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The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics
Open accessAbstract
Given curiosity's fundamental role in motivation, learning, and well-being, we sought to refine the measurement of trait curiosity with an improved version of the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI; Kashdan, Rose, & Fincham, 2004). A preliminary pool of 36 items was administered to 311 undergraduate students, who also completed measures of emotion, emotion regulation, personality, and well-being. Factor analyses indicated a two factor model-motivation to seek out knowledge and new experiences (Stretching; 5 items) and a willingness to embrace the novel, uncertain, and unpredictable nature of everyday life (Embracing; 5 items). In two additional samples (ns = 150 and 119), we cross-validated this factor structure and provided initial evidence for construct validity. This includes positive correlations with personal growth, openness to experience, autonomy, purpose in life, self-acceptance, psychological flexibility, positive affect, and positive social relations, among others. Applying item response theory (IRT) to these samples (n = 578), we showed that the items have good discrimination and a desirable breadth of difficulty. The item information functions and test information function were centered near zero, indicating that the scale assesses the mid-range of the latent curiosity trait most reliably. The findings thus far provide good evidence for the psychometric properties of the 10-item CEI-II.
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Items 201–300 of 672
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Work curiosity and R&D professionals’ creative performance: Scientists vs. engineers
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“First, they filled out the CEI-II (Kashdan et al., 2009; e.g., “I am at my best when doing something that is complex or challenging”; a ¼ .91), followed by the Innovativeness scale (Goldsmith & Hofacker, 1991; e.g., “In general, I am among the first in my circle of friends to buy new products or…”
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“…of curiosity/exploration from Curiosity and Exploration Inventory- II (“I frequently find myself looking for new opportunities to grow as a person”; Kashdan et al., 2009); rating (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree) on single item measuring perceived level of community integration…”
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Schoeller, F., Eskinazi, M., & Garreau, D. (2017) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2017.07.005 · Cited by 17
“The questionnaire contained (i) the curiosity and exploration inventory-II by Kashdan et al. (2009), (ii) demographics, (iii) the analog rating scales, (iv) narratological questions regarding chill-eliciting scenes in narratives and (v) various open phenomenological questions (such as ‘‘please…”
MethodUncertainty drives exploration of negative information across younger and older adults
Yagi, A., FitzGibbon, L., Murayama, K., Shinomori, K., & Sakaki, M. (2023) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01082-8 · Cited by 15
“Such lifestyle changes also may affect older adults’ responses; for example, when responding to an item “I prefer jobs that are excitingly unpredictable” (an item from CEI-II), older adults 1 3 may choose a lower rating, simply because they do not necessarily see themselves engaging in jobs on a day-to-day basis.”
MethodInfluentialZou, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1028906 · Cited by 20
Kitkowska, A., Warner, M., Shulman, Y., Wästlund, E., & Martucci, L. A. (2020) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3980477 · Cited by 16
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Roslan, N. Q. B., & Cho, H. (2022) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2022.2134435 · Cited by 17
“Willingness to explore novel behaviour The Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II) (Kashdan et al., 2009) was used to measure sport participants ’ willingness to explore novel behaviours.”
MethodMahama, I., Dramanu, B. Y., & Asamoah-Gyimah, K. (2023) · Education Research International · doi:10.1155/2023/4626945 · Cited by 26
Li, Y., Emin, M., Zhou, Q., Zhang, J., & Hu, W. (2023) · Future in Educational Research · doi:10.1002/fer3.14 · Cited by 18
Wilson, T. D. (2024) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-09-2023-0173 · Cited by 16
Chung, S.-J., & Jin, C. L. (2024) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3333 · Cited by 16
Entrepreneurial Intention in Romanian Engineering Students: Expanding the Theory of Planned Behavior
Balgiu, B. A., & Simionescu‐Panait, A. (2024) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci14110275 · Cited by 25
Playful brains: a possible neurobiological pathway to cognitive health in aging
Golland, Y., Ben‐David, B. M., Mather, M., & Keisari, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1490864 · Cited by 15
Association between Behavioral Ambidexterity and Brain Health
Kokubun, K., Yamakawa, Y., & Hiraki, K. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030137 · Cited by 16
“In the present study, we used two psychological scales—the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory II [14] and the Short Grit Scale [15]—to measure curiosity and grit, respectively, to evaluate participants’ ambidexterity.”
