Geographical variation in the incidence of colorectal cancer and urinary tract cancer is associated with population exposure to colibactin-producing Escherichia coli
Open accessAbstract
Biomedical research has implicated the bacterial metabolite colibactin as a causal risk factor for several cancer types, in particular, colorectal cancer. Colibactin has been known to drive tumorigenesis by inducing double-strand breaks in the DNA of epithelial cells exposed to colibactin-producing bacteria. Some phylogroup B2 Escherichia coli secrete colibactin during interbacterial warfare, concomitantly exposing the host to an increasing risk of DNA damage. This Personal View reviews the current knowledge about the cancer-colibactin interface and summarises metagenomics-based and population-genomics-based surveys to show that the prevalence of dominant colibactin-producing lineages of E coli varies considerably across geographical regions. The prevalence is further strongly associated with the age-standardised incidences of colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer, suggesting that the degree of colibactin exposure in a population might contribute to the geographical variation of these cancers. Our observations provide a strong impetus for further research and the development of novel interventions to reduce the risks for colibactin-related cancers.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
ST73 was the most prevalent sequence type identified in Nissle 1917 and was not present in strains 5C and 8C.
“with ST73 [40] being the most prevalent sequence types (STs) identified in Nissle 1917 and not present in strains 5C and 8C.”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
Prevalence of dominant colibactin-producing lineages of E. coli varies geographically, being higher in countries with high human development index (HDI) like UK and USA and lower in countries with low HDI like Pakistan and Bangladesh.
“very recent metagenomics-based and population-genomics-based surveys have shown that the prevalence of dominant colibactin-producing lineages of E. coli varies considerably across geographical regions, being higher in countries with a high human development index (HDI) like UK and USA and lower in countries with low HDI, like Pakistan and Bangladesh.”
From Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
Cites
Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024) · CA: a cancer journal for clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21834 · Cited by 27,064 · see citing works
Global burden of colorectal cancer in 2020 and 2040: incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN
Morgan, E., Arnold, M., Gini, A., Lorenzoni, V, Cabasag, C. J., Laversanne, M., Vignat, J., Ferlay, J., Murphy, N., & Bray, F. (2023) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327736 · Cited by 2,429 · see citing works
Mutational signature in colorectal cancer caused by genotoxic pks+ E. coli
Pleguezuelos-Manzano, C., Puschhof, J., Rosendahl Huber, A., van Hoeck, A., Wood, H. M., Nomburg, J., Gurjao, C., Manders, F., Dalmasso, G., Stege, P. B., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2080-8 · Cited by 1,208 · see citing works
Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth
Shao, Y., Forster, S. C., Tsaliki, E., Vervier, K., Strang, A., Simpson, N., Kumar, N., Stares, M. D., Rodger, A., Brocklehurst, P., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1560-1 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
Self-citationThe landscape of somatic mutation in normal colorectal epithelial cells
Lee-Six, H., Olafsson, S., Ellis, P., Osborne, R. J., Sanders, M. A., Moore, L., Georgakopoulos, N., Torrente, F., Noorani, A., Goddard, M., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1672-7 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroreact: visualizing and sharing data for genomic epidemiology and phylogeography
Argimón, S., Abudahab, K., Goater, R. J. E., Fedosejev, A., Bhai, J., Glasner, C., Feil, E. J., Holden, M. T. G., Yeats, C. A., Grundmann, H., et al. (2016) · Microbial Genomics · doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000093 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Zheng, L., Kelly, C. J., & Colgan, S. P. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00191.2015 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Colibactin DNA-damage signature indicates mutational impact in colorectal cancer
Dziubańska-Kusibab, P. J., Berger, H., Battistini, F., Bouwman, B. A. M., Iftekhar, A., Katainen, R., Cajuso, T., Crosetto, N., Orozco, M., Aaltonen, L. A., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0908-2 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Self-citationKallonen, T., Brodrick, H. J., Harris, S. R., Corander, J., Brown, N. M., Martin, V., Peacock, S. J., & Parkhill, J. (2017) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.216606.116 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationVatanen, T., Jabbar, K. S., Ruohtula, T., Honkanen, J. K., Ávila-Pacheco, J., Siljander, H., Stražar, M., Oikarinen, S., Hyöty, H., Ilonen, J., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.023 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Increased somatic mutation burdens in normal human cells due to defective DNA polymerases
Robinson, P. S., Coorens, T. H. H., Palles, C., Mitchell, E., Abascal, F., Olafsson, S., Lee, B. C. H., Lawson, A. R. J., Lee-Six, H., Moore, L., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00930-y · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationOlier, M., Marcq, I., Salvador–Cartier, C., Sécher, T., Dobrindt, U., Boury, M., Bacquie, V., Pénary, M., Gaultier, E., Nougayrède, J., et al. (2012) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.21737 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Lui, R. N., Tsoi, K. K. F., Ho, J. M. W., Lo, C. M., Chan, F. C. H., Kyaw, M. H., & Sung, J. J. Y. (2019) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-1111 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Zeitouni, N. E., Chotikatum, S., von Köckritz‐Blickwede, M., & Naim, H. Y. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s40348-016-0041-y · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The bacterial toxin colibactin triggers prophage induction
Silpe, J. E., Wong, J. W. H., Owen, S. V., Baym, M., & Balskus, E. P. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04444-3 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Cancer in first and second generation Americans.
