Effect of different temperatures on the properties of pyrolysis products of Parthenium hysterophorus
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This research encompasses the use of noxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus as feedstock for pyrolysis carried out at varying temperatures of 300, 450 and 600°C. Temperature significantly affected the yield and properties of the pyrolysis products including char, syngas and bio-oil. Biochar yield decreased from 61% to 37% from 300 °C to 600 °C, whereas yield of gas and oil increased with increasing temperature. The pyrolysis products were physico-chemically characterized. In biochar, pH, conductivity, fixed carbon, ash content, bulk density and specific surface area of the biochar increased whereas cation exchange capacity, calorific value, volatile matter, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen content decreased with increasing temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the biochar prepared at higher temperature was more stable. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of biochar indicated the presence of alkanes, alkenes, nitriles, fatty acids, esters, amides and aromatic compounds. Number of compounds decreased with increasing temperature, but aromatic compounds increased with increasing temperature. Scanning electron micrographs of biochar prepared at different temperatures indicated micropore formation at lower temperature while increase in the size of pores and disorganization of vessels occurred at increasing temperature. The chemical composition was found to be richer at lower pyrolysis temperature. GC–MS analysis of the bio-oil indicated the presence of phenols, ketones, acids, alkanes, alkenes, nitrogenated compounds, heterocyclics and benzene derivatives.
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The observed morphologies may also have occurred through structural reorganization of unconverted biomass, in which thin fragile walls between adjacent micropores collapse under thermal stress, causing pore coalescence from internal overpressure.
“It may have also occurred through structural reorganization of unconverted biomass where thin fragile walls between adjacent micropores collapse under thermal stress causing pore coalescence from internal overpressure [124,125].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [124]
Section 3.5 (SEM; page not provided) attributes the porous morphology to disorganization and re-orientation of plant biochemicals, supporting the broad idea of structural reorganization. It does not describe fragile walls collapsing under thermal stress or pore coalescence caused by internal overpressure; Section 3.2 instead links greater porosity to volatile loss at higher temperatures. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Prospects of torrefied biomass as soil amendment for sustainable agriculture
Rehman, A., & Thengane, S. K. (2024) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-024-02970-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…soil particles and has a higher surface area than sand and silt, hence it has better et al. 2016; Mukhopadhyay et al. 2019; Patel et al. 2011; Qurat-ul-Ain et al. 2021; Rajkovich et al. 2012; Rodrigues and Rousset 2009; Sarker et al. 2021; Sathe et al. 2021; Singh et al. 2020; Thengane et…”
Coppa, E., Quagliata, G., Venanzi, R., Bruschini, A., Bianchini, L., Picchio, R., & Astolfi, S. (2024) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments11010017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Su, D., Wang, M., Xu, H., Zhang, Y., Hu, Q., Ren, Y., & He, J. (2023) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-023-04690-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The result was consistent with sugar-cane bagasse biochar and Parthenium hysterophorus biochar [18].”
Irfan, J. A., Charulatha, G., Mary, L. M., Ramanamoorthy, S., Karthikeyan, C., Saravanakumar, N. K., Manikandan, G., Jayaprakash, J., & Palani, K. N. (2025) · Future Batteries · doi:10.1016/j.fub.2025.100077 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Heinitz, S., Eyley, S., Thielemans, W., Binnemans, K., Mullens, S., & Cardinaels, T. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.143416 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Maaoui, A., Chagtmi, R., Apicella, B., Cerciello, F., Senneca, O., & Hassen, A. B. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15020894 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sustainable Recycling of Polyester Fabric Waste and Sugarcane Bagasse into Biochar
Iwuozor, K., Micheal, T. T., Abdelbacki, A. M. M., Okorie, C. J., Emenike, E., Oyekunle, I., & Adeniyi, A. (2024) · Sugar Tech · doi:10.1007/s12355-024-01520-y · Cited by 8
Maharathi, P., Eripogu, K. K., & Lo, S. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121722 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Production of Biochar and Biomethanol from Sugarcane Bagasse
Souza, P. G. A., Carvalho, J. D. C. L., de Souza, L. Z. M., Lima, E. N., de Aguilar, M. G., de Lima, R. P., Ferreira, O. E., Pimenta, L. P. S., & Machado, A. R. T. (2024) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-024-10733-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Singh, J., Bhattu, M., Brar, S. K., & Jadeja, R. B. (2025) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-025-02959-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pawaiya, A., Sharma, A., & Suthar, S. (2025) · Total environment engineering. · doi:10.1016/j.teengi.2025.100008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Studies on the efficiency of fish scale adsorbents for treatment of fish processing effluent
Devasena, S., Padmavathy, P., Rani, V., Ganesan, P., & Pereira, J. J. (2023) · Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1002/ep.14195 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“20 23 Pyrolysis temperature also had a strong influence on biochars physicochemical properties (e.g., surface area, pH, and functional groups).”
