Egr3, a synaptic activity regulated transcription factor that is essential for learning and memory
Open accessAbstract
Learning and memory depend upon poorly defined synaptic and intracellular modifications that occur in activated neurons. Mitogen activated protein kinase-extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK-ERK) signaling and de novo protein synthesis are essential aspects of enduring memory formation, but the precise effector molecules of MAPK-ERK signaling in neurons are not well defined. Early growth response (Egr) transcriptional regulators are examples of MAPK-ERK regulated genes and Egr1 (zif268) has been widely recognized as essential for some aspects of learning and memory. Here we show that Egr3, a transcriptional regulator closely related to Egr1, is essential for normal hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and for hippocampal and amygdala dependent learning and memory. In the absence of Egr3, the defects in learning and memory appear to be independent of Egr1 since Egr1 protein levels are not altered in amygdala, hippocampus or cortex. Moreover, unlike Egr1-deficient mice which have impairments in late phase hippocampal LTP and consolidation of some forms of long-term hippocampus- and amygdala-dependent memory, Egr3-deficient mice have profound defects in early- and late-phase hippocampal LTP, as well as short-term and long-term hippocampus- and amygdala-dependent learning and memory. Thus, Egr3 has an essential role in learning and memory processing that appears to be partly distinct from the role of Egr1.
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KDM1B is a known chromatin modifier, and EGR3 has been implicated in neurodevelopment.
“KDM1B is a known chromatin modifier, and EGR3 has been implicated in neurodevelopment.38,39”
From Exome sequencing of 457 autism families recruited online provides evidence for autism risk genes (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
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“An exception is the early growth response 3 (EGR3)-deficient mouse model, which shows enhanced circadian rhythmicity but reduced sleep [121] and impaired object recognition memory performance [122].”
BackgroundNishimura, Y., Takizawa, R., Koike, S., Kinoshita, A., Satomura, Y., Kawasaki, S., Yamasue, H., Tochigi, M., Kakiuchi, C., Sasaki, T., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.021 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“, 1999), as well as early and late-phase hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) (Li et al., 2007), suggesting that it is fundamental to short-term memory (Poirier et al.”
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Htr2a Expression Responds Rapidly to Environmental Stimuli in an Egr3-Dependent Manner
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“EGR1 and EGR3 are the most abundant EGR proteins in the brain, and their expression is up-regulated by synaptic activity in the brain [15].”
BackgroundChandrasekar, A., Aksan, B., Heuvel, F. O., Förstner, P., Sinske, D., Rehman, R., Palmer, A., Ludolph, A., Huber-Lang, M., Böckers, T., et al. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.017 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The landscape of regulatory genes in brain-wide neuronal phenotypes of a vertebrate brain
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Genetic and functional analyses of early growth response (EGR) family genes in schizophrenia
Cheng, M.-C., Chuang, Y.-A., Lu, C.-L., Chen, Y.-J., Luu, S.-U., Li, J., Hsu, S.-H., & Chen, C. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“One study reported that Egr3 knockout mice showed deficits in both early- and late-phase hippocampal LTP, which led to impaired short-term and long-term hippocampus- and amygdala-dependent learning and memory (Li et al., 2007).”
BackgroundRole for Egr1 in the Transcriptional Program Associated with Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells
Adams, K. W., Kletsov, S., Lamm, R. J., Elman, J. S., Mullenbrock, S., & Cooper, G. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170076 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Differential gene expression profiling of large and small retinal ganglion cells
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EGR3 Immediate Early Gene and the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Bipolar Disorder
Pfaffenseller, B., Kapczinski, F. P., Gallitano, A. L., & Klamt, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00015 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The EGR3 expression in neurons is regulated by synaptic activity and is mediated by MAPK-ERK signaling (O’Donovan et al., 1999; Li et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLi, H., Li, X., Smerin, S. E., Zhang, L., Jia, M., Xing, G., Su, Y. A., Wen, J., Benedek, D. M., & Ursano, R. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00164 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Moreover, Egr1-deficient mice have impairments in late phase hippocampal LTP and consolidation of some forms of amygdaladependent memory through a protein phosphatase calcineurinmediated mechanism (43, 44).”
