Treatment Sequencing for Childhood ADHD: A Multiple-Randomization Study of Adaptive Medication and Behavioral Interventions

Pelham, William E.; Fabiano, Gregory A.; Waxmonsky, James G.; Greiner, Andrew R.; Gnagy, Elizabeth M.; Pelham, William E.; Coxe, Stefany; Verley, Jessica; Bhatia, Ira; Hart, Katie; Karch, Kathryn; Konijnendijk, Evelien; Tresco, Katy; Nahum-Shani, Inbal; Murphy, Susan A.

doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1105138

Cited by 251Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderBehavioral and Psychological StudiesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Treatment Sequencing for Childhood ADHD: A Multiple-Randomization Study of Adaptive Medication and Behavioral Interventions

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Pelham, William E., Fabiano, Gregory A., Waxmonsky, James G., Greiner, Andrew R., Gnagy, Elizabeth M., Pelham, William E., Coxe, Stefany, Verley, Jessica +7 more·2016·Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

DOI 10.1080/15374416.2015.1105138PMC PMC4930381

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Abstract

Behavioral and pharmacological treatments for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were evaluated to address whether endpoint outcomes are better depending on which treatment is initiated first and, in case of insufficient response to initial treatment, whether increasing dose of initial treatment or adding the other treatment modality is superior. Children with ADHD (ages 5-12, N = 146, 76% male) were treated for 1 school year. Children were randomized to initiate treatment with low doses of either (a) behavioral parent training (8 group sessions) and brief teacher consultation to establish a Daily Report Card or (b) extended-release methylphenidate (equivalent to .15 mg/kg/dose bid). After 8 weeks or at later monthly intervals as necessary, insufficient responders were rerandomized to secondary interventions that either increased the dose/intensity of the initial treatment or added the other treatment modality, with adaptive adjustments monthly as needed to these secondary treatments. The group beginning with behavioral treatment displayed significantly lower rates of observed classroom rule violations (the primary outcome) at study endpoint and tended to have fewer out-of-class disciplinary events. Further, adding medication secondary to initial behavior modification resulted in better outcomes on the primary outcomes and parent/teacher ratings of oppositional behavior than adding behavior modification to initial medication. Normalization rates on teacher and parent ratings were generally high. Parents who began treatment with behavioral parent training had substantially better attendance than those assigned to receive training following medication. Beginning treatment with behavioral intervention produced better outcomes overall than beginning treatment with medication.

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The dosage of OROS-MPH was sufficient to produce large effects on academic seatwork productivity and classroom behavior and detectable effects on test scores.
“However, this dosage was sufficient to produce large effects on academic seatwork productivity and classroom behavior and detectable effects on test scores and has been similarly efficacious in numerous prior studies (Fabiano et al., 2007; Pelham Jr. et al., 2016; Pelham, Burrows-MacLean, et al., 2005; Pelham et al., 2001).”
From The effect of stimulant medication on the learning of academic curricula in children with ADHD: A randomized crossover study. (2022) · cites this paper as Pelham Jr. et al., 2016
The Methods (Treatment Descriptions; page unavailable) describe a low dose of extended-release methylphenidate selected because prior studies found significant effects over placebo. The Discussion (page unavailable) says that dose was sufficient in the school setting for 53% of children. The paper does not identify the preparation as OROS-MPH or report large effects on seatwork productivity and classroom behavior or detectable effects on test scores. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Fabiano GA Vujnovic R Pelham WE Waschbusch DA Massetti GM Yu J … Volker M 2010 Enhancing the effectiveness of special education programming for children with ADHD using a daily report card School Psychology Review 39 219 239
Pelham WE 1999 The NIMH multimodal treatment study for ADHD: Just say yes to drugs alone? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 44 981 990 10637677
Pelham WE Burrows-MacLean L Gnagy EM Fabiano GA Coles EK Wymbs BT … Coxe S 2015 Behavioral, pharmacological, and combined treatment for ADHD: A dose-ranging, between groups analysis Manuscript under review

