The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics

“Current guidelines regarding model fit indices (Brown, 2006; Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2004) suggest that CFA/ NNFI values P.95, and RMSEA/SRMR values 6.08 indicate good model fit.”

“…that are identical to curiosity: ''Perhaps no single phenomenon reflects the positive potential of human nature as much as intrinsic motivation, the inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenges, to extend and exercise one's capacities, to explore, and to learn " (Ryan & Deci, 2000, p. 70).”

“Besides the social benefits linked to curiosity, other psychological needs for autonomy and self-acceptance ([Deci and Ryan, 2000] and [Ryff, 1989]) were more likely to be satisfied for highly curious people.”

“** p < .001. imation (RMSEA; Steiger & Lind, 1980), the standardized root mean residual (SRMR; Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1996), the non-normed fit index (NNFI; Bentler & Bonett, 1980), and the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler, 1990).”

“** p < .001. imation (RMSEA; Steiger & Lind, 1980), the standardized root mean residual (SRMR; Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1996), the non-normed fit index (NNFI; Bentler & Bonett, 1980), and the comparative fit index (CFI; Bentler, 1990).”

“Current guidelines regarding model fit indices (Brown, 2006; Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2004) suggest that CFA/ NNFI values P.95, and RMSEA/SRMR values 6.08 indicate good model fit.”

“…psychometric properties of measures such as the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II - the embracing of stress in novel and challenging situations subscale had smaller correlations with distress and healthy emotion regulation strategies than the stretching subscale; Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Despite the popularity of the hedonia–eudaimonia distinction within the well-being literature, there is skepticism about its empirical support and theoretical utility (Coyne, 2013; Kashdan et al., 2008, Kashdan et al., 2009; Sheldon, 2013).”

“…ordinary) event condition reported greater growth-related self-perceptions (i.e., self-expansion, curiosity, inclination toward new experiences; Kashdan et al., 2009) and stronger growth-related behavioral intentions (i.e., to engage in novel, self-expansive activities; Luke, Sedikides, &…”

“In a few definitions, the need for knowledge or information was described as not just an identification of the gap, but also a propensity toward seeking such gaps (Kashdan et al. 2009).”

“As indicated in our paper, there are a number of trait-level scales that aimed to understand the individual differences in different aspects of curiosity and interest (Kashdan et al. 2009; Litman 2008).”

“Both researchers studying mindfulness and psychologists exploring curiosity associate these two phenomena (Bishop et al., 2004; Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“The Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (Kashdan et al., 2009) was used to assess trait”

“Kashdan and Silvia (2009) defined curiosity as follows: Curiosity can be defined as the recognition, pursuit, and intense desire to explore novel, challenging, and uncertain events.”

“Score on single-item measure of curiosity/exploration from Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II;[66] “I frequently find myself looking for new opportunities to grow as a person (e.”

“…with strangers than with familiar people”) had a uniqueness of .85 and did not load substantially on any factor, which could point to a distinct curiosity motive beyond the five motives represented by the factor solution (Gubler & Bischof, 1991; Kashdan et al., 2009; Schneider & Schmalt, 2000).”

“The curiosity score (CEI-II) was tested as a between-subject factor and stimuli as a within-subject factor.”

“, 2004); and 3) the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI-II), a 10-item questionnaire assessing trait curiosity (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for total score is .86; the stretching subscale α= .80 and embracing subscale α= .79 (Kashdan et al. 2009).”

“Furthermore, epistemic curiosity is uncorrelated with anger and depression and uncorrelated or slightly negatively correlated with anxiety (Kashdan et al., 2009; Litman & Spielberger, 2003; Litman & Jimerson, 2004; Litman & Pezzo, 2007).”

“Thus, in our survey, we asked the participants to respond to a popular curiosity instrument, Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II) [16] (an improved version of the original Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI) [17]), because it was proven capable of assessing individual differences…”

“Following primals items, 562 participants completed measures of BIG 5 personality traits (44-item BFI; John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991); life satisfaction (5-item SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985); depression, anxiety, and stress (21-item DASS-21; Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998); positive emoti…”

“The second questionnaire was the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory II (Kashdan et al., 2009) which measures curiosity and exploration using 2 dimensions: interest for novelty, challenge and absorption (full engagement in specific activities).”

“…discoverer skill can be roughly mapped to adaptive expressions of openness to experience (Headey and Wearing, 1989; Davey et al., 2003; Heaven and Ciarrochi, 2012) and curiosity (Kashdan et al., 2009), and low discoverer skill can be mapped to maladaptive forms of sensation seeking (Roberti, 2004).”

“Similar conceptualizations have been made by Kashdan et al. (2009), who proposed a two-factor model, one related to seeking out knowledge and new experiences and the other related to a willingness to manage and embrace the tension that often arises when confronting novelty and uncertainty.”

“While curiosity traits are thought to be highly heritable (20) and include an openness to experiences, desire for novelty, and willingness to embrace the unexpected (21), the expression of curiosity is also thought to be situational (i.”

“…complement the HEXACO, we included several narrow traits, particularly measures of trait curiosity (the revised Curiosity and Exploration Inventory; Kashdan et al., 2009), sensation seeking (a brief scale developed by Hoyle, Stephenson, Palmgreen, Lorch, & Donohew, 2002), and hypomania (the…”

“The main independent variables were experimental condition (positive vs. neutral mood), curiosity factor based on median split of the CEI-II scores, and subjective attractiveness of the artwork (low vs. high— answers from 1 to 3 were coded as ’low’ and answers from 4 to 5 as ’high’ attractiveness).”