BackgroundSequential steps underlying neuronal plasticity induced by a transient exposure to gabazine
Pegoraro, S., Broccard, F. D., Ruaro, M. E., Bianchini, D., Avossa, D., Pastore, G., Bisson, G., Altafini, C., & Torre, V. (2009) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.21998 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Marballi, K. K., Alganem, K., Brunwasser, S. J., Barkatullah, A., Meyers, K. T., Campbell, J. M., Ozols, A. B., McCullumsmith, R. E., & Gallitano, A. L. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02069-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“Keywords: spatial memory, activity-dependent plasticity, transcription factors, Morris water maze, cAMPresponse element binding protein, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, nuclear factor kappa B, early growth response-2”
BackgroundBrain Tissue Preparation, Sectioning, and Staining
Zhang, J., & Xiong, H. (2013) · Springer protocols handbooks/Springer protocols · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8794-4_1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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“In addition, Egr3 is a member of the Egr gene family, a group of synaptic activityinducible immediate early genes involved in neuroplasticity related to memory and learning (Guzowski 2002; Li et al. 2005, 2007).”
Human in vitro systems for examining synaptic function and plasticity in the brain
Lee, K., Park, T., Heppner, P. A., Schweder, P. M., Mee, E. W., Dragunow, M., & Montgomery, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00411.2019 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Winrow, C. J., Tanis, K. Q., Rigby, A. M., Taylor, R. R., Serikawa, K. A., McWhorter, M., Tokiwa, G. Y., Marton, M. J., Stone, D. J., Koblan, K. S., et al. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.083 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“For example, the transcription factor Egr1, associated with neuritogenesis and memory formation was upregulated in SCN during the middle of the active phase, but tended to be downregulated in the other areas at this time point (Li et al., 2007; Ravni et al., 2008).”
BackgroundKhan, Z. U., Carretero‐Rey, M., de León-López, C. A. M., & Navarro‐Lobato, I. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05203-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…and memory processes [11, 12] Egr3 EGR Regulates gene expression to facilitate neuronal plasticity, memory formation, and immune system regulation [13, 14] FosB Fos Regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, and is involved in neuronal plasticity, memory formation, and…”
Transposons contribute to the acquisition of cell type-specific cis-elements in the brain
Sekine, K., Onoguchi, M., & Hamada, M. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04989-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“We con fi rmed that speci fi c transcription factors of the candidates that regulate neural differentiation and/or neuronal activity are highly expressed in each cell population 7,8,37 – 40 (Fig.”
Grønli, J., Clegern, W. C., Schmidt, M. A., Nemri, R. S., Rempe, M. J., Gallitano, A. L., & Wisor, J. P. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.6324 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
TSPYL2 Regulates the Expression of EZH2 Target Genes in Neurons
Liu, H., Peng, L., So, J., Tsang, K.-H., Chong, C. H., Mak, P., Chan, K.-M., & Chan, S. Y. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1238-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“Not completely consistent with Egr1, the role of Egr3 in learning and memory processing has also been revealed [33].”
BackgroundNie, F., Zhang, Q., Ma, J., Wang, P., Gu, R., Han, J., & Zhang, R. (2020) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15225 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Li et al. showed that Egr3−/− mice displayed defects in both hippocampal LTP and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory (Li et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKhan, M. N., Cherukuri, P., Negro, F., Rajput, A., Fabrowski, P., Bansal, V., Lancelin, C., Lee, T.-I., Bian, Y., Mayer, W. P., et al. (2022) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001923 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Egr3 mice [56] were a gift from Warren G.”
MethodAid‐Pavlidis, T., Pavlidis, P., & Timmusk, T. (2009) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-420 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“EGR3 is essential for short-term memory formation [77] and EGR2 is necessary for Schwann cell differentiation SOX5 0.”
BackgroundShin, H., Kwon, S., Song, H., & Lim, H. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094708 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“These studies showed that Egr3 plays important roles in the formation of muscle spindles, learning and memory, and target tissue innervation and dendrite morphogenesis in sympathetic neurons [3,4,9,28].”
BackgroundEgr2 contributes to age-dependent vulnerability to sevoflurane-induced cognitive deficits in mice
Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Fang, M., Zhang, P., Zhou, Y., Yu, X., Zhang, X., & Chen, G. (2022) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-022-00915-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Comparison of Gene Expression Profile in Embryonic Mesencephalon and Neuronal Primary Cultures
Greco, D., Volpicelli, F., Lieto, A. D., Leo, D., Perrone‐Capano, C., Auvinen, P., & di Porzio, U. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004977 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“myelination in the peripheral nervous system [39], and defects in learning and memory [40,41].”
