The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics

“Current guidelines regarding model fit indices (Brown, 2006; Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2004) suggest that CFA/ NNFI values P.95, and RMSEA/SRMR values 6.08 indicate good model fit.”

“…that are identical to curiosity: ''Perhaps no single phenomenon reflects the positive potential of human nature as much as intrinsic motivation, the inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenges, to extend and exercise one's capacities, to explore, and to learn " (Ryan & Deci, 2000, p. 70).”

“Besides the social benefits linked to curiosity, other psychological needs for autonomy and self-acceptance ([Deci and Ryan, 2000] and [Ryff, 1989]) were more likely to be satisfied for highly curious people.”

“** p < .001. imation (RMSEA; Steiger & Lind, 1980), the standardized root mean residual (SRMR; Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1996), the non-normed fit index (NNFI; Bentler & Bonett, 1980), and the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler, 1990).”

“** p < .001. imation (RMSEA; Steiger & Lind, 1980), the standardized root mean residual (SRMR; Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1996), the non-normed fit index (NNFI; Bentler & Bonett, 1980), and the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler, 1990).”

“Current guidelines regarding model fit indices (Brown, 2006; Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2004) suggest that CFA/ NNFI values P.95, and RMSEA/SRMR values 6.08 indicate good model fit.”

“Large positive correlations between stretching, embracing, and total curiosity scales were observed, consistent with past work (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“1 “strongly disagree,” 7 “strongly agree”; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994), Purpose in Life Test- Short Form (e.g., 4-items, “My personal existence is:” 1 “meaningless, without purpose,” 7 “purposeful, meaningful”; Schulenberg, Schnetzer, & Buchanan, 2011), Gratitude Questionnaire (single item, “I have so much in li…”

“A scale developed by Kashdan et al. (2009) with 10-items scale was used to measure curiosity.”

“Sociodemographic characteristics Age, sex, race, highest level of education, household income Military characteristics Years served in military: report of number of years served in military Personality characteristics Score on extraversion subscale of the ten-item personality inventory (58) Score on agreeableness subs…”

“Kashdan et al. (2009) using two dimensions of stretching and embracing curiosity, noted the latter to have significant positive correlations with openness to experience, conscientiousness, and extraversions but negatively correlated with neuroticism.”

“Based on previous empirical studies, researchers have developed various tools for measuring curiosity (e.g., Collins, Litman, & Spielberger, 2004; Kashdan et al., 2009; Kashdan, Rose, & Fincham, 2004; Litman & Silvia, 2006; Litman & Spielberger, 2003), among which is the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI) desig…”

“The Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI-II) consists of two subscales measuring motivation to seek new knowledge and experiences (stretching) and comfort with novel and unpredictable nature of life (embracing) (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Nevertheless, the study of curiosity has been plagued by inconsistent terminology, operational definitions, and measurement strategies (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Participants completed Kashdan et al. (2009) Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI-II).”

“Openness is also positively associated with trait curiosity (Kashdan et al., 2009) and finding things interesting (e.g., poems, Silvia & Sanders, 2010), both of which are linked to greater psychological well-being (e.g., Kashdan et al., 2009; Park, Peterson, & Seligman, 2004; Silvia, 2006).”

“Convergent/Discriminant Validity Scales Eight scales were identified as measuring the same or similar broad character dimension and served as convergent validity scales for appreciation (The Gratitude Questionnaire or GQ; McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, 2002), intellectual engagement (The Curiosity and Exploration Invent…”

“Additionally, existing studies showed positive associations between well-being and intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000), flow (Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2005), or openness to experience (McCrae & Costa, 1999) which are all related to curiosity (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Furthermore, curiosity denotes a high degree of receptivity and willingness to engage with novel stimuli (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Ground truth was established by common questionnaires [8, 6].”

“Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI): Curiosity level was measured by using CEI-II as developed by Kashdan et al. (2009), and consists of ten items (e.”

“They used the well-established Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II [103], which has 10 questions to evaluate users’ curiosity levels.”

“85, construct validity, discrimination, desirable breadth of difficulty (Kashdan et al., 2009), and predictive validity for task performance (Kashdan, Rose, & Fincham, 2004).”

“…adapted from the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980); α = 0.78 High perceived stigma about mental healthcare Perceived stigma about mental healthcare was assessed using the Perceived Stigma and Barriers to Care Scale (Britt et al., 2008 Kashdan et al., 2009), respectively.”

“High scorers on openness/intellect tend to be curious about the world (e.g., Kashdan et al., 2009; Kashdan et al., 2018; Kashdan, Rose, & Fincham, 2004; McCrae & Costa, 1997), creative (McCrae, 1987), artistic (Kaufman et al., 2016), intel- lectual (Mussel, 2013), and intelligent (DeYoung, Quilty,…”

“User-individual Differences: depending on the study objectives, there is a large variety of user characteristics that one might observe, control or test, such as Cognitive Style [20], Need for Cognition [3], Curiosity [9], and Openness to Experience [14].”

“Sojka and Deeter-Schmelz (2008) found need for cognition to significantly predict self-rated sales performance (.”

“At this point, participants completed the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory II (Kashdan et al., 2009) and filled out demographic information.”

“H2 Users’ curiosity (CEI-II level [43]) positively impacts the user experience with the user interface.”

