L-Carnitine in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Objective To evaluate the effects of L-carnitine compared with placebo or control on morbidity and mortality in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (N=3629) was conducted to determine the effects of L-carnitine vs placebo or control on mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), angina, heart failure, and reinfarction. These trials were identified via searches of the Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and Excerpta Medica (Embase) databases between May 1, 2012, and August 31, 2012.Results Compared with placebo or control, L-carnitine was associated with a significant 27% reduction in all-cause mortality (odds ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54-0.99; P=.05; risk ratio [RR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.60-1.00; P=.05), a highly significant 65% reduction in VAs (RR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.21-0.58; P<.0001), and a significant 40% reduction in the development of angina (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.50-0.72; P<.00001), with no reduction in the development of heart failure (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.67-1.09; P=.21) or myocardial reinfarction (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.41-1.48; P=.45).Conclusion Compared with placebo or control, L-carnitine is associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in VAs, and a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction. Further study with large randomized controlled trials of this inexpensive and safe therapy in the modern era is warranted.
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A meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (n=3,629) reported that low oral L-carnitine reduced all-cause mortality by 27% in acute myocardial infarction patients.
“A meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (n = 3,629 people) reported that low oral dosage of L-carnitine resulted in 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias, and a 40% reduction in angina symptoms in patients who had an acute myocardial infarction (37).”
From Trimethylamine <i>N</i> -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
In patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction, l-carnitine is associated with a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms compared to controls.
“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials showed that l-carnitine is associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction compared to controls [59].”
From Trimethylamine N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown. (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
In patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction, l-carnitine is associated with a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias compared to controls.
“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials showed that l-carnitine is associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction compared to controls [59].”
From Trimethylamine N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown. (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
In patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction, l-carnitine is associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality compared to controls.
“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials showed that l-carnitine is associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and a 40% reduction in anginal symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction compared to controls [59].”
From Trimethylamine N-oxide: the good, the bad and the unknown. (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
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“Discussion Although L-carnitine supplementation has been associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality, ventricular arrhythmia, and angina in the setting of acute MI [7], this systematic review and meta-analysis of five controlled trials (n = 3108) found that there is no significant marginal benefit i…”
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“possibly owing to the modest size of the studies included.(33) Clinical trials have also reported favourable”
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“Potential benefit in cardiovascular disease Recently, DiNicolantonio et al. (2013) [77] conducted a meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (N Z 3629) to assess the effects of L-C on mortality and on outcomes of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), angina, heart failure, and reinfarction.”
BackgroundSteuer, C., Schüetz, P., Bernasconi, L., & Huber, A. (2015) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Asadi, M., Rahimlou, M., Shishehbor, F., & Mansoori, A. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.020 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Nutraceutical Value of Carnitine and Its Use in Dietary Supplements
Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Nazhand, A., Souto, S. B., Silva, A. M., Severino, P. B., Souto, E. B., & Santini, A. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25092127 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“It has also been reported that carnitine can improve insulin resistance [17], and it is useful in cardiovascular diseases [18,19] and cancer [20].”
BackgroundIntestinal Microbiota Metabolism and Atherosclerosis
Liu, T.-X., Niu, H.-T., & Zhang, S.-Y. (2015) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.167362 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“[28] A meta‐analysis including 13 studies (n = 3629) demonstrated that L‐carnitine reduced the incidence of angina by 40% and the all‐cause mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by 27%.[29] A randomized controlled trial involving 129 patients suffering from AMI, who were followed for 28 days, det…”
BackgroundAskarpour, M., Hadi, A., Symonds, M. E., Miraghajani, M. S., Sadeghi, O., Sheikhi, A., & Ghaedi, E. (2019) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
l-carnitine, a friend or foe for cardiovascular disease? A Mendelian randomization study
Zhao, J. V., Burgess, S., Fan, B., & Schooling, C. M. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02477-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Consistent with observational studies and systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs [5, 14], our study suggests no benefit of l-carnitine for CVD or its risk factors.”