BackgroundMethodHuang, Q., Cao, S., Zhou, S., Punia, D., Zhu, X., Luo, Y., & Wu, H. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110973 · Cited by 17
“CEI-II was used to capture participants’ trait curiosity (Kashdan et al., 2009).”
MethodÇankaya, E. M., Liew, J., & de Freitas, C. P. P. (2018) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v8i4.225 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, being self-determined is related to a greater curiosity to pursue and enjoy engaging in challenging activities (Kashdan et al., 2009; Kashdan et al., 2004).”
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Asch, R., Esterlis, I., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113775 · Cited by 15
Toral, M. V., Domínguez, Z. E. M., Alcón, M. D. C. G., Díaz-Milanés, D., & Andrés-Villas, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113769 · Cited by 15
“[71,108], this is defined as a trait associated with SWL [46], and that in relation to healthy food consumption, some studies such as that of Conner et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultExploring curiosity and critical thinking skills for prospective biology teacher
Nurdiana, N., Hunaepi, H., Ikhsan, M., Suwono, H., & Sulisetijono, S. (2023) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v12i1.23302 · Cited by 15
Curiosity and Meaning of Life Leading towards Personal Growth: The Role of Emotional Intelligence
Mohanty, A., Pradhan, R. K., & Jena, L. K. (2015) · Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology · Cited by 15
PROAKTİF KİŞİLİĞİN ÖZNEL ZİNDELİK İLE MERAK ARASINDAKİ İLIŞKİDE ARACILIK ETKİSİ
Çeli̇k, E., & Topcuoğlu, P. (2017) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2017.17.31178-338819 · Cited by 15
Digital Interactive Quantitative Curiosity Assessment Tool: Questions Worlds
Tor, N., & Gordon, G. (2020) · International Journal of Information and Education Technology · doi:10.18178/ijiet.2020.10.8.1433 · Cited by 15
“questionnaires, such as the curiosity and exploration inventory-II [26] and its more recent version [3], as well as some behavioral methods that mostly focus on spontaneous exploration [27], [28].”
BackgroundPositive Psychological Assessment for the Workplace
Jarden, A., & Jarden, R. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118977620.ch22 · Cited by 15
Herzog, S., Tsai, J., Nichter, B., Kachadourian, L. K., Harpaz‐Rotem, I., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000301 · Cited by 16
“, 2012), and the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II; Kashdan et al., 2009), respectively.”
Tao, R., Zhang, H., Geng, L., Li, Y., & Qiu, J. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15010018 · Cited by 14
“Curiosity was assessed using the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (Kashdan et al., 2009).”
Being Here and Now: The Benefits of Belonging in Space and Time
Baldwin, M. W., & Keefer, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00214-7 · Cited by 18
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A Trait-Based Network Perspective on the Validation of the French Short Boredom Proneness Scale
Martarelli, C., Baillifard, A., & Audrin, C. (2022) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000718 · Cited by 15
Linking exploration to academic performance
Gkorezis, P., Κωσταγιόλας, Π., & Niakas, D. A. (2017) · Library Management · doi:10.1108/lm-02-2017-0021 · Cited by 16
“On this basis, scholars have argued that it inherently contributes to personal growth (Kashdan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPriming, enabling and assessment of curiosity
Sher, K. B.-T., Levi-Keren, M., & Gordon, G. (2019) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-019-09665-4 · Cited by 14
Curiosity as Brazilian tourist motivation in visiting Europe
Ciasullo, M. V., Tommasetti, R., Troisi, O., & Vesci, M. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo · doi:10.7784/rbtur.v13i3.1596 · Cited by 14
“In fact, psychologists underlined that, when we feel curious to discover something, we also have feelings for engaging with novel stimuli or adopting a certain behavior (Kashdan et al., 2009, Dalli Peer-Reviewed article.”
