Getting “SMART” about implementing multi-tiered systems of support to promote school mental health
Open accessAbstract
With the growing adoption and implementation of multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) in school settings, there is increasing need for rigorous evaluations of adaptive-sequential interventions. That is, MTSS specify universal, selected, and indicated interventions to be delivered at each tier of support, yet few investigations have empirically examined the continuum of supports that are provided to students both within and across tiers. This need is compounded by a variety of prevention approaches that have been developed with distinct theoretical foundations (e.g., Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports, Social-Emotional Learning) that are available within and across tiers. As evidence-based interventions continue to flourish, school-based practitioners greatly need evaluations regarding optimal treatment sequencing. To this end, we describe adaptive treatment strategies as a natural fit within the MTSS framework. Specifically, sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMART) offer a promising empirical approach to rigorously develop and compare adaptive treatment regimens within this framework.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The comprehensive, empirical, sustainable, and efficient nature of MTSS is designed to optimize limited resources and is thus becoming widely adopted in school settings.
“The comprehensive, empirical, sustainable, and efficient nature of MTSS is designed to optimize limited resources and is thus becoming widely adopted in school settings (McIntosh et al., 2010; August et al., 2018).”
From Reconciling Contemporary Approaches to School Attendance and School Absenteeism: Toward Promotion and Nimble Response, Global Policy Review and Implementation, and Future Adaptability (Part 1) (2019) · cites this paper as August et al., 2018
The Abstract (page unavailable) describes MTSS as layered and empirically driven and says its implementation is proliferating in educational settings. It does not establish that MTSS is sustainable or already optimizes limited resources; instead, it calls maintaining efficiency and feasibility a challenge. The Conclusion (page unavailable) presents reduced cost as a potential benefit of adding SMART designs, not an established property of MTSS. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note
Goodman, R. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x · Cited by 14,908 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire
GOODMAN, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015 · Cited by 6,813 · see citing works
A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior.
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. A. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.44.2.329 · Cited by 2,950 · see citing works
A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.2.329 · Cited by 2,048 · see citing works
Introduction to response to intervention: What, why, and how valid is it?
Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (2006) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1598/rrq.41.1.4 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
Evidence‐Based Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents
Woolgar, M. (2011) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00617_11.x · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
Barrish, H. H., Saunders, M. D., & Wolf, M. M. (1969) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-119 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Weisz, J. R. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.147 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Promoting emotional competence in school-aged children: The effects of the PATHS curriculum
Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., Cook, E. T., & Quamma, J. P. (1995) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400006374 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Pelham, Jr., Fabiano, G. A., & Massetti, G. M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_5 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Torgesen, J. K. (2000) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1207/sldrp1501_6 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
School-Based Interventions for Aggressive and Disruptive Behavior
Wilson, S. J., & Lipsey, M. W. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.04.011 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
School-Based Mental Health Services: A Research Review
Rones, M., & Hoagwood, K. (2000) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1026425104386 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Levine, M. P., & Smolak, L. (2006) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410613189-11 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Waschbusch, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Lahey, B. B., Chronis, A. M., Onyango, A. N., Kipp, H., Lopez-Williams, A., & Burrows-MacLean, L. D. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3503_3 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Parenting practices and child disruptive behavior problems in early elementary school
Stormshak, E. A., Bierman, K. L., McMahon, R. J., & Lengua, L. J. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2901_3 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
A Conceptual Framework for Adaptive Preventive Interventions
Collins, L. M., Murphy, S. A., & Bierman, K. L. (2004) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/b:prev.0000037641.26017.00 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Initial impact of the fast track prevention trial for conduct problems: I. The high-risk sample.