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A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Luo, Y., Weibman, D., Halperin, J. M., & Li, X. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00042 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
“Besides medications, behavior-based treatments, including education and/or behavior therapy, and social skills training have also been implemented in practice for ADHD interventions (Pelham et al., 2016; DuPaul et al., 2017; Anastopoulos et al., 2018; Chacko et al., 2018).”
Method
Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents
Mechler, K., Banaschewski, T., Hohmann, S., & Häge, A. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Young adult outcomes in the follow‐up of the multimodal treatment study of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: symptom persistence, source discrepancy, and height suppression
Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Molina, B. S. G., Sibley, M. H., Hechtman, L. T., Hinshaw, S. P., Abikoff, H., Stehli, A., Owens, E. B., Mitchell, J. T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12684 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citation
Treatment strategies for ADHD: an evidence-based guide to select optimal treatment
Caye, A., Swanson, J. M., Coghill, D., & Rohde, L. A. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0116-3 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive difficulties in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lambez, B., Harwood-Gross, A., Golumbic, E. Z., & Rassovsky, Y. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.007 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: bringing evidence to the clinic: perspective from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG)
Coghill, D., Banaschewski, T., Cortese, S., Asherson, P., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Daley, D., Danckaerts, M., Dittmann, R. W., Doepfner, M., et al. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01871-x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Psychological treatments for adults and children with epilepsy: Evidence-based recommendations by the International League Against Epilepsy Psychology Task Force
Michaelis, R., Tang, V., Goldstein, L. H., Reuber, M., LaFrance, W. C., Lundgren, T., Modi, A. C., & Wagner, J. L. (2018) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.14444 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Complex Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Barbaresi, W. J., Campbell, L. A., Diekroger, E. A., Froehlich, T. E., Liu, Y. H., O'Malley, E., Pelham, W. E., Power, T. J., Zinner, S. H., & Chan, E. (2020) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000770 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citation
Future Directions for Psychosocial Interventions for Children and Adolescents with ADHD
DuPaul, G. J., Evans, S. W., Mautone, J. A., Owens, J. S., & Power, T. J. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1689825 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Proof-of-concept study of an at-home, engaging, digital intervention for pediatric ADHD
Davis, N. O., Bower, J., & Kollins, S. H. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189749 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Meta-analysis: Which Components of Parent Training Work for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Dekkers, T. J., Hornstra, R., der Oord, S. V., Luman, M., Hoekstra, P. J., Groenman, A. P., & van den Hoofdakker, B. J. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.06.015 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Face-to-Face Versus Online Behavioral Parent Training for Young Children at Risk for ADHD: Treatment Engagement and Outcomes
DuPaul, G. J., Kern, L., Belk, G. D., Custer, B., Daffner, M. S., Hatfield, A., & Peek, D. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1342544 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Non-pharmacological interventions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents
Sibley, M. H., Bruton, A. M., Zhao, X., Johnstone, J. M., Mitchell, J. T., Hatsu, I. E., Arnold, L. E., Basu, H., Levy, L., Vyas, P., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00381-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Practitioner Review: Pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rodrigues, R., Lai, M., Beswick, A., Gorman, D. A., Anagnostou, E., Szatmari, P., Anderson, K. K., & Ameis, S. H. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13305 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Getting “SMART” about implementing multi-tiered systems of support to promote school mental health
August, G. J., Piehler, T. F., & Miller, F. G. (2018) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.10.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Vital Signs: National and State-Specific Patterns of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Among Insured Children Aged 2–5 Years — United States, 2008–2014
Visser, S. N., Danielson, M. L., Wolraich, M. L., Fox, M. H., Grosse, S. D., Valle, L. A., Holbrook, J. R., Claussen, A. H., & Peacock, G. (2016) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6517e1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A Randomized Clinical Trial of an Integrative Group Therapy for Children With Severe Mood Dysregulation
Waxmonsky, J. G., Waschbusch, D. A., Belin, P., Li, T., Babocsai, L., Humphery, H., Pariseau, M. E., Babinski, D. E., Hoffman, M. T., Haak, J. L., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.12.011 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Dose-Ranging Study of Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment in Social Settings for Children with ADHD
Pelham, W. E., Burrows-MacLean, L. D., Gnagy, E. M., Fabiano, G. A., Coles, E. K., Wymbs, B. T., Chacko, A., Walker, K. S., Wymbs, F. A., Garefino, A. C., et al. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9843-8 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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Comparative Cost Analysis of Sequential, Adaptive, Behavioral, Pharmacological, and Combined Treatments for Childhood ADHD
Page, T. F., Pelham, W. E., Fabiano, G. A., Greiner, A. R., Gnagy, E. M., Hart, K. C., Coxe, S. J., Waxmonsky, J. G., Foster, E. M., & Pelham, W. E. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1055859 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adaptive Interventions in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Almirall, D., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1152555 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Review of barriers and interventions to promote treatment engagement for pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder care
