Impact of Ebola experiences and risk perceptions on mental health in Sierra Leone, July 2015
Open accessAbstract
Background: The mental health impact of the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic has been described among survivors, family members and healthcare workers, but little is known about its impact on the general population of affected countries. We assessed symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the general population in Sierra Leone after over a year of outbreak response. Methods: We administered a cross-sectional survey in July 2015 to a national sample of 3564 consenting participants selected through multistaged cluster sampling. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-4. PTSD symptoms were measured by six items from the Impact of Events Scale-revised. Relationships among Ebola experience, perceived Ebola threat and mental health symptoms were examined through binary logistic regression. Results: Prevalence of any anxiety-depression symptom was 48% (95% CI 46.8% to 50.0%), and of any PTSD symptom 76% (95% CI 75.0% to 77.8%). In addition, 6% (95% CI 5.4% to 7.0%) met the clinical cut-off for anxiety-depression, 27% (95% CI 25.8% to 28.8%) met levels of clinical concern for PTSD and 16% (95% CI 14.7% to 17.1%) met levels of probable PTSD diagnosis. Factors associated with higher reporting of any symptoms in bivariate analysis included region of residence, experiences with Ebola and perceived Ebola threat. Knowing someone quarantined for Ebola was independently associated with anxiety-depression (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.3, 95% CI 1.7 to 2.9) and PTSD (AOR 2.095% CI 1.5 to 2.8) symptoms. Perceiving Ebola as a threat was independently associated with anxiety-depression (AOR 1.69 95% CI 1.44 to 1.98) and PTSD (AOR 1.86 95% CI 1.56 to 2.21) symptoms. Conclusion: Symptoms of PTSD and anxiety-depression were common after one year of Ebola response; psychosocial support may be needed for people with Ebola-related experiences. Preventing, detecting, and responding to mental health conditions should be an important component of global health security efforts.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Similar mental health effects were seen in past containment efforts during SARS in 2003, the 2009 swine flu pandemic, and the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic.
“similar mental health effects were seen in past containment efforts during infectious disease outbreaks, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 [2, 3], the 2009 swine flu pandemic [4, 5], and the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic [6].”
From Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70864-3 · Cited by 4,261 · see citing works
The Impact of Event Scale: Revised
Weiss, D. S. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70990-1_10 · Cited by 3,008 · see citing works
Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., Schneider, A., & Brähler, E. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019 · Cited by 2,473 · see citing works
Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-5966 · Cited by 2,340 · see citing works
Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1132 · Cited by 2,246 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale—Revised
Creamer, M., Bell, R., & Failla, S. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.010 · Cited by 1,947 · see citing works
The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S. (2009) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00001421 · Cited by 1,895 · see citing works
Demographic and Health Surveys
Larmarange, J., Vallo, R., Yaro, S., Méda, N., Ferry, B., Larmarange, J., & Ird, D. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-6819 · Cited by 1,455 · see citing works
Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: a global return on investment analysis
Chisholm, D., Sweeny, K., Sheehan, P., Rasmussen, B., Smit, F., Cuijpers, P., & Saxena, S. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30024-4 · Cited by 1,451 · see citing works
Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak
Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P. C., Chu, C.-M., Wong, P.-C., Tsang, K. W., & Chua, S. E. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200405 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors
Mak, I. W. C., Chu, C. M., Pan, P. C., Yiu, M. G. C., & Chan, V. L. (2009) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Liu, X., Kakade, M., Fuller, C. J., Fan, B., Fang, Y., Kong, J., Guan, Z., & Wu, P. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. T. (2008) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260802090363 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Impact of Event Scale--Revised
Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t12199-000 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Psychosocial effects of SARS on hospital staff: survey of a large tertiary care institution
Nickell, L. A. (2004) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1031077 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
ASUKAI, N., KATO, H., KAWAMURA, N., KIM, Y., YAMAMOTO, K., KISHIMOTO, J., MIYAKE, Y., & NISHIZONO-MAHER, A. (2002) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200203000-00006 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Global health security: the wider lessons from the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic
Heymann, D. L., Chen, L., Takemi, K., Fidler, D. P., Tappero, J. W., Thomas, M., Kenyon, T. A., Frieden, T. R., Yach, D., Nishtar, S., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60858-3 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Sim, K., Huak Chan, Y., Chong, P. N., Chua, H. C., & Wen Soon, S. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.004 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Lancee, W. J., Maunder, R. G., & Goldbloom, D. S. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2008.59.1.91 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
The 2014 Ebola Outbreak and Mental Health: Current Status and Recommended Response
Shultz, J. M., Baingana, F., & Neria, Y. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17934 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2014) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12058 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak
Mihashi, M., Otsubo, Y., Yinjuan, X., Nagatomi, K., Hoshiko, M., & Ishitake, T. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013674 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Cowling, B. J., Ng, D. M. W., Ip, D., Liao, Q., Lam, W., Wu, J. T. K., Lau, J. T. F., Griffiths, S. M., & Fielding, R. (2010) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/655811 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Psychological impact of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 on general hospital workers in Kobe
Matsuishi, K., Kawazoe, A., Imai, H., Ito, A., Mouri, K., Kitamura, N., Miyake, K., Mino, K., Isobe, M., Takamiya, S., et al. (2012) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02336.x · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Ji, D., Ji, Y.-J., Duan, X.-Z., Li, W.-G., Sun, Z.-Q., Song, X.-A., Meng, Y.-H., Tang, H.-M., Chu, F., Niu, X.-X., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14498 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationMental symptoms in different health professionals during the SARS attack: a Follow-up study
