Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratory-produced black carbon (biochar)
Abstract
Pyrogenic or "black" carbon is a soil and sediment component that may control pollutant migration. Biochar, black carbon made intentionally by biomass pyrolysis, is increasingly discussed as a possible soil amendment to increase fertility and sequester carbon. Though thought to be extremely refractory, it must degrade at some rate. Better understanding of the rates and factors controlling its remineralization in the environment is needed. Release of CO(2) was measured over 1 year from microbial and sterile incubations of biochars made from a range of biomass types and combustion conditions. Carbon release from abiotic incubations was 50-90% that of microbially inoculated incubations, and both generally decreased with increasing charring temperature. All biochars displayed log-linearly decreasing mineralization rates that, when modeled, were used to calculate 100 year C losses of 3-26% and biochar C half-lives on orders ranging from 10(2) to 10(7) years. Because biochar lability was found to be strongly controlled by the relative amount of a more aliphatic and volatile component, measurements of volatile weight content may be a convenient predictor of biochar C longevity. These results are of practical value to those considering biochar as a tool for soil remediation, amelioration, or atmospheric C sequestration.
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The volatile matter content of a biochar affects the stability of the material, its N availability, plant growth and its sorption capacity.
“The volatile matter content of a biochar affects the stability of the material (Zimmerman 2010), its N availability (Deenik et al. 2010), plant growth (Deenik et al. 2010;Denyes et al. 2014) and its sorption capacity (Mukherjee et al. 2011).”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Zimmerman 2010
In both blending with compost and co-composting, the porous biochar adsorptive surface sites are charged with nutrients, thereby stimulating microbial colonization, improving biochar surface reactivity through accelerated oxidative aging and promoting dissolved organic carbon (DOC) adsorption and coating.
“In both cases, the porous biochar adsorptive surface sites are charged with nutrients [18,19], thereby stimulating microbial colonization [20], improving biochar surface reactivity through accelerated oxidative aging [21,22] and promoting dissolved organic carbon (DOC) adsorption and coating [18,[23][24][25].”
From Fourfold increase in pumpkin yield in response to low-dosage root zone application of urine-enhanced biochar to a fertile tropical soil (2015) · cites this paper as [22]
Biochar half-life ranges from decades to centuries.
“having half-life ranging from decades (Nguyen et al., 2009) to centuries (Zimmerman, 2010).”
From A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security (2019) · cites this paper as Zimmerman, 2010
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“To determine CEC, the method of Zimmerman [10] was used with some modifica-tions.”
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“…i.e. increased aromaticity and condensation; Wiedemeier et al., 2015) and decreasing ratios of volatile to fixed C (volatiles are made of more labile compounds that will be quickly degraded upon biochar addition to soil) (Crombie et al., 2013; Spokas, 2010; Yuan et al., 2014; Zimmerman, 2010).”
- Authors
- Zimmerman, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zimmerman, Andrew R.
- ORCID
- Zimmerman, Andrew R.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2010-01-19
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1295-1301
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2141370599
- Cited by
- 1,103
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 92.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Keywords
- biochar, black carbon, pyrogenic carbon, carbon mineralization, carbon sequestration, biomass pyrolysis, charring temperature, volatile organic compounds, microbial oxidation, abiotic oxidation, soil amendment, carbon lability, soil remediation
- MeSH terms
- Charcoal, Environmental Monitoring, Oxidation-Reduction
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