Cited by 992Visual and Cognitive Learning ProcessesInnovative Teaching and Learning MethodsDigital Media and Visual Art

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Instructional animation versus static pictures: A meta-analysis

Höffler, Tim N., Leutner, Detlev·2007·Learning and Instruction

DOI 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.09.013

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“The animated films are expected to have a positive impact on students' learning because animated films are popular among young people and may be more memorable and evoke more empathy than traditional methods (Höffler & Leutner, 2007).”
Designing and Evaluating Digital Game-Based Learning with the ARCS Motivation Model, Humor, and Animation
Lee, L.-C., & Hao, K.-C. (2015) · International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijthi.2015040105 · Cited by 49
Effects of a school teacher‐led 45‐minute educational program for mental health literacy in pre‐teens
Ojio, Y., Foo, J. C., Usami, S., Fuyama, T., Ashikawa, M., Ohnuma, K., Oshima, N., Ando, S., Togo, F., & Sasaki, T. (2018) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12746 · Cited by 48
“Animated films are popular with young people and may be more memorable than traditional methods (Höffler & Leutner, 2007).”
Background
The anatomy of E ‐Learning tools: Does software usability influence learning outcomes?
Nuland, S. E. V., & Rogers, K. A. (2015) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1589 · Cited by 49
A Meta-Analytic Review on Embodied Pedagogical Agent Design and Testing Formats
Davis, R. O., Park, T., & Vincent, J. (2022) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331221100556 · Cited by 41
Design Factors for Effective Science Simulations
Plass, J. L., Homer, B. D., Milne, C. E., Jordan, T., Kalyuga, S., Kim, M. C., & Lee, H. (2009) · International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations · doi:10.4018/jgcms.2009010102 · Cited by 42
Role of Interactivity in Learning from Engineering Animations
Pedra, A., Mayer, R. E., & Albertin, A. L. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3137 · Cited by 40
“Animation has been proposed as an aid to spatial thinking in STEM fields (Hoffler & Leutner, 2007; Mayer, Hegarty, Mayer, & Campbell, 2005; Tversky, Morrison, & Betrancourt, 2002), but research has not yielded a clear indication that animation is more effective than static illustrations except for…”
Background
A proposed multimedia cone of abstraction: updating a classic instructional design theory
Baukal, C. E. (2013) · i-manager's Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.26634/jet.9.4.2129 · Cited by 41
“Höffler and Leutner (2007) did a metaanalysis of 26 primary studies that compared dynamic and static visualizations and found a statistically significant advantage for animations over static pictures.”
Background
Can videos affect learning outcomes? Evidence from an actual learning environment
Tani, M., Manuguerra, M., & Khan, S. A. (2022) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-022-10147-3 · Cited by 72
“Recent meta-analyses of papers and primary studies concur that animated learning materials have positive effects on learning (Berney & Bétrancourt, 2016; Coe, 2002; Höffler & Leutner, 2007).”
Background
Educational theories and computer game design: lessons from an experiment in elementary mathematics education
Es-Sajjade, A., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-020-09799-w · Cited by 56
Identifying secondary-school students’ difficulties when reading visual representations displayed in physics simulations
Simó, V. L., & Pintó, R. (2017) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2017.1332441 · Cited by 39
“The 26 primary studies ’ review made by Höffler and Leutner (2007) states an instructional advantage of animation over static images, especially when animations are representational rather than decorative.”
Background
Princesses are bigger than elephants: Effect size as a category error in evidence‐based education
Simpson, A. P. (2018) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.3474 · Cited by 41
Learning a Motor Skill from Video and Static Pictures in Physical Education Students—Effects on Technical Performances, Motivation and Cognitive Load
H’mida, C., Degrenne, O., Souissi, N., Rekik, G., Trabelsi, K., Jarraya, M., Bragazzi, N. L., & Khacharem, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17239067 · Cited by 48
“These results showing a video advantage for learning of a human motor skill are in line with the research showing the superiority of videos over static presentation in learning of human motor skills [16,34,35].”
Result
Learners' eye movements during construction of mechanical kinematic representations from static diagrams
Yu, C.-J., Wu, C.-J., & Su, J.-H. (2014) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.01.005 · Cited by 48
Comparison of Different Instructional Multimedia Designs for Improving Student Science-Process Skill Learning
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Students need more practice with spatial thinking in geoscience education: a systematic review of the literature
McLaughlin, J. A., & Bailey, J. M. (2022) · Studies in Science Education · doi:10.1080/03057267.2022.2029305 · Cited by 38
“…have been a number of studies that address the use and benefits of this method of instruction (e.g., Bezzi, 1991; Bice, 2006; Brindisi et al., 2006; Höffler & Leutner, 2007; Kastens et al., 2001; Lindgren & Schwartz, 2009; J. D. Moore et al., 2013, 2015a, 2015b; Piburn et al., 2005; Reynolds et…”
Method
Methodological challenges in education RCTs: reflections from England’s Education Endowment Foundation
Dawson, A., Yeomans, E., & Brown, E. R. (2018) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131881.2018.1500079 · Cited by 40
“EEF has found that recruitment events can help with this which is supported by the literature on information retention (e.g. Hoffler and Leutner, 2007) which finds that face to face or video information is retained better than paper (static) instructions.”
Background
Gender Effects When Learning Manipulative Tasks from Instructional Animations and Static Presentations.
Wong, M., Castro-Alonso, J. C., Ayres, P., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2015) · Universidad de Chile · Cited by 38
Effects of different ways of using visualizations on high school students’ electrochemistry conceptual understanding and motivation towards chemistry learning
Lin, C.-Y., & Wu, H. (2021) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d0rp00308e · Cited by 50

Authors: Höffler, T. N., & Leutner, D.
Affiliations: University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
Corresponding author: Höffler, Tim N.
ORCID: Höffler, Tim N.
Leutner, Detlev
Venue: Learning and Instruction
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-12
Volume: 17
Issue: 6
Pages: 722-738
ISSN: 0959-4752 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.09.013
OpenAlex: W2055846787
Semantic Scholar: 150d104dd692b1dd1a95234deda0925a2c83b39a
Cited by: 992
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 4.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Learning and Instruction (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design › Digital Media and Visual Art
Keywords: educational animation, still images, cognitive load, multimedia learning, learning outcomes, instructional design

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