Thomas, D. B., & Karagas, M. R. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The gut microbiome and early-life growth in a population with high prevalence of stunting
Robertson, R. C., Edens, T. J., Carr, L., Mutasa, K., Gough, E. K., Evans, C., Geum, H. M., Baharmand, I., Gill, S. K., Ntozini, R., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36135-6 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Gladstone, R. A., McNally, A., Pöntinen, A. K., Tonkin‐Hill, G. Q., Lees, J. A., Skytén, K., Cléon, F., Christensen, M., Haldorsen, B. C., Bye, K. K., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00031-8 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationA distinct clade of Bifidobacterium longum in the gut of Bangladeshi children thrives during weaning
Vatanen, T., Ang, Q. Y., Siegwald, L., Sarker, S. A., Roy, C. I. L., Duboux, S., Delannoy-Bruno, O., Ngom‐Bru, C., Boulangé, C. L., Stražar, M., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.011 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Nougayrède, J.-P., Chagneau, C. V., Motta, J.-P., Bossuet-Greif, N., Belloy, M., Taieb, F., Gratadoux, J.-J., Thomas, M., Langella, P., & Oswald, E. (2021) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00624-21 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Piñeiro, C., Abuín, J. M., & Pichel, J. C. (2020) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa582 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Straková, N., Kořená, K., & Karpíšková, R. (2021) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.007 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Shrestha, E., Coulter, J. B., Guzman, W., Özbek, B., Hess, M. M., Mummert, L. A., Ernst, S. E., Maynard, J. P., Meeker, A. K., Heaphy, C. M., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2018976118 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Liu, C. M., Aziz, M., Park, D. E., Wu, Z., Stegger, M., Li, M., Wang, Y., Schmidlin, K., Johnson, T. J., Koch, B. J., et al. (2023) · One Health · doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100518 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Seamless, rapid, and accurate analyses of outbreak genomic data using split k -mer analysisPreprint
Derelle, R., von Wachsmann, J., Mäklin, T., Hellewell, J., Russell, T., Lalvani, A., Chindelevitch, L., Croucher, N. J., Harris, S. R., & Lees, J. A. (2024) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.279449.124 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationStrong pathogen competition in neonatal gut colonisation
Mäklin, T., Thorpe, H. A., Pöntinen, A. K., Gladstone, R. A., Shao, Y., Pesonen, M., McNally, A., Johnsen, P. J., Samuelsen, Ø., Lawley, T. D., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35178-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationAuvray, F., Perrat, A., Arimizu, Y., Chagneau, C. V., Bossuet‐Greif, N., Massip, C., Brugère, H., Nougayrède, J., Hayashi, T., Branchu, P., et al. (2021) · Microbial Genomics · doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000579 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Evolutionary and functional history of the Escherichia coli K1 capsule
Arredondo-Alonso, S., Blundell‐Hunter, G., Fu, Z., Gladstone, R. A., Fillol-Salom, A., Loraine, J., Cloutman-Green, E., Johnsen, P. J., Samuelsen, Ø., Pöntinen, A. K., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39052-w · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationIron Homeostasis Regulates the Genotoxicity of Escherichia coli That Produces Colibactin
Tronnet, S., Garcie, C., Rehm, N., Dobrindt, U., Oswald, É., & Martín, P. (2016) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00659-16 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Uropathogenic E. coli induces DNA damage in the bladder
Chagneau, C. V., Massip, C., Bossuet‐Greif, N., Fremez, C., Motta, J., Shima, A., Besson‐Fournier, C., Faouder, P. L., Cénac, N., Roth, M., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009310 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bacterial genomic epidemiology with mixed samples
Mäklin, T., Kallonen, T., Alanko, J., Samuelsen, Ø., Hegstad, K., Mäkinen, V., Corander, J., Heinz, E., & Honkela, A. (2021) · Microbial Genomics · doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000691 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationThe pks island: a bacterial Swiss army knife? Colibactin: beyond DNA damage and cancer
Chagneau, C. V., Payros, D., Tang-Fichaux, M., Auvray, F., Nougayrède, J., & Oswald, É. (2022) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2022.05.010 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
