Corn growth and nitrogen nutrition after additions of biochars with varying properties to a temperate soil
Abstract
The effects of biochar properties on crop growth are little understood. Therefore, biochar was produced from eight feedstocks and pyrolyzed at four temperatures (300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C) using slow pyrolysis. Corn was grown for 46 days in a greenhouse pot trial on a temperate and moderately fertile Alfisol amended with the biochar at application rates of 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 2.0%, and 7.0% (w/w) (equivalent to 0.0, 2.6, 6.5, 26, and 91 t biochar ha−1) and full recommended fertilization. Animal manure biochars increased biomass by up to 43% and corn stover biochar by up to 30%, while food waste biochar decreased biomass by up to 92% in relation to similarly fertilized controls (all P < 0.05). Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 300°C to 600°C decreased the negative effect of food waste as well as paper sludge biochars. On average, plant growth was the highest with additions of biochar produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 500°C (P < 0.05), but feedstock type caused eight times more variation in growth than pyrolysis temperature. Biochar application rates above 2.0% (w/w) (equivalent to 26 t ha−1) did generally not improve corn growth and rather decreased growth when biochars produced from dairy manure, paper sludge, or food waste were applied. Crop N uptake was 15% greater than the fully fertilized control (P < 0.05, average at 300°C) at a biochar application rate of 0.2% but decreased with greater application to 16% below the N uptake of the control at an application rate of 7%. Volatile matter or ash content in biochar did not correlate with crop growth or N uptake (P > 0.05), and greater pH had only a weak positive relationship with growth at intermediate application rates. Greater nutrient contents (N, P, K, Mg) improved growth at low application rates of 0.2% and 0.5%, but Na reduced growth at high application rates of 2.0% and 7.0% in the studied fertile Alfisol.
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Wood-derived biochar had a wider C/N ratio.
“Wood-derived biochar had a wider C/N ratio (Atkinson et al., 2010; Rajkovich et al., 2012).”
From A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security (2019) · cites this paper as Rajkovich et al., 2012
With increasing pyrolysis temperature, the adverse effect of biochar produced from the same feedstock was nullified.
“With increasing pyrolysis temperature, however, the adverse effect of biochar produced from the same feedstock nullified (Rajkovich et al., 2012).”
From A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security (2019) · cites this paper as Rajkovich et al., 2012
Across all biochar types, average total biomass production of corn was at par for application rates of 0.2%, 0.5%, and 2%, but reduced to a minimum at 7%.
“Across all biochar types, average total biomass production of corn ( Zea mays L.) was at par for the application rates of 0.2%, 0.5%, and 2%, but reduced to a minimum at the rate of 7% (Rajkovich et al., 2012).”
From A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security (2019) · cites this paper as Rajkovich et al., 2012
Biochars made from food waste and paper mill waste at lower pyrolysis temperature (300-400°C) resulted in significant growth reduction of corn.
“Biochars made from food waste and paper mill waste at lower pyrolysis temperature (300-400 °C) resulted in significant growth reduction of corn (Rajkovich et al., 2012).”
From A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security (2019) · cites this paper as Rajkovich et al., 2012
Some biochars triggered improved growth with increasing pyrolysis temperatures, though the opposite trend was also found.
“Some biochars triggered improved growth with increasing pyrolysis temperatures, though opposite trend was also found (Rajkovich et al., 2012).”
From A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security (2019) · cites this paper as Rajkovich et al., 2012
Some biochars increase crop yield while others decrease yield, for reasons explainable by known crop responses to altered pH or salt contents and short-term N limitation in N deficient soil.
“Some biochars may increase crop yield, whereas others may decrease yield for reasons that are readily explainable using known responses of crops to for example altered pH or salt contents (Van Zwieten et al. 2010;Rajkovich et al. 2012) and short-term N limitation in N deficient soil (Clough et al. 2013).”
From Biochars and the plant-soil interface (2015) · cites this paper as Rajkovich et al. 2012
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Jiang, J., Yuan, M., Xu, R., & Bish, D. L. (2015) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2014.10.009 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Güereña, D. T., Lehmann, J., Thies, J. E., Enders, A., Karanja, N., & Neufeldt, H. (2015) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-014-0990-z · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The effect of biochar on plant diseases: what should we learn while designing biochar substrates?
FRENKEL, O., JAISWAL, A. K., ELAD, Y., LEW, B., & GRABER, E. R. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management · doi:10.3846/16486897.2017.1307202 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Biochar and manure effluent effects on soil biochemical properties under corn production
Bera, T., Collins, H. P., Alva, A. K., Purakayastha, T. J., & Patra, A. K. (2016) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.07.011 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Characterisation of biochar from maize residues produced in a self-purging pyrolysis reactor
Intani, K., Latif, S., Cao, Z., & Müller, J. (2018) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.103 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Can biochar reclaim coal mine spoil?
Ghosh, D., & Maiti, S. K. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111097 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mandal, S., Donner, E., Smith, E., Sarkar, B., & Lombi, E. (2019) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134114 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Reverchon, F., Yang, H., Ho, T. Y., Yan, G., Wang, J., Xu, Z., Chen, C., & Zhang, D. (2015) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3451-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effect of different temperatures on the properties of pyrolysis products of Parthenium hysterophorus
Qurat-ul-Ain, Shafiq, M., Capareda, S. C., & Firdaus-e-Bareen (2021) · Journal of Saudi Chemical Society · doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101197 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Moisture content was measured after the weight loss by heating the char at 105 (cid:1) C for 24 h. Electrical conductivity and pH of the char was determined after preparing a suspension of oven dried biochar in deionized water (ratio 1:20) after shaking for 3 h on a mechanical shaker [9].”
InfluentialBrantley, K. E., Savin, M. C., Brye, K. R., & Longer, D. E. (2016) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/sum.12296 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, H., Yan, G., Xu, Z., Chen, C., & Zhang, D. (2016) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-016-1357-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The production and application of biochar in soils
Joseph, S., & Taylor, P. (2014) · Advances in Biorefineries · doi:10.1533/9780857097385.2.525 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Qurat-ul-Ain, Firdaus-e-Bareen, & Shafiq, M. (2016) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2016.10.027 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Atoloye, I. A., Adesina, I. S., Sharma, H., Subedi, K., Liang, C.-L. (., Shahbazi, A., & Bhowmik, A. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264620 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“[67] found that biochar addition increased N sorption, which in turn limits microbial activity.”
BackgroundGraduate School, U. O. T. P. L. B. C., Bulfa, A., Villegas-Pangga, G., Wagan, A., College of Agriculture, S. U. D. C., & Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of the Philippines Los Baños College, L. (2023) · The Philippine Agricultural Scientist · doi:10.62550/dc042022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rajkovich, S., Enders, A., Hanley, K., Hyland, C., Zimmerman, A. R., & Lehmann, J.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lehmann, Johannes
- Venue
- Biology and Fertility of Soils
- Published
- 2011-10-01
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 271-284
- ISSN
- 0178-2762 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0789
- OpenAlex
- W2024443425
- Cited by
- 872
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 31.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Biology and Fertility of Soils (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- biochar, maize growth, nitrogen uptake, biochar feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, Alfisol, soil amendment, crop biomass, biochar application rate, soil pH, soil nutrient content, sodium toxicity, temperate soils, slow pyrolysis, nitrogen fertilizer reduction
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