Bierman, K. L., Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., Lochman, J. E., McMahon, R. J., & Pinderhughes, E. E. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.5.631 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
A "SMART" Design for Building Individualized Treatment Sequences
Lei, H., Nahum-Shani, I., Lynch, K., Oslin, D., & Murphy, S. A. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143152 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Response to Intervention: Preventing and Remediating Academic Difficulties
Fletcher, J. M., & Vaughn, S. R. (2009) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00072.x · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Langley, A. K., Nadeem, E., Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., & Jaycox, L. H. (2010) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-010-9038-1 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Almirall, D., Nahum-Shani, I., Sherwood, N. E., & Murphy, S. A. (2014) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-014-0265-0 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Responding to Problem Behavior in Schools: The Behavior Education Program
Crone, D. A., Horner, R. H., & Hawken, L. S. (2003) · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Poduska, J. M., Ialongo, N. S., Wang, W., Toyinbo, P., Petras, H., Ford, C., Windham, A., & Wilcox, H. C. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.004 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Kasari, C., Kaiser, A., Goods, K., Nietfeld, J., Mathy, P., Landa, R., Murphy, S., & Almirall, D. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.01.019 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Sahlin, K., & Suddaby, R. (2008) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849200387.n1 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Kellam, S. G., Rebok, G. W., Ialongo, N. S., & Mayer, L. S. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01161.x · Cited by 407 · see citing works
A phase 3 trial of extended release oral dalfampridine in multiple sclerosis
Goodman, A. D., Brown, T. R., Edwards, K. R., Krupp, L., Schapiro, R. T., Cohen, R., Marinucci, L. N., Blight, A. R., & on behalf of the MSF204 Investigators (2010) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22240 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Initial Impact of the Fast Track Prevention Trial for Conduct Problems: I. The High-Risk Sample
Bierman, K. L., Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., Lochman, J. E., McMahon, R. J., & Pinderhughes, E. E. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · Cited by 372 · see citing works
The Good Behavior Game: A Best Practice Candidate as a Universal Behavioral Vaccine
Embry, D. D. (2002) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1020977107086 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Jensen, C. D., Cushing, C. C., Aylward, B. S., Craig, J. T., Sorell, D. M., & Steele, R. G. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023992 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Integrated models of school-based prevention: Logic and theory
Domitrovich, C. E., Bradshaw, C. P., Greenberg, M. T., Embry, D., Poduska, J. M., & Ialongo, N. S. (2010) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20452 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Deviant Peer Influences in Programs for Youth Problems and Solutions.
Dodge, K. A., Dishion, T. J., & Lansford, J. E. (2006) · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Bradley, R., Doolittle, J., & Bartolotta, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-007-9058-6 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Implementation science and school psychology.
Forman, S. G., Shapiro, E. S., Codding, R. S., Gonzales, J. E., Reddy, L. A., Rosenfield, S. A., Sanetti, L. M. H., & Stoiber, K. C. (2013) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000019 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Connor, C. M., Piasta, S. B., Fishman, B., Glasney, S., Schatschneider, C. W., Crowe, E. C., Underwood, P., & Morrison, F. J. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01247.x · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Modularity in the design and application of therapeutic interventions
Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2005) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2005.05.002 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2002) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.16.4s.s40 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Kam, C., Greenberg, M. T., & Kusché, C. A. (2004) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/10634266040120020101 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Pelham, W. E., Fabiano, G. A., Waxmonsky, J. G., Greiner, A. R., Gnagy, E. M., Pelham, W. E., Coxe, S., Verley, J., Bhatia, I., Hart, K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1105138 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Implementation Science in School Mental Health: Key Constructs in a Developing Research Agenda
Owens, J. S., Lyon, A. R., Brandt, N. E., Masia Warner, C., Nadeem, E., Spiel, C., & Wagner, M. (2014) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-013-9115-3 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Chorpita, B. F., & Weisz, J. R. (2009) · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Kazdin, A. E., & Wassell, G. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2802_4 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Response to Intervention: An Alternative Means of Identifying Students as Emotionally Disturbed.
Gresham, F. M. (2005) · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Developing adaptive treatment strategies in substance abuse research
Murphy, S. A., Lynch, K. G., Oslin, D., McKay, J. R., & TenHave, T. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.008 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Hawken, L. S., MacLeod, K. S., & Rawlings, L. (2007) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/10983007070090020601 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
(2003) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e370412004-001 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Kellam, S. G., Werthamer‐Larsson, L., Dolan, L. J., Brown, C. H., Mayer, L. S., Rebok, G. W., Anthony, J. C., Laudolff, J., Edelsohn, G. A., & Wheeler, L. (1991) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00937992 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Response to Intervention for Social Behavior
Hawken, L. S., Vincent, C. G., & Schumann, J. (2008) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/1063426608316018 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Behaviorally Effective School Environments.
