Simultaneous quantitation of nine hydroxy-androgens and their conjugates in human serum by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
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Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the fatal form of prostate cancer, remains androgen dependent despite castrate levels of circulating testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). To investigate mechanisms by which the tumor can synthesize its own androgens and develop resistance to abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, methods to measure a complete androgen profile are imperative. Here, we report the development and validation of a stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (SID-LC-ESI-MS/MS) method to quantify nine human hydroxy-androgens as picolinates, simultaneously with requisite specificity and sensitivity. In the established method, the fragmentation patterns of all nine hydroxy-androgen picolinates were identified, and [13 C 3]-5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol and [13 C 3]-5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol used as internal standards were synthesized enzymatically. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy corresponds to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of nine hydroxy-androgens is 1.0pg to 2.5pg on column. Diols which have been infrequently measured: 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol and 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol can be determined in serum at values as low as 1.0pg on column. The method also permits the quantitation of conjugated hydroxy-androgens following enzymatic digestion. While direct detection of steroid conjugates by electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry has advantages the detection of unconjugated and conjugated steroids would require separate methods for each set of analytes. Our method was applied to pooled serum from male and female donors to provide reference values for both unconjugated and conjugated hydroxy-androgens. This method will allow us to interrogate the involvement of the conversion of 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol to T, the backdoor pathway involving the conversion of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol to DHT and the inactivation of DHT to 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol in advanced prostate cancer.
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T and DHT circulate predominantly in their unconjugated form, while their metabolites androsterone (AST), epiandrosterone (EpiAST) and 3α-adiol were mostly conjugated, each with specific preferences for sulfation or glucuronidation.
“Indeed, a recent study quantifying androgen metabolites and their sulfo- and glucoconjugates in serum, showed that T and DHT circulate predominantly in their unconjugated form, while their metabolites androsterone (AST, 5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one), epiandrosterone (5α-androstan-3β-ol-17-one, EpiAST) and 3α-adiol (5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol) were mostly conjugated, each with specific preferences for”
From Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited (2018) · cites this paper as Zang et al., 2017
16α-hydroxy-DHEAS, 5-diol-sulfate, AST-sulfate, and EpiAST-sulfate can be measured in nM concentrations in serum of both men and women.
“16α-hydroxy-DHEAS, 5-diol-sulfate, AST-sulfate, EpiAST-sulfate can be measured in nM concentrations in serum of both men and women (Labrie et al., 1997b, Sanchez-Guijo et al., 2015, Zang et al., 2017).”
From Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited (2018) · cites this paper as Zang et al., 2017
Women produce androgen metabolites in concentrations comparable to those of men.
“Importantly, women produce androgen metabolites in concentrations comparable to that of men (Labrie et al., 1997b, Trabert et al., 2016, Zang et al., 2017).”
From Intracrine androgen biosynthesis, metabolism and action revisited (2018) · cites this paper as Zang et al., 2017
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“Indeed, a recent study quantifying androgenmetabolites and their sulfo- and glucoconjugates in serum, showed that T and DHT circulate predominantly in their unconjugated form, while their metabolites androsterone (AST, 5a-androstan-3a-ol-17-one), epiandrosterone (5a-androstan-3b-ol-17-one, EpiAST) and 3a-adiol (5a-and…”
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- Authors
- Zang, T., Tamae, D., Mesaros, C., Wang, Q., Huang, M., Blair, I. A., & Penning, T. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Penning, Trevor M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-01
- Volume
- 165
- Issue
- Pt B
- Pages
- 342-355
- ISSN
- 0960-0760 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5146996
- OpenAlex
- W2511416757
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NCI
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals
- Keywords
- castration-resistant prostate cancer, androgen metabolism, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, stable isotope dilution, human serum, reference values
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Calibration, Chromatography, Liquid, Female, Humans, Male, Picolinic Acids, Prostatic Neoplasms, Androstenediol, Reproducibility of Results, Linear Models, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Limit of Detection, Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
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