BackgroundMtshali, B., Kassim, A., Sibanda, S., & Workneh, T. S. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18081919 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Oxygen-rich torrefaction of bamboo: Multivariate process optimization and environmental assessment
Chen, W.-H., Lin, Y.-T., Biswas, P., Kwon, E. E., Tung, T.-C., Lee, C.-E., Ryšavý, J., & Čespiva, J. (2026) · Chemical engineering research & design · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2026.108473 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Younas, K., Jamil, A., Ahmad, M., Ghaffour, N., & Nawaz, M. S. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-025-06802-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ilo, O. P., Nkomo, S. L., Mkhize, N. M., & Simatele, M. D. (2023) · Environmental and Climate Technologies · doi:10.2478/rtuect-2023-0009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Taveira, N. S. S., Serra, D., Rosa, M. D. F., Gondim, R., de Oliveira, M. M. D., Barros, M. D. O., de Souza, M. D. S. M., Mattos, A., de Morais, S. D., & Figueredo, M. C. (2025) · Biomass · doi:10.3390/biomass5040078 · Cited by 2
“Qurat-ul-Ain et al. [28] observed a decrease in heating value from 20.39 MJ/kg to 17.85 MJ/kg when the pyrolysis temperature was raised from 300 ◦ C to 600 ◦ C. Similarly, Maaoui et al. [8] attributed this trend to the increase in ash content, which lowers the energy value of the biochar.”
InfluentialAzeem, M., Ma, J., Yao, Z., Wang, Z., Han, R., Dong, Z., Rafiq, N., Akmal, M., Li, H., & Li, G. (2025) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-025-06912-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In contrast, RB700 and MB700 exhibited decreases in C, H, and O contents, suggesting loss of aliphatic and oxygen-rich groups that are typical of an increase in aromaticity and hydrophobicity at elevated temperatures [61].”
Reynel-Ávila, H. E., Ledea-Figueredo, E., Díaz-Muñoz, L. L., Bonilla-Petriciolet, A., Aguayo-Villarreal, I. A., Elvir-Padilla, L. G., & Durán-Valle, C. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30163426 · Cited by 2
Tirkey, A., Pandey, M., Tiwari, A., Dubey, R., Abhishek, A., Siddiqui, M. H., Alamri, S. A., Khan, S., & Pandey, S. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100778 · Cited by 2
Słomkiewicz, P. M., Dołęgowska, S., Piekacz, K., Wideł, D., & Włodarczyk‐Makuła, M. (2025) · Archives of Environmental Protection · doi:10.24425/aep.2025.154757 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The preheating process does not significantly alter its elemental composition, which is consistent with previously published data (Kalina et al., 2022; Qurat-ul-Ain et al., 2021).”
Ganesan, A., Barnabé, S., Langlois, S., Rezazgui, O., Bareha, Y., & Boussabbeh, C. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19133097 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modulating the adsorption performance of tea waste biochar for Rhodamine B via pyrolysis temperature
Kowsalya, S., & Firdous, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2026.1832399 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Harnessing weeds for sustainable fungal disease control and nanotechnology innovations
Chauhan, P., Tapwal, A., Meena, M., Harish, & Swapnil, P. (2026) · Discover Plants · doi:10.1007/s44372-026-00550-y · Cited by 1
Marimuthu, C., Arun, J., Swetha, A., ShriVigneshwar, S., Jayakanth, J., Priyadharsini, P., Jadidi, S. A., & Naveen, S. (2026) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-025-06963-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ugbune, U., Edo, G., Avwenaghegha, J. O., & Oghoje, U. S. (2025) · Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy · doi:10.1007/s43538-025-00397-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This implies that charcoal for soil application should not be prepared at high temperature (Qurat-ul-Ain et al. 2021).”