BackgroundInfluentialD’Antona, G., Nabavi, S. M., Micheletti, P., Lorenzo, A. D., Aquilani, R., Nisoli, E., Rondanelli, M., & Daglia, M. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/613890 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Our results suggest that these dietary supplements could have beneficial effects; nevertheless continued studies are required before they could be recommended as a routine treatment in muscle diseases.”
Grı̄nberga, S., Dambrova, M., Latkovskis, G., Strēle, I., Konrāde, I., Hartmane, D., Sevostjanovs, E., Liepinsh, E., & Pugovičs, O. (2015) · Biomedical Chromatography · doi:10.1002/bmc.3477 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mao, C.-Y., Lu, H., Kong, N., Li, J., Liu, M., Yang, C., & Yang, P. (2014) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.9153 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Indeed, previous human studies suggested that levocarnitine supplementation was associated with significantly reduced mortality in patients experiencing acute myocardial infarction [13-15].”
BackgroundResultMcCarty, M. F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073321 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Shi, W., Huang, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhu, L., & Yu, B. (2021) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20204250 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
L-carnitine for the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction
DiNicolantonio, J. J., Niazi, A. K., McCarty, M. F., Lavie, C. J., Liberopoulos, E. N., & O’Keefe, J. H. (2014) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3909/ricm0710 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationZayed, E. A., Ain-Shoka, A. A., El-Shazly, K. A., & Latif, H. A. A. E. (2018) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.22218 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Li, M., Xu, S., Geng, Y., Sun, L., Wang, R., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Li, Y., Yi, Q.-Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2019) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13155 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Li, D., Kirsop, J., & Tang, W. H. W. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0634-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., Yang, N., Gao, J., Li, H., Cai, W., Zhang, X., Ma, Y., Niu, X., Yang, G., Zhou, X., et al. (2018) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700299 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
L-Carnitine: An Antioxidant Remedy for the Survival of Cardiomyocytes under Hyperglycemic Condition
Vacante, F., Senesi, P., Montesano, A., Frigerio, A., Luzi, L., & Terruzzi, I. M. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2018/4028297 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mohammadi, M. R., Talasaz, A. H., & Alidoosti, M. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.06.009 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Carnitine promotes recovery from oxidative stress and extends lifespan in C. elegans
Liu, D., Zeng, X., Li, L., & Ou, Z. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202187 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Carnitine in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Guarnieri, G. (2015) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2014.10.025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sharifi, M. H., Eftekhari, M. H., Ostovan, M. A., & Abbas, R. (2017) · Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research · doi:10.15171/jcvtr.2017.03 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Asbaghi, O., Kashkooli, S., Amini, M. R., Shahinfar, H., Djafarian, K., Clark, C. C. T., & Shab-Bidar, S. (2020) · Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research · doi:10.34172/jcvtr.2020.43 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
L-carnitine promotes liver regeneration after hepatectomy by enhancing lipid metabolism
Zhou, X. K., Huang, G., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Li, J., Chen, D., Wei, L., Chen, Z., & Yang, B. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04317-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Including weight loss [14], heart disease [15], kidney disease [13] and cerebral disease [16, 17].”
BackgroundTrøseid, M., Mayerhofer, C. C. K., Broch, K., Arora, S., Svardal, A. M., Hov, J. R., Andreassen, A. K., Gude, E., Karason, K., Dellgren, G., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2019.06.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Letourneau, P., Bataille, S., Chauveau, P., Fouque, D. P., & Koppe, L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123892 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cardioprotective Activity of Some 2-Arylimino-1,3-Thiazole Derivatives
Drapak, І., Perekhoda, L. O., Demchenko, N., Suleiman, М., Rakhimova, M., Demchuk, I., Таран, С. Г., Seredynska, N., & Gerashchenko, I. V. (2019) · Scientia Pharmaceutica · doi:10.3390/scipharm87010007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Battillo, D. J., & Malin, S. K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061455 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Conversely, it is important to recognize that the effect of carnitine is somewhat equivocal, compared to TMA, since it has been purported to reduce oxidative stress [32,33] and lower systolic and mean arterial pressures [34].”
BackgroundFranken, J., Burger, A. L., Swiegers, J. H., & Bauer, F. F. (2015) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6561-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…investigating the impact of carnitine supplementation have furthermore indicated that advantageous effects can be observed in patients with certain types of cardiological, neurological and/or renal disorders (Calabrese et al. 2006; DiNicolantonio et al. 2013; Bonafé et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2014).”
