time and sleep quantity and quality, such that those who spend more time on screens get less sleep overall and more interrupted sleep.
“previous studies have also demonstrated negative associations between screen time and sleep quantity and quality [17], such that those who spend more time on screens get less sleep overall and more interrupted sleep.”
The negative association between screen time and amount of sleep has been demonstrated previously [17].
“The negative association between screen time and amount of sleep has been demonstrated previously [17]”
Computer and videogames can also be linked to sleep problems in adolescents.
“Computer and videogames can also be linked to sleep problems in adolescents (Hale and Guan, 2015), which is an established risk factor for poorer emotional health (Medic et al., 2017).”
From Reciprocal associations between screen time and emotional disorder symptoms during adolescence (2019) · cites this paper as Hale and Guan, 2015
Two recent reviews found an inverse association between electronic media use and sleep parameters such as longer time to fall asleep, delayed bedtime, and reduced total sleep time.
“Two recent reviews in this area demonstrated an inverse association between electronic media use and sleep parameters such as longer time to fall asleep, delayed bedtime, and reduced total sleep time.20;21”
From The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report
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Moreno, M. A., Klein, J. D., Kaseeska, K., Gorzkowski, J., Harris, D., Davis, J., Gotlieb, E., & Wasserman, R. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Duggan, M. P., Taveras, E. M., Gerber, M. W., Horan, C. M., & Oreskovic, N. M. (2019) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2018.11.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Oshri, A., Carvalho, C., Uddin, L. Q., Geier, C., Nagata, J. M., Cummins, K., Hoffman, E. A., Tomko, R. L., Chaarani, B., et al. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae234 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Development of a protocol for objectively measuring digital device use in youth.
Brosnan, B. J., Wickham, S.-R., Meredith-Jones, K. A., Galland, B. C., Haszard, J. J., & Taylor, R. W. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2023.05.004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shen, C., Girela-Serrano, B. M., Di Simplicio, M., Spiers, A., Dumontheil, I., Thomas, M. S. C., Röösli, M., Elliott, P., Smith, R. B., & Toledano, M. B. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-026-04667-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom on adolescent’s time use (CONTRAST study)
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- Authors
- Hale, L., & Guan, S.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hale, Lauren
- ORCID
- Hale, Lauren
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 21
- Pages
- 50-58
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4437561
- OpenAlex
- W2093916237
- Cited by
- 1,468
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 186 · 2025: 160 · 2024: 168 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 170 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R21DK089414)
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD073352)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- screen time, sleep duration, sleep timing, school-aged children, adolescents, television, video games, mobile devices, computer use, bedtime
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Computers, Female, Humans, Male, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Television, Time Factors, Video Games, Cell Phone
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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