Sugai, G. M., Horner, R. H., & Gresham, F. M. (2002) · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Differential Effects of a Tier Two Behavior Intervention Based on Function of Problem Behavior
McIntosh, K., Campbell, A. L., Carter, D. R., et al. (2008) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300708319127 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The Effect of Youth Diversion Programs on Recidivism
Wilson, H. A., & Hoge, R. D. (2012) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854812451089 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Filter, K. J., McKenna, M. K., Benedict, E. A., Horner, R. H., Todd, A. W., & Watson, J. (2007) · Education and Treatment of Children · doi:10.1353/etc.2007.0000 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
McIntosh, K., Campbell, A. L., Carter, D. R., & Zumbo, B. D. (2009) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874290903400204 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Flexible treatment strategies in chronic disease: clinical and research implications
Lavori, P. W., Dawson, R., & Rush, A. J. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00946-x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
PODUSKA, J. M., Kellam, S. G., WANG, W. J., Brown, C. H., Ialongo, N. S., & Toyinbo, P. A. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.009 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Effective Intervention for Behavior With a Daily Behavior Report Card: A Meta-Analysis
Vannest, K. J., Davis, J. L., Davis, C. R., Mason, B. A., & Burke, M. D. (2010) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2010.12087748 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Brief intervention for drug-abusing adolescents in a school setting.
Winters, K. C., & Leitten, W. (2007) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.21.2.249 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
MCATS, F., Murphy, S. A., Oslin, D. W., Rush, A. J., & Zhu, J. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301241 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS)
Hodges, K. K. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610621-15 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Adaptive Treatment Strategies in Chronic Disease
Lavori, P. W., & Dawson, R. (2008) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.59.062606.122232 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Disguised Distress in Children and Adolescents “Flying Under The Radar”
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2013) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573512468845 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Daily behavior report cards: An evidence-based system of assessment and intervention.
Volpe, R. J., & Fabiano, G. A. (2013) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A Pilot SMART for Developing an Adaptive Treatment Strategy for Adolescent Depression
Gunlicks‐Stoessel, M., Mufson, L. H., Westervelt, A., Almirall, D., & Murphy, S. A. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1015133 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Kazdin, A. E. (2010) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Personalized Treatment of Alcohol Dependence
Kranzler, H. R., & McKay, J. R. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0296-5 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
August, G. J., Piehler, T. F., & Bloomquist, M. L. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.945212 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Juvenile Diversion: Results of a 3-Year Experimental Study
Patrick, S., & Marsh, R. (2005) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403404266584 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Lane, K. L., Capizzi, A. M., Fisher, M. H., & Ennis, R. P. (2012) · Education and Treatment of Children · doi:10.1353/etc.2012.0002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Shortreed, S. M., & Moodie, E. E. M. (2012) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9876.2012.01041.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wareham, J., Dembo, R., Poythress, N. G., Childs, K. K., & Schmeidler, J. (2009) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.844 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
August, G. J., Gewirtz, A. H., & Realmuto, G. M. (2008) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2008.11.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
August, G. J., Bloomquist, M. L., Realmuto, G. M., & Hektner, J. M. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11488-006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
August, G. J., Realmuto, G. M., Winters, K. C., & Hektner, J. M. (2001) · doi:10.1017/s0962-1849(02)01005-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Crone D Hawken L Horner R 2010 Responding to problem behavior in schools: The behavior education program 2nd New York Guilford Press
- Dishion TJ Stormshak EA Kavanagh K 2011 Everyday Parenting: A professional’s guide to building family management skills Champaign, IL Research Press
- Guerra NG Williams KR Tolan PH Modeski Kl 2008 Theoretical and research advances in understanding the causes of juvenile offending Hoge RD Guerra NG Boxer P Treating the profile offender 33 53 New York, NY Guilford Press
- Kratochwill TR Bergan JR 1990 Behavioral consultation in applied settings: An individual guide New York Plenum Press
- Reynolds CR Kamphaus RW 2004 Behavioral Assessment System for Children 2nd Edition: Manual Circle Pines, MN American Guidance Services
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kearney, C. A., Gonzálvez, C., Graczyk, P. A., & Fornander, M. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02222 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Advancing the science and practice of precision education to enhance student outcomes
Cook, C. R., Kilgus, S. P., & Burns, M. K. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.11.004 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Lyon, A. R., Connors, E. H., Lawson, G. M., Nadeem, E., & Owens, J. S. (2024) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-024-09731-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kearney, C. A., & Gonzálvez, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.977672 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fornander, M. J., & Kearney, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03079 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Students with disabilities in social and emotional learning interventions: A systematic review
Daley, S. G., & McCarthy, M. F. (2021) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/0741932520964917 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Fornander, M. J., & Kearney, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02381 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bigirumurame, T., Uwimpuhwe, G., & Wason, J. M. S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.11.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Patrick, M. E., Boatman, J. A., Morrell, N., Wagner, A. C., Lyden, G. R., Nahum-Shani, I. B., King, C. A., Bonar, E. E., Lee, C. M., Larimer, M. E., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106089 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Initial development and evaluation of the student intervention matching (SIM) form
Miller, F. G., Cook, C. R., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.10.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ng, Z., Willner, C. J., Mannweiler, M. D., Hoffmann, J. D., Bailey, C. S., & Cipriano, C. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09691-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Guest, J. D., Ross, R. A., Childs, T. M., Ascetta, K. E., Curcio, R., Iachini, A. L., & Griffiths, L. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23183 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Noninferiority and equivalence tests in sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trials (SMARTs).