Turner, K. J., Hawkins, T. A., Henriques, P. M., Valdivia, L. E., Bianco, I. H., Wilson, S. W., & Folgueira, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2022.840924 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
AAV-based delivery of RNAi targeting ataxin-2 improves survival and pathology in TDP-43 mice
Amado, D. A., Robbins, A. B., Whiteman, K. R., Smith, A. R., Chillon, G., Chen, Y., Fuller, J. A. K., Patty, N. A., Izda, A., Cheng, C., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60497-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“S3B), and rescue of immediate early gene transcription factor early growth response 3 ( Egr3 ) expression, which is also down-regulated in motor neurons in sporadic ALS 47,48 and is a key regulator of neuronal activity-dependent transcription and DNA damage response genespathways 49,50 .”
An Aplysia Egr homolog is rapidly and persistently regulated by long-term sensitization training
Cyriac, A., Holmes, G., Lass, J., Belchenko, D. D., Calin-Jageman, R. J., & Calin‐Jageman, I. E. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.03.008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Early Phase of Plasticity-Related Gene Regulation and SRF Dependent Transcription in the Hippocampus
Iacono, G. L., Altafini, C., & Torre, V. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068078 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“transmission [82][85][86][87]”
Decreased Lamin B1 Levels Affect Gene Positioning and Expression in Postmitotic Neurons
Noguchi, A., Ito, K., Uosaki, Y., Ideta-Otsuka, M., Igarashi, K., Nakashima, H., Kakizaki, T., Kaneda, R., Uosaki, H., Yanagawa, Y., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2021.05.011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Plasticity-Related Gene Expression During Eszopiclone-Induced Sleep
Gerashchenko, D., Pasumarthi, R. K., & Kilduff, T. S. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx098 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yang, M., Pan, Z., Huang, K., Büsche, G., Feuerhake, F., Chaturvedi, A., Nie, D., Heuser, M., Thol, F. R., Neuhoff, N. V., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18027 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Of note, EGR3 plays an important role in neuronal functions [49, 50], muscle stretch receptor function, angiogenesis [51], and immunity (e.”
BackgroundBehavior Training Reverses Asymmetry in Hippocampal Transcriptome of the Cav3.2 Knockout Mice
Chung, N.-C., Huang, Y.-H., Chang, C.-H., Liao, J. C., Chih-Hsien, Y., Chen, C., & Liu, I. Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118832 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Meyers, K. T., Damphousse, C. C., Ozols, A. B., Campbell, J. M., Newbern, J. M., Hu, C., Marrone, D. F., & Gallitano, A. L. (2023) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.04.022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lodha, J., Brocato, E. R., Nash, M., Marcus, M. M., Pais, A. C., Pais, A. B., Miles, M. F., & Wolstenholme, J. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1287584 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Involvement of brain cell phenotypes in stress-vulnerability and resilience
Favoretto, C. A., Pagliusi, M., & Morais‐Silva, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1175514 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The first is a transcription factor expressed in response to neuronal activation, being downstream of major intracellular cascades associated with neuronal plasticity (Li et al., 2007; Chandra and Lobo, 2017).”
BackgroundBorland, J. M. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105809 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Egr3 is a transcription factor that promotes neuronal plasticity, such as dendritic complexity (Li et al., 2007; Francis et al., 2017), SIRT1 regulates the expression of genes via histone deacetylation (Vaquero et al., 2007), Shisa6 regulates AMPAR trafficking at the post-synapse (Klaassen et al.,…”
Roura, S. (2013) · Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2157-7633.1000140 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“[15] described Egr-3 as the precise effector molecule of MAPKERK signaling involved in enduring memory formation in activated neurons.”
BackgroundWu, H. Q., Suo, G., Li, T., Zheng, Y., Li, H., Shen, F., Wang, Y., Ni, H., & Wu, Y. (2022) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-022-01270-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Aberrant expression of EGR3 has been shown to impair synaptic activity [18, 19], dendrite morphogenesis [20], and volume and fiber bundle connections in the hippocampus [21], thus associated with the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia [21] and seizures [22, 23].”