BackgroundMcGuire, A. P., Fagan, J. G., Tsai, J., Merians, A. N., Nichter, B., Norman, S. B., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.028 · Cited by 13
“Curiosity/. exploration † Curiosity was assessed using the following item from the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (Kashdan et al., 2009), “I frequently find myself looking for new opportunities to grow as a person (e.g., information, people, resources).””
Exploring the predictiveness of curiosity and interest in science learning in and after class
Kang, J.-H., & Kim, J. (2023) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21920 · Cited by 13
Chen, X., Lake, J., & Padilla, A. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02176 · Cited by 16
“In their study on the development of a curiosity measure, Kashdan et al. (2009) found that curiosity correlated positively with various other positive measures such as openness to experience, happiness, personal growth, autonomy, positive relations with others, and purpose in life.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-efficacy in creativity and curiosity as predicting creative emotions
Daher, W. M., Gierdien, F., & Anabousy, A. A. (2021) · JRAMathEdu (Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education) · doi:10.23917/jramathedu.v6i2.12667 · Cited by 13
Curiositas and Studiositas: Investigating Student Curiosity and the Design Studio
Smith, K. (2011) · International Journal of Art & Design Education · doi:10.1111/j.1476-8070.2011.01691.x · Cited by 13
Curiosity: A conceptual re-analysis for improved measurement
McNary, L. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04170-z · Cited by 16
“…. . ” (Kashdan et al., 2004, p. 303), and the CEI-II, which was necessitated by validity issues around the breadth of the curiosity construct in the CEI, was presented as having “been subjected to close psychometric scrutiny” over and above that of other inventories (Kashdan et al., 2009, p. 995).”
InfluentialLi, T., Huang, H., Jia Liu, B., & Tang, X. (2023) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909231185381 · Cited by 12
“While curiosity is a broad construct, research focused mostly on epistemic curiosity as it relates to learning and development widely (e.g., Kashdan et al., 2009; Lauriola et al., 2015; Tang & Salmela-Aro, 2021).”
BackgroundExploring Curiosity in Games: A Framework and Questionnaire Study of Player Perspectives
Tang, Z., & Kirman, B. J. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2325171 · Cited by 12
Boredom and curiosity: the hunger and the appetite for information
Seiler, J. P.-H., & Dan, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1514348 · Cited by 14
Quah, T. C. S., Lau, Y., Ang, W. W., & Lau, S. T. (2025) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2025.106625 · Cited by 18
Ulusoy, E., Sethi, N., Baldwin, J. A., Grady, S. M., & Roskos‐Ewoldsen, D. R. (2022) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqac019 · Cited by 14
Do students motivated to learn have better creative abilities?
Goulet-Pelletier, J.-C., Gaudreau, P., & Cousineau, D. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102327 · Cited by 13
Loesche, F., Goslin, J., & Bugmann, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01773 · Cited by 15
“…are also asked to rate themselves in 14 additional seven-point Likert item questions, four of which belong to the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) developed by Lyubomirsky and Lepper (1999) and ten more of the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory II (CEI-II) as published by Kashdan et al. (2009).”
BackgroundPersonality and Recommender Systems
Tkalčič, M., & Chen, L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2197-4_20 · Cited by 12
Tang, M., & Liao, I. (2022) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24628 · Cited by 11
“…with recommendations in an e-ecommerce context (Chen et al., 2019), Curiosity and Exploration Inventory II, which attempts to measure “ general tendency to embrace novel or uncertain situations and to seek out new experiences ” (Kashdan et al., 2009), was applied to capture users' curiosity.”
BackgroundAlShamsi, S. S. S., Ahmad, K. Z., & Jasimuddin, S. M. (2022) · Journal of General Management · doi:10.1177/03063070221141201 · Cited by 11
“The scale has a high reliability of 0.92 (Kashdan et al., 2009, 2011).”
