A LINE-1 component to human aging: Do LINE elements exact a longevity cost for evolutionary advantage?
Open accessAbstract
Advancing age remains the largest risk factor for devastating diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and cancer. The mechanisms by which advancing age predisposes to disease are now beginning to unfold, due in part, to genetic and environmental manipulations of longevity in lower organisms. Converging lines of evidence suggest that DNA damage may be a final common pathway linking several proposed mechanisms of aging. The present review forwards a theory for an additional aging pathway that involves modes of inherent genetic instability. Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are endogenous non-LTR retrotransposons that compose about 20% of the human genome. The LINE-1 (L1) gene products, ORF1p and ORF2p, possess mRNA binding, endonuclease, and reverse transcriptase activity that enable retrotransposition. While principally active only during embryogenesis, L1 transcripts are detected in adult somatic cells under certain conditions. The present hypothesis proposes that L1s act as an 'endogenous clock', slowly eroding genomic integrity by competing with the organism's double-strand break repair mechanism. Thus, while L1s are an accepted mechanism of genetic variation fueling evolution, it is proposed that longevity is negatively impacted by somatic L1 activity. The theory predicts testable hypotheses about the relationship between L1 activity, DNA repair, healthy aging, and longevity.
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Mechanisms that silence retrotransposons in somatic cells are not completely efficient and may deteriorate with age.
“evidence has begun to accumulate indicating that the mechanisms which silence retrotransposons in somatic cells are not completely efficient9 and may deteriorate with age10,11.”
From SIRT6 represses LINE1 retrotransposons by ribosylating KAP1 but this repression fails with stress and age (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- St. Laurent, G., Hammell, N., & McCaffrey, T. A.
- Affiliations
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCaffrey, Timothy A.
- Venue
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 299-305
- ISSN
- 0047-6374 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2875337
- OpenAlex
- W1981252886
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R37AG012712)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Keywords
- LINE-1 retrotransposons, human aging, longevity, somatic retrotransposition, DNA damage, DNA double-strand break repair, genomic instability, endogenous retrotransposons, ORF1p, ORF2p, healthy aging, age-related diseases
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Biological Evolution, Humans, Longevity, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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