COMPASS 31: a refined and abbreviated composite autonomic symptom score
Open accessAbstract
Objective To develop a concise and statistically robust instrument to assess autonomic symptoms that provides clinically relevant scores of autonomic symptom severity based on the well-established 169-item Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) and its validated 84-question scoring instrument, the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score (COMPASS).Patients and methods We assessed the internal consistency of COMPASS using Cronbach α coefficients based on the ASP of 405 healthy control subjects recruited and seen in the Mayo Clinic Autonomic Disorders Center between March 1, 1995, and March 31, 2010. Applying a simplified scoring algorithm, we then used exploratory factor analysis with orthogonal rotation and eigenvalue calculations to extract internally consistent domains and to reduce dimensionality. This analysis was followed by expert revisions to eliminate redundant content and to retain clinically important questions and final assessment of the new instrument.Results The new simplified scoring algorithm alone resulted in higher Cronbach α values in all domains. Factor analysis revealed 7 domains with a total of 54 questions retained. Expert revisions resulted in further reduction of questions and domains with a remaining total of 31 questions in 6 domains (COMPASS 31). Measures of internal consistency were much improved compared to those for COMPASS. Following appropriate weighting, this instrument provides an autonomic symptom score from 0 to 100.Conclusion COMPASS 31 is a refined, internally consistent, and markedly abbreviated quantitative measure of autonomic symptoms. It is based on the original ASP and COMPASS, applies a much simplified scoring algorithm, and is suitable for widespread use in autonomic research and practice.
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The COMPASS 31 questionnaire detects symptoms of autonomic dysfunction.
“COMPASS 31: Each subject completed the COMPASS 31, a questionnaire for detecting symptoms of autonomic dysfunction (Sletten, 2012).”
From Effectiveness of a Novel Qigong Meditative Movement Practice for Impaired Health in Flight Attendants Exposed to Second-Hand Cigarette Smoke (2017) · cites this paper as Sletten, 2012
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- Authors
- Sletten, D. M., Suarez, G. A., Low, P. A., Mandrekar, J., & Singer, W.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singer, Wolfgang
- Venue
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1196-1201
- ISSN
- 0025-6196 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3541923
- OpenAlex
- W2054138854
- Cited by
- 741
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01ns032352-003)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS3 2352, P01NS044233, P50NS032352, NS-44233, N01 NS032352, U54NS065736, K23NS075141)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR24150, UL1RR024150)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- COMPASS-31, autonomic symptoms, autonomic dysfunction, symptom severity assessment, questionnaire reduction, internal consistency, factor analysis, scoring algorithm, autonomic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Autonomic Nervous System Diseases, Child, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult, Symptom Assessment
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