ClbR Is the Key Transcriptional Activator of Colibactin Gene Expression in Escherichia coli
Wallenstein, A., Rehm, N., Brinkmann, M., Selle, M., Bossuet‐Greif, N., Sauer, D., Bunk, B., Spröer, C., Wami, H. T., Homburg, S., et al. (2020) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00591-20 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lindstedt, K., Buczek, D. J., Pedersen, T., Hjerde, E., Raffelsberger, N., Suzuki, Y., Brisse, S., Holt, K. E., Samuelsen, Ø., & Sundsfjord, A. (2022) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2118500 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Plasmid-driven strategies for clone success in Escherichia coli
Arredondo-Alonso, S., Pöntinen, A. K., Gama, J. A., Gladstone, R. A., Harms, K., Tonkin‐Hill, G. Q., Thorpe, H. A., Simonsen, G. S., Samuelsen, Ø., Johnsen, P. J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57940-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationWami, H. T., Wallenstein, A., Sauer, D., Stoll, M., von Bünau, R., Oswald, É., Müller, R., & Dobrindt, U. (2021) · Microbial Genomics · doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000577 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
High-resolution sweep metagenomics using fast probabilistic inference
Mäklin, T., Kallonen, T., David, S., Boinett, C. J., Pascoe, B., Méric, G., Aanensen, D. M., Feil, E. J., Baker, S. G., Parkhill, J., et al. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15639.2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationPöntinen, A. K., Gladstone, R. A., Pesonen, H., Pesonen, M., Cléon, F., Parcell, B. J., Kallonen, T., Simonsen, G. S., Croucher, N. J., McNally, A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00292-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent understandings of colibactin regulation
Addington, E., Sandalli, S., & Roe, A. J. (2024) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.001427 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A live attenuated vaccine to prevent severe neonatal Escherichia coli K1 infections
Sérémé, Y., Schrimp, C., Faury, H., Agapoff, M., Lefebvre-Wloszczowski, E., Chang, Y., Ageron, E., Panafieu, E., Blec, F., Coureuil, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46775-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Oxygen concentration modulates colibactin production
Bossuet‐Greif, N., Guyonnet, C., Chagneau, C. V., Tang-Fichaux, M., Pénary, M., Loubet, D., Branchu, P., Oswald, É., & Nougayrède, J. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2222437 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Khawaja, T., Mäklin, T., Kallonen, T., Gladstone, R. A., Pöntinen, A. K., Mero, S., Thorpe, H. A., Samuelsen, Ø., Parkhill, J., Izhar, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49591-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zhou, M., Niu, H., Cui, D., Xu, M., Li, J., Huang, G., Zhou, M., Xiong, C., Liu, Y., Xu, X., et al. (2026) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02557-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Harnessing the microbiome for cancer therapy
Hajjar, R., Mars, R. A. T., & Kashyap, P. (2026) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-025-01268-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The specificity and structure of DNA cross-linking by the gut bacterial genotoxin colibactin
Carlson, E. S., Haslecker, R., Lecchi, C., Ramos, M. A. A., Vennelakanti, V., Honaker, L., Stornetta, A., Millán, E. S., Johnson, B. A., Kulik, H. J., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ady3571 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gut microbiota interplay with autophagy-EMT dynamics in colorectal cancer
Vescovo, T., Bontempi, G., Bayat, M., Piredda, L., Fidaleo, M., Strippoli, R., & Antonioli, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1608248 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Urinary Microbiota and the Gut–Bladder Axis in Bladder Cancer
Butt, U. A., & Biase, D. D. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262110558 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Microbial molecules, metabolites, and malignancy
Thomas, R. M. (2025) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2025.101128 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Colibactin genes are highly prevalent in the developing infant gut microbiome