InfluentialOverstreet, C. M., DeViva, J. C., Amstadter, A. B., McCarthy, E., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.004 · Cited by 12
Awe, curiosity, and multicultural experience
Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., Januchowski, J. A., Ramis, T., Mello, Z. R., & Monroy, M. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12766 · Cited by 11
Developing and testing inhibitors of curiosity in the workplace with the Curiosity Code Index (CCI)
Hamilton, D. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01185 · Cited by 11
“Curiosity is a desire to discover new information and experiences which motivates behavior (Berlyne, 1954; Kashdan, 2009; Litman, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodAre measures of life satisfaction linked to admiration for celebrities?
Aruguete, M. S., Huynh, H. P., McCutcheon, L. E., Browne, B. L., Jurs, B. S., & Flint, E. (2019) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-019-00208-1 · Cited by 14
Doğa Sporcularının Merak ve Keşfetme Eğilimlerinin Yaşam Doyum Düzeylerini Yordayıcı Etkisi
SÜMBÜL, S., Asma, M., & Yıldız, K. (2019) · Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.31680/gaunjss.566576 · Cited by 11
Systematic Curiosity as an Integrative Tool for Human Flourishing: A Conceptual Review and Framework
Cunff, A. L. (2024) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-024-09856-6 · Cited by 10
“…(Fredrickson & Losada, 2005 ), and the process of methodically exploring, questioning, and learning can be enriching on its own, contributing to psychological, emotional, and social well-being without needing to serve an external goal (Kashdan et al., 2009 ; Szu - mowska & Kruglanski, 2020 ).”
Playful Study Design: A Novel Approach to Enhancing Student Well-Being and Academic Performance
Costantini, A., Bakker, A. B., & Scharp, Y. S. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10022-6 · Cited by 10
“Curiosity reflects a desire to explore complex, ambiguous situations (Kashdan et al., 2009), while playful-ness involves reinterpreting situations to create enjoyment (Barnett, 2007; Proyer, 2012).”
Developing social performance professionals in the extractive industries
Esteves, A. M., & Moreira, S. (2021) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2021.100964 · Cited by 10
Toraman, Ç. (2021) · Anatolian Journal of Education · doi:10.29333/aje.2021.623a · Cited by 10
A Validation Study of the Work-Family Conflict Scale with Korean women
SungKyungYoo, 박지아, 김수정, & 홍세희 (2012) · The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology · doi:10.18205/kpa.2012.17.1.001 · Cited by 10
Dixson, D. D., Jansen, L., Gentzis, E., & Worrell, F. C. (2023) · High Ability Studies · doi:10.1080/13598139.2023.2206114 · Cited by 10
“…and their environment to accomplish specific academic outcomes, (d) curiosity – how much one actively seeks out new information and experiences (Kashdan et al., 2009), and (e) perceived belonging within gifted contexts – how much one feels respected and accepted by others within their gifted…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe impact of entrepreneurial passion on business model innovation on Turkish SMEs
Dinibutun, S. R. (2024) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2291864 · Cited by 12
“curiosity was measured using a 6-item scale given by Kashdan et al. (2009). the sample item includes “i frequently seek out opportunities to challenge me and grow as a better person.”
Anvari, F., Billinger, S., Analytis, P. P., Franco, V. R., & Marchiori, D. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51685-z · Cited by 9
“…of exploration from the social and personality psychology literature that ’ s been widely used: the fi rst version of the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory 42 has almost 1000 citations, according to Google Scholar, and the second version 13 , which is the one that we used, has over 500 citations.”
InfluentialPan, Y., Lai, I. K. W., & Wong, J. W. C. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2025.2457508 · Cited by 10
“Curiosity is defined as the recognition, acceptance, and active pursuit of knowledge and novel experiences (Kashdan et al., 2009).”
Tarigan, A. H. Z., & Nugroho, I. P. (2019) · JURNAL BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING AR-RAHMAN · doi:10.31602/jbkr.v5i1.1697 · Cited by 9
Development and Validation of a Capacity for Wonder Scale for Use in Educational Settings
Geller, G., Steinman, C., Caldwell, M. T., Goldberg, H. R., Hanlon, C. D., Wonnell, T. L., & Merritt, M. W. (2020) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282920918727 · Cited by 9
“, 2006), curiosity (Kashdan et al., 2009), and openness to experience (Lee & Ashton, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn untapped potential: Curiosity in medical school
Schwarz, T. A., Nikendei, C., Cranz, A., Friederich, H.-C., & Bugaj, T. J. (2023) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2023.2288546 · Cited by 7
“In the 2000s, a third wave emerged, the quantification of curiosity was revised and refined, and several new questionnaires and scales were developed (Litman and Spielberger 2003; Kashdan and Roberts 2004a; Litman and Jimerson 2004; Renner 2007; Kashdan et al. 2009).”