“General curiosity was measured using the curiosity and exploration inventory-II [54]; creative self-efficacy was measured using the short scale of creative self (SSCS; Karwowski, [1 ]); and creative imagination was measured using the Imagination index [55].”

“Second, we included the Exploration Inventory (EI; Green & Campbell, 2000) to assess growth-oriented behavioral intentions.”

“trade-off varies greatly across individuals and recent studies have suggested that tolerance to uncertainty is a key personality trait underlying this variability (Kashdan et al., 2009; Litman, 2010).”

“…1994) rating 1=strongly disagree to 7=strongly agree .729 Score on single-item measure of curiosity/exploratin from Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (Kashdan et al., 2009); “I frequently find myself looking for new opportunities to grow as a person (e.g., information, people, resources”)…”

“This research has shown that psychologically healthy and well-adapted individuals are higher in Grit, defined as manifesting goal-perseverance and resilience in the face of adversity (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly, 2007); Gratitude, the disposition and ability to feel appreciative of benefits received (Emmons…”

“Curiosity describes the pursuit, recognition, and desire to explore novel, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous events (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Past work has suggested that creative individuals score higher on social contribution (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Trait Curiosity was measured using the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory‐II (CEI‐II; Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“(1994) Curiosity and exploration “I frequently find myself looking for new opportunities to grow as a person” 1 Kashdan et al. (2009)”

“We did something similar on the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II; Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“For this investigation, the total trait curiosity score was sued, which has shown to be reliable (α = .83) and valid (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“…Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II; Kashdan et al., 2009) is a self-report measure that assesses individual differences in trait curiosity, in particular a person’s general tendency to embrace everyday novel or uncertain situations and to seek out new experiences (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“…curiosity has been used to describe both the desire of exploration resulting from an inherent trait, which suggests a rather stable tendency to be curious (ie trait curiosity; Day 1971; Kashdan et al. 2009), and a specific state invoked from an external environmental trigger (Grossnickle 2016).”

“The CEI-II contains two 5-item factors: stretching (e.g., “I actively seek as much information as I can in new situations”; α = .88; M = 3.38, SD = 0.94) and embracing (e.g., “Everywhere I go, I am out looking for new things or experiences”; α = .84; M = 3.00, SD = 0.91).”

“The 10-item Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II; Kashdan et al., 2009) measures tendencies to seek out new knowledge and experience.”

“The findings that curiosity has more robust associations with positive aspects of functioning than with the measures of emotional distress, and that positive well-being was more strongly associated with the stretching dimension of curiosity as opposed to the embracing are consistent with previous research (Kashdan et…”

“Veterans have greater exposure to childhood adversity and combat trauma (Katon et al., 2015), which are known to sensitize individuals to the negative effects of later stressors (Bandoli et al., 2017; Nichter, Hill, Norman, Haller, & Pietrzak, 2020a; Smid et al., 2015).”

“Grateful and curious individuals experience more positive emotions [65,76].”

“Kashdan et al. (2009) propose that curiosity can be defined as the recognition, acceptance and pursuit of knowledge and new experiences, and identify its two components: the motivation to seek knowledge and new experiences ( stretching ) and the willingness to accept new and unpredictable…”

“We conducted an exploratory factor analysis (Fabrigar, Wegener, MacCallum, & Strahan, 1999) in SPSS using maximum-likelihood estimation with Promax rotation; this procedure has been used to validate other attitudinal scales in psychology and education (e.g. Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Trait curiosity describes the habits of mind, affect, and behavior displayed by individuals considered to have generally curious personalities (Kashdan et al. 2009; Silvia 2008).”

“In Experiment 3, we aimed to replicate Experiment 2 and for exploratory purposes, we tested potential effects of individual differences in curiosity, measured with the Curiosity Exploration Inventory (CEI-II; Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“, 2017), and depression and anxiety (Kashdan et al., 2009).”

“Using the Grit-O Scale (Duckworth et al., 2007), the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (Kashdan et al., 2009), positive L2 self-measures and L2 motivational measures, the researcher demonstrated that grittier students were more likely to passionately devote their time and energy to learning…”

“The scales correlated with the HEXACO-60 (Ashton & Lee, 2009), measures of curiosity (Kashdan et al., 2009), sensation seeking (Hoyle, Stephenson, Palmgreen, Lorch, & Donohew, 2002) and hypomania (Eckblad & Chapman, 1986).”

“Session 1—Post-Free Period After the free period, participants filled out the PERTS Growth Mindset Assessment [32] and the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II) [21], both measuring trait curiosity–the characteristic of always having an interest in learning or obtaining new information.”

“The 10-item Curiosity and Exploration Inventory–II (CEI-II; Kashdan et al., 2009) included five items for stretching, assessing the degree to which people tend to seek out new knowledge and experiences (e.g., ‘Everywhere I go, I am out looking for new things or experiences’) and five for embracing, assessing the willi…”

“, 2004), (11) exploration (Kashdan et al., 2009), and (12) experiences of competence (Manfredo et al.”