BackgroundCurrent Opinion on Usage of L-Carnitine in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis
Bonomini, M., Liberato, L. D., Zammit, V. A., & Arduini, A. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24193449 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In addition, a systematic review and meta-analysis of several controlled trials showed that the oral administration of L-carnitine led to a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias, and a 40% reduction in angina symptoms in patients experiencing an acute MI as compared to placeb…”
BackgroundFörster, L., Indra, D., Rosenberger, K., Zver, L., & Hofbauer, R. (2020) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2020.11.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Johri, A. M., Hétu, M., Heyland, D. K., Herr, J. E., Korol, J., Froese, S., Norman, P. A., Day, A. G., Matangi, M. F., Michos, E. D., et al. (2022) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-022-00661-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Though epidemiological studies [12] and randomized trials [9] have suggested a possible reduction of cardiovascular risk factors following treatment, other animal and human studies have shown that L-C may increase pro-atherogenic metabolites such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) [13–15].”
ResultShannon, C. E., Ghasemi, R., Greenhaff, P. L., & Stephens, F. B. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12885 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Scientific Papers and Patents on Substances with Unproven Effects. Part 2
Jargin, S. V. (2019) · Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation · doi:10.2174/1872211313666190819124752 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chrysant, S. G. (2015) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2015.42 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Guimarães, S. M. D. S., Cruz, W., da Silva, L. E., MACIEL, G. C., Huguenin, A. B., de Carvalho, M., Costa, B., da Silva, G. A., Costa, C. D. S., D'Ippolito, J. A., et al. (2017) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000465531 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Role of L-carnitine in Cardiovascular Health: Literature Review
Elantary, R., & Othman, S. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.70279 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Further systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (N=3629) was conducted by James J. DiNicolantonio et al. to determine the effects of L-carnitine vs. placebo or control on mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), angina, heart failure, and reinfarction [6].”
MethodDjenane, D., & Aïder, M. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.125246.3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“More specifically, carnitine is associated with a 65% decrease in ventricular arrhythmias and 40% in heart attacks (DiNicolantonio et al. 2013).”
Liao, D., Liu, X., Yuan, X., Feng, P., Ouyang, Z., Liu, Y., & Li, C. (2021) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2021.1988559 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Musazadeh, V., Alinejad, H., Esfahani, N. K., Kavyani, Z., Keramati, M., Roshanravan, N., Mosharkesh, E., & Dehghan, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1214734 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yaghubi, E., Daneshpazhooh, M., Djalali, M., Mohammadi, H., Sepandar, F., Fakhri, Z., Ghaedi, E., Keshavarz, S. A., Balighi, K., Mahmoudi, H., et al. (2019) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.13049 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lai, Y., Lee, M., Ho, G., Liu, C., & Hsu, B. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092000 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis revealed that l-carnitine is associated with a decrease in all-cause mortality compared to placebo for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease [33].”
BackgroundLi, H.-R., Zheng, X.-M., Liu, Y., Tian, J.-H., Kou, J., Shi, J.-Z., Pang, X., Xie, X., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Cardiovascular Therapeutics · doi:10.1155/2022/9615674 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“For example, increasing free fatty acid and glucose oxidation with L-carnitine (LC) is shown to improve heart health [3, 14, 15].”
BackgroundMetabolic remodeling in chronic heart failure
Wang, J., & Guo, T. (2013) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b1300137 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (n=3629) was conducted to determine the effects of L-carnitine vs. placebo or control on mortality, CHF, etc. Compared with the placebo or control, L-carnitine can significantly reduce these outcome events (Dinicolantonio et al., 2013).”
MethodL-Carnitine Consumption, Its Metabolism by Intestinal Microbiota, and Cardiovascular Health
McCarty, M. F. (2013) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chen, Z., Lu, D., Qi, B., Wu, Y., Xia, Y., Chen, A., Li, S., Tang, H., Qian, J., & Ge, J. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28145345 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The protective role of myocardial carnitines was supported not only by studies in patients with genetic carnitine deficiency that resulted in special cardiomyopathy [27,28] but also by the clinical benefit of carnitine supplementation in HF patients [4].”
