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The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics
Open accessAbstract
Given curiosity's fundamental role in motivation, learning, and well-being, we sought to refine the measurement of trait curiosity with an improved version of the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI; Kashdan, Rose, & Fincham, 2004). A preliminary pool of 36 items was administered to 311 undergraduate students, who also completed measures of emotion, emotion regulation, personality, and well-being. Factor analyses indicated a two factor model-motivation to seek out knowledge and new experiences (Stretching; 5 items) and a willingness to embrace the novel, uncertain, and unpredictable nature of everyday life (Embracing; 5 items). In two additional samples (ns = 150 and 119), we cross-validated this factor structure and provided initial evidence for construct validity. This includes positive correlations with personal growth, openness to experience, autonomy, purpose in life, self-acceptance, psychological flexibility, positive affect, and positive social relations, among others. Applying item response theory (IRT) to these samples (n = 578), we showed that the items have good discrimination and a desirable breadth of difficulty. The item information functions and test information function were centered near zero, indicating that the scale assesses the mid-range of the latent curiosity trait most reliably. The findings thus far provide good evidence for the psychometric properties of the 10-item CEI-II.
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Almeida, L., Kashdan, T. B., Coelho, R. C., Albino‐Teixeira, A., & Soares-da-Silva, P. (2008) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.5414/cpp46109 · Cited by 14
Self-citationThe Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style
Garner, B. A. (2000) · Cited by 12
Explorations in curiosity : breadth and depth of interest curiosity styles
Ainley, M. (1986) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 9
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Berlyne, 1967, Arousal and reinforcement, Vol. 15, 1
- Tomkins, 1962, Vol. 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty
Carleton, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007 · Cited by 1,104
Kashdan, T. B., Stiksma, M. C., Disabato, D. J., McKnight, P. E., Bekier, J., Kaji, J., & Lazarus, R. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.011 · Cited by 544
“…psychometric properties of measures such as the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II - the embracing of stress in novel and challenging situations subscale had smaller correlations with distress and healthy emotion regulation strategies than the stretching subscale; Kashdan et al., 2009).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDifferent types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being
Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000209 · Cited by 583
“Despite the popularity of the hedonia–eudaimonia distinction within the well-being literature, there is skepticism about its empirical support and theoretical utility (Coyne, 2013; Kashdan et al., 2008, Kashdan et al., 2009; Sheldon, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature
Kaufman, S. B., Yaden, D. B., Hyde, E., & Tsukayama, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00467 · Cited by 446
Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Hepper, E. G., & Zhou, X. (2015) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001 · Cited by 348
“…ordinary) event condition reported greater growth-related self-perceptions (i.e., self-expansion, curiosity, inclination toward new experiences; Kashdan et al., 2009) and stronger growth-related behavioral intentions (i.e., to engage in novel, self-expansive activities; Luke, Sedikides, &…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- University of Kansas (US)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kashdan, Todd B.
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 987-998
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2770180
- OpenAlex
- W2107615426
- Cited by
- 674
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 11.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Educational Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- trait curiosity, scale development, factor structure, construct validity, item response theory, psychological flexibility, positive affect, well-being, openness to experience
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