Levy, S., McCauley, K. E., Strength, R. E., Robbins, E. S., Chen, Q., Namasivyam, S., Maxwell, G. L., & Hourigan, S. K. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2604874 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gladstone, R. A., Pesonen, M., Pöntinen, A. K., Mäklin, T., MacAlasdair, N., Thorpe, H. A., Shao, Y., Mallawaarachchi, S., Arredondo-Alonso, S., Parcell, B. J., et al. (2026) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-026-02283-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationHost DNA damage and cellular fate in bacterial infections, with a focus on Staphylococcus aureus
Berkova, N., Guédon, É., Loir, Y. L., & Otto, M. J. (2025) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuaf052 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Di Pierro, F., Sagheddu, V., Galletti, S., Casaroli, A., Labrini, E., Soldi, S., Cazzaniga, M., Bertuccioli, A., Matera, M., Cavecchia, I., et al. (2026) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-025-10522-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nanomedicine for colorectal cancer therapy by remodeling the immune microenvironment
Wu, Y., Su, Y., Wei, Y., Shui, M., Li, W., Yang, L., & Luo, K. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114915 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Intratumoral microbiota in cancer: molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies
Yu, Y., Guo, Z., Luo, Z., Dian, Y., Yang, X., Chen, X., Zeng, F., & Deng, G. (2026) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-026-00473-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reconstructing the lifelong history of cells and tissues via somatic mutation analysis
Faienza, S., Margaria, J. P., & Franco, I. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-025-05946-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Luo, M., Zhong, Z., Sun, Q., Sun, M., Wu, H. B., Ding, W., Li, H., & Zheng, H. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142710 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mäklin, T., Calland, J. K., Mallawaarachchi, S., Thorpe, H. A., Gladstone, R. A., & Corander, J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.17.686825 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMutations in Exon 29 of Ring Finger Protein 213 Are Associated with Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer
Jiang, E. X., Quarta, G., Delau, O., & Shaukat, A. (2026) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-026-09784-y
Moibenko, O. V., Kozlovskyi, I. M., & Yankovska, N. V. (2026) · Fìzìologìčnij žurnal · doi:10.15407/fz72.01.034
Friends and foes: impact of bacteria on genome stability
Gajski, G., Szewczyk-Roszczenko, O. K., Roszczenko, P., Vassetzky, Y. S., & Sjakste, N. (2026) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2026.2641726
Significance and challenges in dissecting cancer-bacteriome interactions
Alshareedah, I., Brunner, J. D., Chain, P., & Kumar, A. (2026) · BJC Reports · doi:10.1038/s44276-026-00229-7
Roles of bacterial growth competition systems in colonization of the murine gutPreprint
Muir, P., Kjellin, J., Kess, E., Low, D. E., & Koskiniemi, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9649958/v1
The role of microbiome–mucosal barrier interactions in neoplastic diseases
Toth, E., Sipos, A., Mikó, E., Nyerges, P., & Bai, P. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40306-4.00007-7
Giang, V. S., Hồ, V. S., Manh, Đ. T., Tùng, N. T., Thảo, N. T. P., Thân, N. T., Tung, N. L., Hao, T. V., & Cuong, L. D. (2026) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms14102325
- Authors
- Mäklin, T., Taira, A., Arredondo-Alonso, S., Shao, Y., Stratton, M. R., Lawley, T. D., Aaltonen, L. A., & Corander, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Corander, Jukka
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet Microbe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-05
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 101015
- ISSN
- 2666-5247 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4405008105
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 1.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet Microbe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Research Council of Finland (352814, 319083, 320149)
- Syöpäsäätiö (66-6746)
- Wellcome Trust (220540/Z/20/A)
- Research Council of Norway (299941)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Cancer Research and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- colibactin, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, urinary tract cancer, geographical variation in cancer incidence, phylogroup B2, DNA double-strand breaks, carcinogenesis, bacterial metabolites, population genomics, metagenomics, cancer risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Infections, Humans, Male, Peptides, Prostatic Neoplasms, Colorectal Neoplasms, Incidence, Polyketides
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