Baweja, R., Soutullo, C., & Waxmonsky, J. G. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1206 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Best Practices in School Mental Health for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Framework for Intervention
Fabiano, G. A., & Lupas, K. K. (2018) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-018-9267-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a School-Implemented School–Home Intervention for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Impairment
Pfiffner, L. J., Rooney, M. E., Haack, L. M., Villodas, M. T., Delucchi, K., & McBurnett, K. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.023 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Intervention and Implementation Characteristics to Enhance Father Engagement: A Systematic Review of Parenting Interventions
González, J. C., Klein, C. C., Barnett, M. L., Schatz, N. K., Garoosi, T., Chacko, A., & Fabiano, G. A. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00430-x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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Non-pharmacologic management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a review
Shrestha, M., Lautenschleger, J., & Soares, N. (2020) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp.2019.10.01 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Challenges in Building Usable Knowledge in Education
Hedges, L. V. (2017) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2017.1375583 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Parent–Teen Group versus Dyadic Treatment for Adolescent ADHD: What Works for Whom?
Sibley, M. H., Rodriguez, L., Coxe, S., Page, T., & Espinal, K. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1585257 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Associations of meeting 24-h movement behavior guidelines with cognitive difficulty and social relationships in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactive disorder
Taylor, A., Kong, C., Zhang, Z., Herold, F., Ludyga, S., Healy, S., Gerber, M., Cheval, B., Pontifex, M. B., Kramer, A. F., et al. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00588-w · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Adaptive intervention for prevention of adolescent suicidal behavior after hospitalization: a pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial
Czyz, E. K., King, C. A., Prouty, D., Micol, V. J., Walton, M., & Nahum‐Shani, I. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13383 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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Psychiatric Comorbidities in Pediatric Epilepsy
Dagar, A., & Falcone, T. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01195-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Treatment Efficacy and Clinical Effectiveness of EEG Neurofeedback as a Personalized and Multimodal Treatment in ADHD: A Critical Review
Pimenta, M. G., Brown, T., Arns, M., & Enriquez‐Geppert, S. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s251547 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
ESCAschool study: trial protocol of an adaptive treatment approach for school-age children with ADHD including two randomised trials
Döpfner, M., Hautmann, C., Dose, C., Banaschewski, T., Becker, K., Brandeis, D., Holtmann, M. H., Jans, T., Jenkner, C., Millenet, S., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1433-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
SMART longitudinal analysis: A tutorial for using repeated outcome measures from SMART studies to compare adaptive interventions.
Nahum-Shani, I. B., Almirall, D., Yap, J. R. T., McKay, J. R., Lynch, K. G., Freiheit, E., & Dziak, J. J. (2019) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000219 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
Targeting Functional Impairments in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents with ADHD
Sasser, T. R., Schoenfelder, E. N., & Stein, M. A. (2016) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0400-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
ADHD in children and youth: Part 2—Treatment
Feldman, M. E., Charach, A., & Bélanger, S. A. (2018) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxy113 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Randomized Trial of First-Line Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Need for Medication in Children with ADHD
Coles, E. K., Pelham, W. E., Fabiano, G. A., Gnagy, E. M., Burrows-MacLean, L. D., Wymbs, B. T., Chacko, A., Walker, K. S., Wymbs, F. A., Mazzant, J. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1630835 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
Informant-related effects of neurofeedback and cognitive training in children with ADHD including a waiting control phase: a randomized-controlled trial
Minder, F., Zuberer, A., Brandeis, D., & Drechsler, R. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1116-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Improving the efficacy and effectiveness of evidence-based psychosocial interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents
Chacko, A., Merrill, B. M., Kofler, M. J., & Fabiano, G. A. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02890-3 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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Efficacy of a family-focused intervention for young drivers with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Fabiano, G. A., Schatz, N. K., Morris, K. L., Willoughby, M. T., Vujnovic, R. K., Hulme, K. F., Riordan, J., Howard, M., Hennessy, D., Lewis, K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000137 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool-Age Children
Tandon, M., & Pergjika, A. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2017.02.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Psychosocial Treatments Investigated Within Between Group Studies
Fabiano, G. A., Schatz, N. K., Aloe, A. M., Pelham, W. E., Smyth, A. C., Zhao, X., Merrill, B. M., Macphee, F. L., Ramos, M. C., Hong, N., et al. (2021) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543211025092 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Effects of Behavioral Treatment Modified to Fit Children with Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional (CU) Traits