BackgroundEnergy drink consumption can induce cardiovascular events, two case reports and a literature review
Chami, M., & Primio, S. D. (2023) · Annales de Toxicologie Analytique · doi:10.1016/j.toxac.2023.09.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Significance of L-carnitine in internal medicine
Sizova, Z. M., Ших, Е. В., & Махова, А. А. (2019) · Terapevticheskii arkhiv · doi:10.26442/00403660.2019.01.000040 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Biomedical role of L-carnitine in several organ systems, cellular tissues, and COVID-19
Al-Dhuayan, I. S. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Biology · doi:10.1590/1519-6984.267633 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
López-Maldonado, A., Pastoriza, S., & Rufián‐Henares, J. Á. (2021) · Current Research in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.crfs.2021.05.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Such observations differ from a multitude of studies demonstrating beneficial effects of ALC on metabolic and cardiovascular health (Di Nicolantonio et al., 2013; Ussher et al., 2013; Serban et al., 2016; Song et al., 2017; Asadi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultEffect of intravenous l-carnitine in Chinese patients with chronic heart failure
Jing, Z., Wu, B., Peng, J., Li, X., Pan, L., Zhao, S., Li, D., Yu, Z., Gong, J., Zhao, Q., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/suw008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“L-Carnitine supplementation has given promising results in CHF, but warrants further study.(12,18) This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of LC as treatment for CHF.”
MethodThe origin of trimethylamine- N-oxide (TMAO) and its role in development of atherosclerosis
He, Z., & Chen, Z. (2018) · Journal of Food Bioactives · doi:10.31665/jfb.2018.2138 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…revealed that compared with placebo or control, oral Lcarnitine intake was associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and a 40% reduction in angina symptoms in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (DiNicolantonio et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodCorner, T. P., Tumber, A., Salah, E., Jabbary, M., Nakashima, Y., Schnaubelt, L. I., Basak, S., Alshref, F. M., Brewitz, L., & Schofield, C. J. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00586 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kohan, N. R., Nazıfı, S., Tabandeh, M. R., & Lari, M. A. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.22074/cellj.2018.5408 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“L-carnitine (L-bhydroxy-4-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid) (LC) is an amino acid derivative that plays an important role in energy production in the myocardium and is considered an essential cofactor for fatty acid β-oxidation in the heart (24, 25).”
BackgroundShingu, Y., Katoh, N., Ōoka, T., Katoh, H., & Wakasa, S. (2021) · General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11748-021-01616-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In a metaanalysis, the administration of l-carnitine was associated with a 65% reduction in arrhythmia after myocardial infarction [7].”
InfluentialOyanagi, E., Uchida, M., Miyakawa, T., Miyachi, M., Yamaguchi, H., 永見, 邦., Utsumi, K., & Yano, H. (2015) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Donisi, I., Balestrieri, A., Vecchio, V. D., Bifulco, G., Balestrieri, M. L., Campanile, G., & D’Onofrio, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17061010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Meta-analyses indicated that carnitine supplementation reduces arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, and angina-related pain, ultimately lowering the risk of myocardial infarction and mortality [47].”
Djenane, D., & Aïder, M. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.125246.2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Savic, D., Ball, V., Curtis, M. K., Fialho, M. D. L. S., Timm, K. N., Hauton, D., West, J. A., Griffin, J. L., Heather, L. C., & Tyler, D. J. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11030191 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“It has previously been shown that plasma levels of L-carnitine are reduced in both diabetes [9–11] and cardiovascular disease [12,13].”
Background
- Authors
- DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lavie, C. J., Fares, H., Menezes, A. R., & O'Keefe, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- DiNicolantonio, James J.
- Venue
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 544-551
- ISSN
- 0025-6196 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2171503971
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion
- Keywords
- L-carnitine, acute myocardial infarction, secondary prevention, all-cause mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, angina pectoris, reinfarction, heart failure, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Angina Pectoris, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Carnitine, Heart Failure, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Vitamin B Complex, Odds Ratio, Treatment Outcome, Secondary Prevention
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