“Emotion, 8(2), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.281 McGuire et al., 2021 (Postprint) 13 McGuire et al., 2021 (Postprint) 14 Conscientiousness Score on Conscientiousness subscale of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory Emotional stability Score on Emotional Stability subscale of the Ten-Item Personality Inv…”

“Additional evidence of validity would require the inter-individual differences in Q press behaviour in missing letters task to be associated with participant scores on the trait curiosity scales (e.g. Kashdan et al., 2009; Litman & Jimerson, 2004).”

“Both early (Berlyne, 1960) and more contemporary research (Kashdan et al., 2009; Kashdan and Silvia, 2009) on curiosity denote the ambiguity of novelty as both an anxiety-inducing and interest-eliciting experience; while novelty [framed as the possibility to learn or experience something unknown…”

“39 ; (5) curiosity (i.e., “I frequently find myself looking for new opportunities to grow as a person [e.g., information, people, resources”]) 40 ; and (6) community integration (i.e., “I feel well integrated in my community”).”

“Individuals with higher levels of EC experience more intense states of curiosity across a broader range of situations, which promote engagement and exploratory behavior (Kashdan et al., 2009; Naylor, 1981).”

“4 Moreo-4 ver, they answered the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II) questionnaire (Kashdan et al. 2009), which we used to determine the impact of people’s curiosity on the user experience with the three user interfaces.”

“…a factor analysis of Persian translation of these measures replicated the discrete six-factor structure of the HEXACO-60 (Palahang et al., 2010) Curiosity and Exploration Inventory We used the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II) to measure trait curiosity (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Prior work has shown that curiosity is linked to multiple positive outcomes, such as happiness, meaning in life, distress tolerance, and satisfying social relationships [1].”

“These findings mimic trait curiosity scales that differentiate between curiosity as feeling interested versus curiosity as feeling deprived [1,19,21,22,26].”

“…given that curiosity has been found significantly correlated with users’ personality traits (such as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism [14]), we also included the Big-Five factor model [10] to identify the five major personality traits’ respective influences.”

“2The average of the degree of curiosity in an adult is 33 [25] places belonging to UHI are automatically considered similar because they are at a distance equal to 0.”

“related to anger, depression, or anxiety (Kashdan et al., 2009; Litman & Jimerson, 2004).”

“The CQ-STEM instrument is the fine-tuned item of CEI-II adapted from Kashdan (2009) with STEM education element items constructed by researchers.”

“…each participant was also asked to fill out some demographic information (i.e., gender and age) and answer two psychological inventories (i.e., Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) [14] for the big-five personality traits, and Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II) [21] for curiosity).”

“Participants completed the Curiosity and Exploration-II Inventory (Kashdan et al., 2009;M= 4.87, SD = 1.06; α = .88).”

“The four items represent the top four loading items of the five-item “embracing” subscale of the CEI-II, measuring “a willingness to embrace the novel, uncertain, and unpredictable nature of everyday life” (p. 955).”

“…stimuli (Kashdan et al., 2018) and it can be described as a dimension in the personality domain of openness to experience (correlations between dimensions of curiosity and total openness range from .15 to .60 across studies; Kashdan et al., 2009, 2018; Mussel, Spengler, Litman, & Schuler, 2011).”

“Curiosity can be considered as a affective personality dimension of learning [36] and as [33] points out “Among other adaptive outcomes, curiosity is suspected to play a role in the development of intelligence, wisdom, happiness, meaning in life, distress tolerance, and satisfying and engaging social relationships” (p.”

“While theoretically tied with other measures of intellectual engagement (DeYoung, 2015), the measurement of intellect is different from measures that assess similar constructs such as the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (Kashdan et al., 2009), Typical Intellectual Engagement (Goff & Ackerman, 1992), and another co…”

“The 10-item Curiosity and Exploration Inventory–II (Kashdan et al., 2009) included five items assessing seeking out new knowledge and experiences (e.g., ‘‘Everywhere I go, I am out looking for new things or experiences’’) and five assessing the willingness to tolerate the novelty and uncertainty…”

“Previous research also has indicated that personality traits such as curiosity (Almeida, Kashdan, Coelho, Albino-Teixeira, & Soares-da-Silva, 2008; Kashdan & Steger, 2007; Kashdan et al., 2009) may increase a subject’s likelihood of participation.”

“Finally, students were given a packet with the following survey instruments: Short Grit Scale (Duckworth & Quinn, 2009), CEI-II (Kashdan et al., 2009), LOT (Scheier & Carver, 1985), GQ-6 (McCullough et al., 2002), Pan-Hispanic Familism Scale (Villarreal et al., 2005), and SLWS (Diener et al., 2001).”

“Other subjective measures of curiosity include the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI; Kashdan et al., 2009) and the Perceptual Curiosity Scale”

“Upon arrival, participants first completed the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II survey (see below for details about this and other tasks), along with other surveys not analyzed in this manuscript.”

“Curiosity was triggered by novel stimuli (Kashdan et al., 2009), information from in-group posts (Thomas & Vinuales, 2017), and sensory information (Park et al., 2015).”

“A growing number of recent findings (e.g. Gallagher and Lopez, 2007; Kashdan and Steger, 2007; Kashdan et al., 2009) demonstrated that curiosity was positively associated with various measures of subjective, psychological and social well-being (Jovanovic and Brdaric, 2012).”