Waschbusch, D. A., Willoughby, M. T., Haas, S. M., Ridenour, T. A., Helseth, S. A., Crum, K. I., Altszuler, A. R., Ross, J. M., Coles, E. K., & Pelham, W. E. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1614000 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Do we over‐diagnose ADHD in North America? A critical review and clinical recommendations
Gascon, A., Gamache, D., St‐Laurent, D., & Stipanicic, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23348 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Interventions for Persistent Nonepisodic Irritability
Breaux, R., Baweja, R. K., Eadeh, H., Shroff, D. M., Cash, A. R., Swanson, C. S., Knehans, A. C., & Waxmonsky, J. G. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.05.012 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing−Enhanced Behavior Therapy for Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Community-Based Trial
Sibley, M. H., Graziano, P. A., Coxe, S., Bickman, L., & Martin, P. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.907 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Mind–Body Therapy for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Herbert, A., & Esparham, A. E. (2017) · Children · doi:10.3390/children4050031 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
ADHD: Overdiagnosed and overtreated, or misdiagnosed and mistreated?
Manos, M. J., Giuliano, K., & Geyer, E. (2017) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.84a.15051 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
High versus Low Intensity Summer Treatment for ADHD Delivered at Secondary School Transitions
Sibley, M. H., Coxe, S. J., Campez, M., Morley, C., Olson, S., Hidalgo-Gato, N., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., Coles, E. K., Page, T. F., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1426005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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A Practical, Evidence-informed Approach to Managing Stimulant-Refractory Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Cortese, S., Newcorn, J. H., & Coghill, D. (2021) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-021-00848-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Comparing cluster-level dynamic treatment regimens using sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trials: Regression estimation and sample size considerations
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool-Aged Children
Childress, A. C., & Stark, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0057 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Which Techniques Work in Behavioral Parent Training for Children with ADHD? A Randomized Controlled Microtrial
Hornstra, R., der Oord, S. V., Staff, A. I., Hoekstra, P. J., Oosterlaan, J., van der Veen‐Mulders, L., Luman, M., & van den Hoofdakker, B. J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.1955368 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hybrid Experimental Designs for Intervention Development: What, Why, and How
Nahum-Shani, I. B., Dziak, J. J., Walton, M. A., & Dempsey, W. (2022) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459221114279 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Contrasting effects of music on reading comprehension in preadolescents with and without ADHD.
Madjar, N., Gazoli, R., Manor, I., & Shoval, G. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113207 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A Review of the Evidence Base for Psychosocial Interventions for the Treatment of Emotion Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents
Waxmonsky, J. G., Baweja, R. K., Bansal, P. S., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2021.04.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Adverse Behaviors and Comorbidity.
Sultan, R., Liu, S.-M., Hacker, K., & Olfson, M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.036 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Predictors of Treatment Engagement and Outcome Among Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Integrative Data Analysis
Sibley, M. H., Coxe, S. J., Stein, M. A., Meinzer, M. C., & Valente, M. J. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.017 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sequential multiple assignment randomized trial studies should report all key components: a systematic review
Bigirumurame, T., Uwimpuhwe, G., & Wason, J. M. S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.11.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Interventions for ADHD in childhood and adolescence: A systematic umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis
Türk, S., Korfmacher, A.-K., Gerger, H., der Oord, S. V., & Christiansen, H. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102271 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Strategies for Treatment Personalization: A Review
Stumpp, N. E., & Sauer-Zavala, S. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.10.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Parent Perceptions of Medication Treatment for Preschool Children with ADHD
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Reflexology and meditative practices for symptom management among people with cancer: Results from a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial
Wyatt, G. K., Lehto, R. H., Niyogi, P. G., Brewer, S., Victorson, D. E., Pace, T. W. W., Badger, T. A., & Sikorskii, A. E. (2021) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22169 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Adherence to Recommended Care Guidelines in the Treatment of Preschool-Age Medicaid-Enrolled Children With a Diagnosis of ADHD
Moran, A., Serban, N., Danielson, M. L., Grosse, S. D., & Cuffe, S. P. (2018) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800204 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Attendance and Engagement in Parent Training Predict Child Behavioral Outcomes in Children Pharmacologically Treated for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Severe Aggression