Lung, F.-W., Lu, Y.-C., Chang, Y.-Y., & Shu, B.-C. (2009) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-009-9095-5 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Psychosocial impact among the public of the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Taiwan
Ko, C., Yen, C., Yen, J., & YANG, M. (2006) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01522.x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Population-based post-crisis psychological distress: an example from the SARS outbreak in Taiwan
Peng, E. Y.-C., Lee, M.-B., Tsai, S.-T., Yang, C.-C., Morisky, D. E., Tsai, L.-T., Weng, Y.-L., & Lyu, S.-Y. (2010) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(10)60087-3 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Liao, Q., Cowling, B. J., Lam, W., Ng, D. M., & Fielding, R. (2014) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-169 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Xu, B., Zhao, G., Cao, R., He, X., & Fu, S. (2010) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.11.001 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Initial psychological responses to Influenza A, H1N1 ("Swine flu")
Goodwin, R. B., Haque, S., Neto, F. F. M., & Myers, L. B. (2009) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-166 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Duko, B., Worku, A. G., & Ayano, G. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0598-3 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Population level mental distress in rural Ethiopia
Fekadu, A., Medhin, G., Selamu, M., Hailemariam, M., Alem, A., Giorgis, T. W., Breuer, E., Lund, C., Prince, M. J., & Hanlon, C. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-194 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Taha, S. A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2505 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Motlagh, H. (2010) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s1836-9553(10)70029-1 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Wallach‐Kildemoes, H., Thomsen, L. T., Kriegbaum, M., Petersen, J. H., & Nørredam, M. L. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-77 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
the PostEboGui Study Group, Keita, M. M., Taverne, B., Sy Savané, S., March, L., Doukoure, M., Sow, M. S., Touré, A., Etard, J. F., Barry, M., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1280-8 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Out of the shadows : making mental health a global development priority
Mnookin, S. (2016) · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The trauma of war in Sierra Leone
de Jong, K., Mulhern, M., Ford, N. P., van der Kam, S., & Kleber, R. J. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02364-3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
van Sonsbeek, M. A., Hutschemaekers, G. G., Veerman, J. W., & Tiemens, B. B. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Elizarrarás-Rivas, J., Vargas-Mendoza, J. E., Maurilio, M.-G., Zárate, C. M., Elizarrarás-Cruz, A., Taylor, M. R., & Agho, K. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-104 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress symptoms among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone: follow-up study
Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., McBain, R. K., & Brennan, R. T. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113514 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The Sierra Leonean Refugee Experience
Fox, S. H., & Tang, S. S. S. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200008000-00003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Rugema, L., Mogren, I., Ntaganira, J., & Krantz, G. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006778 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Yeung, N. C. Y., Lau, J. T. F., Choi, K. C., & Griffiths, S. (2017) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2305.160768 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Betancourt, T. S., McBain, R. K., Newnham, E. A., & Brennan, R. T. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12131 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Osasona, S., & Koleoso, O. (2015) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0091217415605038 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Experiences and Psychosocial Impact of West Africa Ebola Deployment on US Health Care Volunteers
Gershon, R., Dernehl, L. A., Nwankwo, E. M., Zhi, Q., & Qureshi, K. (2016) · PLoS Currents · doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.c7afaae124e35d2da39ee7e07291b6b5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Emotional distress in Angolan patients with several types of tuberculosis
Xavier, P., & Peixoto, B. (2015) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v15i2.10 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale-6 in a sample of victims of bank robbery
Giorgi, G., Pérez, J. F., d’Antonio, A. C., Mucci, N., Ferrero, C., Cupelli, V., & Arcangeli, G. (2015) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s73901 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Williams, L., Regagliolo, A., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2012) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2011.626564 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation of the Indonesian version of the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised
Warsini, S., Buettner, P. G., Mills, J. E., West, C., & Usher, K. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12194 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Among Survivors of Bioterrorism
Gross, R., & Neria, Y. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.5.566-a · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [46]de Jong K, Mulhern M, Ford N, et al The trauma of war in Sierra Leone. Lancet 2000; 355: 2067– 8. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02364-3 10885369 · DOI
- [52]World Health Organization. mhGAP mental health gap action programme: scaling up care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/mhGAP/en (accessed Apr 2016). 26290926
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ettman, C. K., Abdalla, S. M., Cohen, G. H., Sampson, L., Vivier, P. M., & Galea, S. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686 · Cited by 2,138 · see citing works
Lei, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Yang, L., & Xu, M. (2020) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.924609 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Sepúlveda-Loyola, W., Rodríguez-Sánchez, I., Pérez-Rodríguez, P., Ganz, F., Torralba, R., Oliveira, D. V., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2020) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1500-7 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
“After Ebola outbreak, people who knew someone quarantined due to Ebola or with any Ebola experience were at higher risk of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (68).”