Ghosh, P., Nahum-Shani, I. B., Spring, B. J., & Chakraborty, B. (2019) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000232 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Getting SMART About Social Skills Interventions for Students With ASD in Inclusive Classrooms
Kasari, C. L., Shire, S. Y., Shih, W., & Almirall, D. (2021) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/00144029211007148 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hogue, A., Henderson, C. E., Ozechowski, T. J., Becker, S. J., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12307 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alshuhumi, S. R. A., Al-Hidabi, D. A. M. Y., Aldaba, A. M. A., Ateeq, A. A., Almuraqab, N. A. S., Ibrahim, S. B., & Al-Refaei, A. A.-A. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1487857 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
School mental health care coordination practices: A mixed methods study
Nygaard, M. A., Ormiston, H. E., Renshaw, T. L., Carlock, K., & Komer, J. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107426 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Sequential Multiple-Assignment Randomized Trials in Educational Research
Chow, J. C., & Hampton, L. H. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09660-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hendricker, E. N., Bender, S. L., & Ouye, J. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22895 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Healthcare in Asymmetrically Smart Future Environments: Applications, Challenges and Open Problems
Dowdeswell, B., Sinha, R., Kuo, M. M. Y., Seet, B., Hoseini, A. G., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., & Sabit, H. A. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13010115 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lytle, M., Rau, W., & Stoner, S. (2024) · NASN School Nurse · doi:10.1177/1942602x241240499 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Side Effects of Universal School-Based Mental Health Supports: An Integrative Review
MacGregor, S., Friesen, S., Turner, J., Domene, J. F., McMorris, C. A., Allan, S., Mesner, B., & Sumara, D. (2024) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x241256628 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Emotional intersection: Delineating test anxiety, emotional disorders, and student well-being
Putwain, D. W., von der Embse, N. P., Nicholson, L. J., & Daumiller, M. H. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101390 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Canenguez, K. M., Farley, A. M., Squicciarini, A. M., Dutta, A., Simonsohn, A., Holcomb, J. M., Peña, F., Leiva, L., Benheim, T. S., Guzmán, J., et al. (2022) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-022-09541-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cultivating Trauma-Informed Educational Practices for Students with Refugee Backgrounds
Bailey, M., Kim, W., Koury, S. P., Green, S. A., & Kim, I. (2023) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/cdad017 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ormiston, H. E., Nygaard, M. A., & Husmann, P. R. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23380 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hunter, W., Taylor, J., Bester, M., Nichols, S. C., & Panlilio, C. C. (2021) · Journal of Special Education Preparation · doi:10.33043/josep.1.2.48-55 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Çınar, E., Anaby, D., Dostie, R., PRISE-PT Network, & Camden, C. (2022) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/01942638.2022.2073799 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stewart, S. L., & Toohey, A. (2022) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97208-0_4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
LeGros, T. A., Jacobs, L. E., Goodman, G., Orzech, K. M., & Holmes, E. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2020.02.010 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Health Dissemination and Implementation Within Schools
Lee, R. M., Eisman, A. B., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197660690.003.0022 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Comparison of screening methods for computer adaptive tests to predict reading and math performance
Forcht, E. R., & Norman, E. R. V. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23132 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Educational leaders and school-based mental health: a social network analysis of knowledge brokerage
Turner, J., MacGregor, S., & Friesen, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1457546 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Growing up on the Street: Barriers to Educational Services Among Street Children in Malaysia
Sulaiman, S., Ah, S. H. A. B., Wahab, H. B. A., Jasni, M. A., & Simin, M. H. A. (2024) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2024.2348536 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reframing failure: lessons from educational leaders facilitating multi-tiered systems of support