Almasi, M., & Vatanparast, M. (2026) · Journal of Saudi Chemical Society · doi:10.1007/s44442-026-00136-z
Jawahar, V., Kumar, T. P., & Jayasoorya, R. (2026) · Plant Nano Biology · doi:10.1016/j.plana.2026.100356
Parmar, P., & Meikap, B. C. (2026) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-026-11040-0
“(Qurat-ul-Ain et al. 2021) [67], for instance, discovered comparable patterns in the output of biochar from feedstocks of agricultural waste, wherein increasing temperatures caused the conversion to move away from biochar and toward the synthesis of bio-oil and syngas.”
Sekoai, P. T., Gumbi, S. T., Egbewale, S. O., Mbatha, S., Nyathela, R., Makhapela, N., Ghimire, A., Johakimu, J. K., & Chunilall, V. (2026) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-026-03686-w
Younas, K., Jamil, A., & Ahmad, M. (2026) · CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water · doi:10.1002/clen.70216
Recent advances on biochar-derived materials for photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater
Rubangakene, N. O., Farooque, A. A., & Salaudeen, S. A. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2026.06.006
Uddin, M. N., Solomon, N., Samwini, A. M.-N., Yang, Y., Ghann, W., Uddin, J., Hunter, J. G., & Kang, D. H. (2026) · World Environmental and Water Resources Congress (EWRI) · doi:10.1061/9780784486931.011
Hidalgo, P., Nahuelpan, Z., Rebolledo, A., Treumun, Y., Yáñez, M., & Hunter, R. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18042083
Liquid Fuel Production by Co-pyrolysis of Plastic Waste Mixture: Influence of Temperature
Muhbat, S., Nadeem, S., Suleman, F., Jatoi, M. A., Hashmi, S., & Uddin, F. (2026) · Periodica Polytechnica: Chemical Engineering · doi:10.3311/ppch.42704
“Similarly, when Parthenium hysterophorus (a type of lignocellulosic biomass) was pyrolyzed, the results showed that higher temperatures promote the formation of lighter, more volatile compounds with lower densities, lower specific gravities, and higher API gravities [46].”
Ngosong, F., Anyanwu, C., & Eze, I. S. (2026) · Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy · doi:10.1016/j.clcb.2026.100205
Aslam, S., Nazir, A., Munir, M., Arshad, F., Jabeen, A., Waheed, M., Ávila-Quezada, G. D., Allah, E. F. A., & Hashem, A. (2026) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-026-07078-x
Biochar Application in Metal Contaminated Soil Enhances Soil Biological Properties and Rice Yield
Mukherjee, S., Singh, S. K., Patra, A., Jatav, H. S., & Chatterjee, D. (2026) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-026-09133-9
“Converting waste materials like Parthenium hysterophorus , an invasive weed with socio-economic impacts, into biochar offers a sustainable solution by enhancing soil health, adding economic value, reducing waste, and lowering disposal costs (Shafiq & Capareda, 2021).”
Elbagory, M., El-Khateeb, N. M. M., El-Nahrawy, S., Omara, A. E.-D., Mohamed, I., Elbyaly, M. Y. H., El‐Sharkawy, M., Zayed, A., Sirić, I., & Kumar, P. (2025) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-025-08914-y
Bianasari, A. A., Bakar, M. S. A., Khaled, M. S., Saepurahman, S., Mansur, D., & Азад, А. К. (2025) · International Journal of Renewable Energy Development · doi:10.61435/ijred.2026.61234 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Further, the pH, fixed carbon, and specific surface area of bio-char all exhibited an upward trend with increasing temperature (Irfan et al., 2016; Qurat-ul-Ain et al., 2021; H. Zhang et al., 2017).”
Patrio, A., Rusnadi, I., & Syarif, A. (2023) · Reka Buana : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil dan Teknik Kimia · doi:10.33366/rekabuana.v8i2.5063
“Higher pyrolysis temperature increases the amount of bio-gas and Syngas but reduces char production [10].”
Background
- Authors
- Qurat-ul-Ain, Shafiq, M., Capareda, S. C., & Firdaus-e-Bareen
- Affiliations
- University of the Punjab (PK)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Saudi Chemical Society
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 101197
- ISSN
- 1319-6103 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3129126917
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Higher Education Commission, Pakistan
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Mining and Gasification Technologies
- Keywords
- Parthenium hysterophorus, pyrolysis temperature, biochar, bio-oil, syngas, biochar physicochemical properties, bio-oil composition, pyrolysis products
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