4D printing of polymeric materials for tissue and organ regeneration
Open accessAbstract
Four dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology with great capacity for fabricating complex, stimuli-responsive 3D structures, providing great potential for tissue and organ engineering applications. Although the 4D concept was first highlighted in 2013, extensive research has rapidly developed, along with more-in-depth understanding and assertions regarding the definition of 4D. In this review, we begin by establishing the criteria of 4D printing, followed by an extensive summary of state-of-the-art technological advances in the field. Both transformation-preprogrammed 4D printing and 4D printing of shape memory polymers are intensively surveyed. Afterwards we will explore and discuss the applications of 4D printing in tissue and organ regeneration, such as developing synthetic tissues and implantable scaffolds, as well as future perspectives and conclusions.
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4D printing allows realization of structures with arbitrarily complex or customized architectures capable of evolving their shape, properties, or functionalities over time under the application of proper stimuli.
“In the last few years, considerable advances in soft robotic technology have been made thanks to 4Dprinting, which allows one to realize structures with arbitrarily complex or customized architectures, capable of evolving their shape, properties, or functionalities along time (denoting the 4th dimension) under the application of proper stimuli [178-189].”
From Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview (2020) · cites this paper as [184]
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Design, printing, and engineering of regenerative biomaterials for personalized bone healthcare
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4D printing of polyurethane paint-based composites
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- Authors
- Miao, S., Castro, N., Nowicki, M., Xia, L., Cui, H., Zhou, X., Zhu, W., Lee, S.-J., Sarkar, K., Vozzi, G., Tabata, Y., Fisher, J., & Zhang, L. G.
- Affiliations
- George Washington University (US)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fisher, John
- Zhang, Lijie Grace
- ORCID
- Venue
- Materials Today
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 577-591
- ISSN
- 1369-7021 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5796676
- OpenAlex
- W2725412839
- Cited by
- 408
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 18
- FWCI
- 25.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Materials Today (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- NSF MME (1642186)
- NIH (1DP2EB020549-01)
- NSF BME (1510561)
- March of Dimes Foundation's Gene Discovery and Translational Research Grant
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- 4D printing, polymers, tissue engineering, organ regeneration, shape memory polymers, stimuli-responsive materials, synthetic tissues, implantable scaffolds
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