BackgroundArnould, A., Rochat, L., Dromer, E., Azouvi, P., & der Linden, M. V. (2016) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12107 · Cited by 9
Well‐being curriculum for anesthesiology residents: Development, processes, and preliminary outcomes
Janosy, N. R., Beacham, A. O., Vogeli, J. M., & Brainard, A. (2020) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.14062 · Cited by 9
Eye tracking in the wild: Piloting a real-life assessment paradigm for older adults
Aschwanden, D., Langer, N., & Allemand, M. (2019) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.12.1.4 · Cited by 9
“Moreover, the personality trait curiosity was assessed using the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI-II; Kashdan et al., 2009).”
MethodZimmerman, H. T., Weible, J., Wright, E. A., Vanderhoof, C., & Jablonski, N. G. (2022) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21709 · Cited by 9
Justification of recommender systems results: a service-based approach
Mauro, N., Hu, Z. F., & Ardissono, L. (2022) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-022-09345-8 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, the people having high or low values of the Curiosity trait (Kashdan et al, 2009), and those having low Need for Cognition (NfC) (Coelho et al, 2020), evaluated the Interface Adequacy and Satisfaction of our models higher than the baselines.”
MethodResultDamer, E., Webb, T. L., & Crisp, R. J. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430218811250 · Cited by 9
“Finally, participants completed the 10-item version of the Big Five Inventory (Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003), the 10-item Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (Kashdan et al., 2009), and the 18-item NFC scale (Cacioppo et al., 1984).”
MethodThe Influence of Curiosity Traits and On-Demand Explanations in AI-Assisted Decision-Making
Cau, F. M., & Spano, L. D. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3708359.3712165 · Cited by 13
“Next, participants filled out the NFC [26], EC [64], and CEI-II [51] psychometric tests, and completed an attention check.”
InfluentialLeusmann, J., Villa, S., Berberoglu, B., Wang, C., & Mayer, S. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713087 · Cited by 10
Hendekçi, A. (2025) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.70127 · Cited by 8
“It was originally developed by Kashdan et al. (2009) and adapted into Turkish by Acun et al. (2013).”
Mishra, K. K. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03522-z · Cited by 12
“Kashdan et al. (2009) found that the CEI-II is both valid and reliable measure of curiosity.”
The role of skepticism among adolescents’ online information literacy skills
Ritzhaupt, A. D., Kohnen, A. M., Wusylko, C., Wang, X., Dawson, K., & Sommer, M. (2023) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-02-2023-0010 · Cited by 8
Whizzing through the High North: Motorists' Psychological Experience of the Countryside
Dahl, T. I., & Dalbakk, J.-A. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism · doi:10.1080/15022250.2015.1015766 · Cited by 9
“In general, when we feel curious, we also feel a high degree of openness to engage with novel stimuli (Kashdan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTowards a DT mindset tool evaluation: factors identification from theory and practice
Paparó, M., Dosi, C., & Vignoli, M. (2017) · IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) · Cited by 8
Curumim: A Serendipitous Recommender System based on Human Curiosity
dos Santos, A. M., Sebastiá, L., & Ferreira, R. (2017) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.098 · Cited by 8
Learner-Controlled Practice Difficulty and Task Exploration in an Active-Learning Gaming Environment
Westlin, J., Day, E. A., & Hughes, M. G. (2019) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878119877672 · Cited by 8
“…eliminate information-knowledge gaps, and solve intellectual problems (Litman, 2008), exploration is intentional behavior that minimizes uncertainty by building upon already-possessed competencies (Hardy et al., 2014; Kashdan et al., 2009; Koo & Choi, 2010; Schneider, Von Kroh, & Jäger, 2013).”