MacGregor, S., & Friesen, S. (2025) · Journal of Professional Capital and Community · doi:10.1108/jpcc-09-2024-0168 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cook, C. R., Larson, M. F., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20006-9_26 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bao, Y., Liu, J., DiStefano, C., & Ding, R. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23394 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nuñez, A., Duane, A. M., Greenstein, J. E., Hwang, S. H. J., Reider, L., Medina, S., Schotland, M., & Shapiro, V. B. (2025) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2025.2537480 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tucker, V. E., & Matson, L. J. (2022) · Teaching Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/00400599221115623 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clopton, K. L., Schmitz, S. L., Skaar, N. R., & Etscheidt, S. L. (2022) · Teaching Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/00400599221138098 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Using Conjoint Analysis to Predict Teachers’ Preferences for Intervention Intensity
Delgadillo, A. A., Wymbs, F. A., Margherio, S. M., & Egan, T. E. (2020) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-020-09385-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Coleman, S. L. (2018) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-018-0192-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Advancing Transformative Social-Emotional Learning Through Group Work with Upper Elementary Students
Cook, A. L., & Murphy, K. M. (2023) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2022.2158974 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Framework for School-Based Mental Health Programs in Conflict Zones
Farhood, L., Doumit, M. A. A., Chamseddine, Z. M., & Farhoud, J. A. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01322-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Secondary school staff experiences of supporting and promoting adolescent mental health in Ireland
Blix, A., Dwan-O'Reilly, M., Walsh, L., Booth, A., Heary, C., & Hennessy, E. (2024) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2024.2430298 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Taylor, D. D., Frank, A. M., & Frawley, C. (2024) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.70017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sinclair, J. S., Holmes, S. R., Knowles, C., Bromley, K. W., Rodriguez, G., Stadelman, S., Seeley, J. R., & Murray, C. (2025) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-025-09777-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Supporting Students’ Mental Health Needs: A Primer for Secondary School Leaders
Skaar, N. R., Townsley, M., & Ross, B. (2022) · NASSP Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01926365221084269 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Principal-School Counselor Relational Leadership Model to Improve Student Mental Well-Being
Geesa, R. L., Odell, K. M., Kruczek, T. A., Elam, N. P., Boyland, L. G., & Ceresa, M. L. (2021) · The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Leadership and Management Discourse · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39666-4_119-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Principal-School Counselor Relational Leadership Model to Improve Student Mental Well-Being
Geesa, R. L., Odell, K. M., Kruczek, T. A., Elam, N. P., Boyland, L. G., & Ceresa, M. L. (2022) · The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Leadership and Management Discourse · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99097-8_119 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Future of the Journal of School Psychology
Demaray, M. K. (2019) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2019.02.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Answering the Call for School-Based Mental Health
Starr, M. B. L. (2020) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3331-4.ch004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Promoting Home-to-School Connections in the Digital Age
Torres, K. M., & Salifu, S. (2022) · Advances in mobile and distance learning book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9004-1.ch005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hammond, M. A., Seeley, J. R., Small, J. W., Frey, A. J., Feil, E. G., & Walker, H. M. (2025) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2025.2491990 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hao, J., Starzer, M. S. K., Hansen, H. G., Hjorthøj, C. R., Nordentoft, M., Veling, W., Albert, N., & Alizadeh, B. Z. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-026-03043-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
School Counselors' Perceptions of Trauma-Informed Approaches in Schools
Burkhardt, E. A. (2020) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Turner, J., & Friesen, S. (2024) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2024.100031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reichart, K. D., Bohanon, H. S., & Coffee, G. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23499 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Assessment of the Perceptions of School Professionals Regarding Prenatal Substance Exposure