Ma, Z., Zhao, J., Li, Y., Chen, D., Wang, T., Zhang, Z., Chen, Z., Yu, Q., Jiang, J., Fan, F., et al. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000931 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Li, Y., Zhao, J., Ma, Z., McReynolds, L. S., Lin, D., Chen, Z., Wang, T., Wang, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.109 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review
Elharake, J. A., Akbar, F., Malik, A. A., Gilliam, W., & Omer, S. B. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01297-1 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Villani, L., Pastorino, R., Molinari, E., Anelli, F., Ricciardi, W., Graffigna, G., & Boccia, S. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00680-w · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Psychological impact of COVID-19 on medical care workers in China
Si, M.-Y., Su, X.-Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, W.-J., Gu, X.-F., Ma, L., Li, J., Zhang, S.-K., Ren, Z.-F., Ren, R., et al. (2020) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00724-0 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Soklaridis, S., Lin, E., Lalani, Y., Rodak, T., & Sockalingam, S. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.08.007 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis
Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., Lagetto, G., Giordano, C., Mazzeschi, C., Pazzagli, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Tso, I. F., & Park, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113423 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Cielo, F., Ulberg, R., & Di Giacomo, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116067 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Duan, H., Yan, L., Ding, X., Gan, Y., Kohn, N., & Wu, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113396 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Coping with cascading collective traumas in the United States
Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., & Garfin, D. R. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00981-x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Bennett, C. B., Ruggero, C. J., Sever, A. C., & Yanouri, L. (2020) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/int0000217 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Abdalla, S. M., Ettman, C. K., Cohen, G. H., & Galea, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044125 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Weber, M. C., Pavlacic, J. M., Gawlik, E. A., Schulenberg, S. E., & Buchanan, E. M. (2020) · Traumatology · doi:10.1037/trm0000210 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Cardel, M. I., Manasse, S., Krukowski, R. A., Ross, K., Shakour, R., Miller, D. R., Lemas, D. J., & Hong, Y. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23016 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wang, D., Zhao, J., Zhai, S., Huang, S., Yang, Z., Pan, Y., Liu, X., & Fan, F. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110795 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Abdalla, S. M., Cohen, G. H., Tamrakar, S., Koya, S. F., & Galea, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674263 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Geng, S., Zhou, Y., Zhang, W., Lou, A., Cai, Y., Xie, J., Sun, J., Zhou, W., Liu, W., & Li, X. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2564 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Muehlschlegel, P. A., Parkinson, E. A., Chan, R. Y., Arden, M. A., & Armitage, C. J. (2021) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.11.05008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kopilaš, V., Hasratian, A. M., Martinelli, L., Ivkić, G., Brajković, L., & Gajović, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621633 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jalloh, M. F., Li, W., Bunnell, R. E., Ethier, K. A., O’Leary, A., Hageman, K. M., Sengeh, P., Jalloh, M. B., Morgan, O., Hersey, S., Marston, B. J., Dafae, F., & Redd, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Emerald Coast Science Center (US)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation (SL)
- Corresponding author
- Jalloh, Mohamed F
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ Global Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e000471
- ISSN
- 2059-7908 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5873549
- OpenAlex
- W2792434433
- Cited by
- 433
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 66.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Global Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- Ebola virus disease, mental health, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, risk perception, threat perception, quarantine, general population, psychosocial support, global health security, Sierra Leone, outbreak response, psychosocial interventions, mental health screening, mental health service delivery, mental health professionals, mental health funding, mental health policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