BackgroundPsychological and Demographic Predictors of Vaping and Vaping Susceptibility in Young Adults
Teah, G. E., & Conner, T. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659206 · Cited by 13
Beck, M. (2022) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/20515707211056468 · Cited by 8
“…the Dodds et al. (1991) scale measures in-store and online purchase intentions, the Peck and Childers (2003) scale measures the need to touch the product, the Kashdan et al. (2009) scale measures trait curiosity, and the Zaichkowsky (1987) scale measures lasting involvement in the product category.”
BackgroundWho hates magic? Exploring the loathing of legerdemain.
Silvia, P. J., Greengross, G., Karwowski, M., Rodriguez-Boerwinkle, R. M., & Crasson, S. J. (2022) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000459 · Cited by 8
Self-citationDynamic Formation of Customers’ Quality Expectations
Fruchter, G. E., Reutterer, T., Dickert, S., & Vacondio, M. (2021) · Review of Marketing Science · doi:10.1515/roms-2022-0096 · Cited by 9
Cognition and curiosity:Strategies for firms to recruit curious employees
Fry, J. M., Elkins, M., & Farrell, L. (2023) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2023.2174943 · Cited by 8
“Silvia and Kashdan (2009) find many behaviours closely associated with highly curious individuals, such as intense learning, asking questions, and examining closely and manipulating objects, are intrinsically linked to scientific inquiry objects (Weible and Zimmerman 2016).”
BackgroundFacet Benchmarking: Advanced application of a new instrument refinement method
Siegling, A. B., Furnham, A. F., & Petrides, K. V. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.014 · Cited by 8
El Bienestar Psicológico: Una mirada desde Latinoamérica
de Sonora, U., Romero, J. C. G., & Lever, J. P. (2016) · Universidad de Sonora/Qartuppi eBooks · doi:10.29410/qtp.16.09 · Cited by 11
Stefanovics, E. A., Gavriel‐Fried, B., Potenza, M. N., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2020) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2020.1803893 · Cited by 8
MEMAHAMI RASA INGIN TAHU REMAJA DITINJAU BERDASARKAN JENIS KELAMIN
Nugroho, I. P. (2019) · JURNAL BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING AR-RAHMAN · doi:10.31602/jbkr.v5i1.1675 · Cited by 8
Exploiting the digital frontier: Hacker typology and motivation
McBrayer, J. C. (2014) · Cited by 8
Wang, S., Yang, W., Xia, Y., Yan, W., & Cai, Z. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06301-w · Cited by 8
Arena, A. F. A., MacCann, C., Moreton, S. G., Menzies, R. E., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221074160 · Cited by 7
“Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (Kashdan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDalton, E., & Estrada, T. (2023) · doi:10.18260/3-1-1153-36040 · Cited by 10
Starkweather, S., DePierro, J. M., Akhtar, S. R., de Guillebon, E., Kaplan, C. A., Kaplan, S., Ripp, J., Peccoralo, L. A., Feingold, J. H., Feder, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20075326 · Cited by 8
Stephens, A., Bohanna, I., Graham, D. G., & CLOUGH, A. R. (2013) · Journal of Tropical Psychology · doi:10.1017/jtp.2013.2 · Cited by 7
“Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI-II) (Kashdan et al., 2009) Recognition, pursuit, integration of novel and challenging experiences X • √ √”
Informing Users: Effects of Notification Properties and User Characteristics on Sharing Attitudes
Shulman, Y., Kitkowska, A., & Meyer, J. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2086592 · Cited by 7
“Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II Ten items adapted from Kashdan et al. (2009) to measure two-dimensional curiosity.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCations, M., Cook, J. M., Fischer, I. C., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.078 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- University of Kansas (US)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kashdan, Todd B.
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 987-998
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2770180
- OpenAlex
- W2107615426
- Cited by
- 674
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 11.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Educational Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- trait curiosity, scale development, factor structure, construct validity, item response theory, psychological flexibility, positive affect, well-being, openness to experience
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