Mickey, A. V. (2019) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Crocker, J., Whitcomb, S. A., Megginson, A., & Pearrow, M. M. (2023) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20006-9_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Demaray, M. K. (2018) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2018.01.001
Rodriguez, K. N. (2021) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6803-3.ch013
Merle, J. L. (2021) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Answering the Call for School-Based Mental Health
Starr, M. B. L. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8544-3.ch028
School-Based Interventions for Child and Adolescent Anxiety
Fox, J. K., Coyle, S., Walls, T., Kalver, A., Flax, M., Angelosante, A. G., & Warner, C. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14080-8_29
Interdisciplinary Special Educator and School Counselor Preparation
Murphy, K. M., Hayden, L. A., Cook, A. L., Denning, C. B., & Stone-MacDonald, A. (2022) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6438-0.ch018
Zhang, Y., Cook, C. R., & Diggs, C. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mx7p5
Implementasi Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi Menggunakan Program Multitiered System of Support (MTSS)
Sinyanyuri, S., Maksum, A., & Marini, A. (2023) · DWIJA CENDEKIA Jurnal Riset Pedagogik · doi:10.20961/jdc.v7i3.79792
Li, D., Li, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhou, X., Castro, D. A., Vermund, S. H., & Brault, M. A. (2024) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v12i4.5179
Considerations for Equitable Social Emotional Learning in Schools
Spiess, M. I., Amirazizi, S., Sharkey, J. D., & Dowdy, E. T. (2025) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-025-00557-4
Overview of Harvard’s Inaugural Fukushima Field Trip Course
Isaji, R., Rahman, N., Diaz-Quiroz, M., Kowel, R., Wang, C., Wong, C., Yamane, N., Arsyaningrum, A., Berger, J., Huang, Z., et al. (2025) · FUKUSHIMA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.5387/fms.25-00007
Zheng, H., Qi-li, X., Li, D., & Guangrong, J. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15111510
Cultivating Collaboration and Centering Community
Hawkins, C. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-725-120251017
Inclusive Approaches and Pedagogical Support for Learners With Diverse Learning Disabilities
Malahlela, M. K. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1230-9.ch007
School Based Interventions for Students With Mental Health Problems in Ghanaian Basic Schools
Cobbina, M., Green-Smith, D., & Mantey, E. E. (2025) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1177/20556365251383646
AI-Driven Systems in MTSS: Potential Opportunities and Challenges
Reichart, K. D., Lockwood, A. B., & Bohanon, H. S. (2026) · Journal of Applied School Psychology · doi:10.1080/15377903.2026.2629399
Guidelines for Using Universal Screening Data to Drive Tier 2 Mental Health Supports
Franzmann, T. K., Ormiston, H. E., McPherson, E. C., Shahid, R., Nygaard, M. A., & Renshaw, T. L. (2026) · Journal of Applied School Psychology · doi:10.1080/15377903.2026.2646919
Runions, K., Moser, N., Woehrle, T., Weaver, T., Bates, M., & Chin-see, R. A. (2026) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1177/20556365261450641
Santiago‐Rosario, M. R., Falcon, S. F., Austin, S. C., Nese, J. F. T., Sullivan, M. M., Daza, T., Calhoun, T., Cerdan, H., & Nese, R. N. T. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16060984
Krokos, O., Gruber, K., Henkel, T., Niethammer, H., Oberle, A., & Gawrilow, C. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-73219-9_3
Classroom Environment and Student Engagement of Bachelor of Elementary Education Students
Bia, J. E., Biangos, J. C., Ba-tion, J., Lumbay, M. D., Apostadero, M. A., & Traña, J. M. B. (2026) · International Journal of Research on Multidisciplinary Studies · doi:10.67903/ijroms0254
Dass, R. S., & Periyasamy, C. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.09.15.26363096
- Authors
- August, G. J., Piehler, T. F., & Miller, F. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Piehler, Timothy F.
- Venue
- Journal of School Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 66
- Pages
- 85-96
- ISSN
- 0022-4405 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5812372
- OpenAlex
- W2765592309
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 9.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of School Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (P20 MH085987, R34 MH097832)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- multi-tiered systems of support, school mental health, adaptive treatment strategies, sequential multiple assignment randomized trial, treatment sequencing, prevention, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports, social-emotional learning, evidence-based interventions, implementation evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Health Promotion, Humans, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, School Health Services, Schools, Students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