Joseph, H. M., Farmer, C., Kipp, H., Kolko, D. J., Aman, M. G., McGinley, J. J., Arnold, L. E., Gadow, K. D., Findling, R. L., & Molina, B. S. G. (2018) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0119 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Review of the Clinical Utility of Systematic Behavioral Observations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Minder, F., Zuberer, A., Brandeis, D., & Drechsler, R. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0776-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Adaptive treatment strategies for children and adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A sequential multiple assignment randomized trial
Fatori, D., Pereira, C. A. D. B., Asbahr, F. R., Requena, G. D. L., de Alvarenga, P. G., de Mathis, M. A., Rohde, L. A., Leckman, J. F., March, J. S., Polanczyk, G. V., et al. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.07.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sample size considerations for comparing dynamic treatment regimens in a sequential multiple-assignment randomized trial with a continuous longitudinal outcome
Seewald, N. J., Kidwell, K., Nahum-Shani, I., Wu, T., McKay, J. R., & Almirall, D. (2019) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280219877520 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Combined Treatment for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Brief History, the Multimodal Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Study, and the Past 20 Years of Research
Pelham, W. E., & Altszuler, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000777 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Leveraging Machine Learning to Identify Predictors of Receiving Psychosocial Treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Morrow, A. S., Vega, A. D. C., Zhao, X., & Liriano, M. M. (2020) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-020-01045-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Parent and Teacher Training Increases Medication Adherence for Primary School Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Zheng, X., Shen, L., Jiang, L., Shen, X., Xu, Y., Yu, G.-J., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2020.486353 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Mindfulness as an Adjunct to Behavior Modification for Elementary-aged Children with ADHD
Ramos, M. C., Macphee, F. L., Merrill, B. M., Altszuler, A. R., Raiker, J. S., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., Parent, J. M., Coles, E. K., Burger, L., et al. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00947-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Noninferiority and equivalence tests in sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trials (SMARTs).
Ghosh, P., Nahum-Shani, I. B., Spring, B. J., & Chakraborty, B. (2019) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000232 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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The effect of stimulant medication on the learning of academic curricula in children with ADHD: A randomized crossover study.
Pelham, W. E., Altszuler, A. R., Merrill, B. M., Raiker, J. S., Macphee, F. L., Ramos, M., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., Coles, E. K., Connor, C. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000725 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…this dosage was sufficient to produce large effects on academic seatwork productivity and classroom behavior and detectable effects on test scores and has been similarly efficacious in numerous prior studies (Fabiano et al., 2007; Pelham et al., 2001, 2016; Pelham, Burrows-Maclean, et al., 2005).”
ResultSelf-citation
Which factors determine clinicians’ policy and attitudes towards medication and parent training for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Dekkers, T. J., Groenman, A. P., Wessels, L. M., Kovshoff, H., Hoekstra, P. J., & van den Hoofdakker, B. J. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01735-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Special considerations in conducting clinical trials of chronic pain management interventions in children and adolescents and their families
Palermo, T. M., Kashikar‐Zuck, S., Friedrichsdorf, S. J., & Powers, S. W. (2018) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000649 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Does dose of early intervention matter for preschoolers with externalizing behavior problems? A pilot randomized trial comparing intensive summer programming to school consultation
Hart, K. C., Maharaj, A. V., & Graziano, P. A. (2019) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2018.12.007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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A Commercial Insurance Claims Analysis of Correlates of Behavioral Therapy Use Among Children With ADHD
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Authors: Pelham, W. E., Fabiano, G. A., Waxmonsky, J. G., Greiner, A. R., Gnagy, E. M., Pelham, W. E., Coxe, S., Verley, J., Bhatia, I., Hart, K., Karch, K., Konijnendijk, E., Tresco, K., Nahum-Shani, I., & Murphy, S. A.
Affiliations: University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
Florida International University (US)
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (US)
University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Fabiano, Gregory A.
Waxmonsky, James G.
Coxe, Stefany
Hart, Katie
Nahum-Shani, Inbal
Murphy, Susan A.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2016-02-16
Volume: 45
Issue: 4
Pages: 396-415
ISSN: 1537-4416 (ISSN-L)
1537-4424
DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1105138
PMC: PMC4930381
OpenAlex: W2276801646
Cited by: 251
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 26.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH069614, MH069434, MH092466, MH53554, MH065899, MH62988)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA11873)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA12414, DA12986)
Institute of Education Sciences (R324B060045, R324J060024, LO30000665A)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, treatment sequencing, behavioral parent training, extended-release methylphenidate, treatment response, student discipline, oppositional behavior, medication adherence, children
MeSH terms: School Teachers, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavior Therapy, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Methylphenidate, Parents, Referral and Consultation, Cohort Studies, Treatment Outcome

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Treatment Sequencing for Childhood ADHD: A Multiple-Randomization Study of Adaptive Medication and Behavioral Interventions

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