BackgroundBroccard, F. D., Pegoraro, S., Ruaro, M. E., Altafini, C., & Torre, V. (2009) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-13 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“We analyzed with real-time PCR the effect of the ERK1/2 inhibitors on some of the LTP-related genes, up-regulated in our microarray screening: Egr1 [13],Egr2 [16],Egr3 [17],Nr4a1 [18],Bdnf [11],Homer1a [14] and Arc [12].”
MethodA family-based association study of the EGR3 gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia
Qi-lan, N. I. N. G., Xu-Dong, M. A., Li-Zi, J. I. A. O., Niu, X., Li, J., Wang, B., Zhang, H., & Ma, J. (2012) · Hereditas (Beijing) · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.00307 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“在显著性关联。 从功能上讲, EGR3 基因是EGR (Early growth response)基因家族成员之一, 该家族成员编码与神 经元应答有关的早期基因转录因子([14])。EGR3 在涉 及学习和记忆活动过程中的短时程记忆和长时程记 忆中发挥着必不可少的作用, 同时, 也调节个体对 于压力和变化的适应([23])。研究发现EGR3 还与精神 分裂症的其他风险因素之间存在相互作用。例如 , EGR3能在钙调磷酸酶(Calcineurin, CN)介导下活化, 而CN是一种Ca与钙调蛋白依赖性的磷酸酶, 参与 多种胞内反应过程和Ca依赖的信号传导途径([24])。近 年来, 随着越来越多实验证据的支持, 谷氨酸能神”
BackgroundUpadhya, S. C., Smith, T. K., Brennan, P., Mychaleckyj, J. C., & Hegde, A. N. (2011) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.08.009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Egr2 and Egr3, although less well studied compared to Egr1, are also known to have a role in plasticity (DeSteno and Schmauss, 2008; Li et al., 2007b).”
BackgroundYildirim, F., Foddis, M., Blumenau, S., Müller, S., Bentele, K., Holtgrewe, M., Kola, V., Beule, D., & Sassi, C. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.03.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
EGR3 regulates opioid-related nociception and motivation in male rats
Mitra, S., Thomas, S. A., Martin, J. A., Williams, J. B., Woodhouse, K. L., Chandra, R., Li, J., Lobo, M. K., Sim, F. J., & Dietz, D. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06226-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bristot, G., Feiten, J. G., Pfaffenseller, B., Hizo, G. H., Possebon, G. M. P., Valiati, F. E., Pinto, J. V., Caldieraro, M. A., Fleck, M. P. D. A., Gama, C. S., et al. (2024) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2023-0749 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The role and molecular mechanisms of the early growth response 3 gene in schizophrenia
He, Q., Li, R., Zhong, N., Ma, J., Nie, F., & Zhang, R. (2024) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32969 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Additionally, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory defects were also observed in the Egr3 (cid:2) / (cid:2) mice (Li et al., 2007).”
BackgroundExpression of Egr3 in mouse gonads and its localization and function in oocytes
Shin, H., Seol, D., Nam, M., Song, H., Lee, D. R., & Lim, H. J. (2016) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.16.0798 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Egr3 is implicated in neurodevelopment, 60 learning and memory, immune response, and fibrogenic response [5-8], and this list shows functional 61 diversity of this factor.”
Elevation of somatic Ca2+ upregulates genes Nr4a1 and Egr2, but not Bdnf and Arc
Pinato, G., Pegoraro, S., Visentini, M., Ruaro, M. E., & Torre, V. (2009) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832c619b · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Refining the nuclear localization signal within the Egr transcriptional coregulator NAB2
LaVallee, J., Grant, T., D'Angelo‐Early, S., Kletsov, S., Berry, N. A., Abt, K. M., Bloch, C. P., Muscedere, M. L., & Adams, K. W. (2018) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13288 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Modulation of apoptosis controls inhibitory interneuron number in the cortex”Preprint
Denaxa, M., Neves, G., Rabinowitz, A., Kemlo, S., Liodis, P., Burrone, J., & Pachnis, V. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/134916 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Overabundant endocannabinoids in neurons are detrimental to cognitive functionPreprint
Zhu, D., Zhang, J., Ma, X., Hu, M., Gao, F., Hashem, J., Lyu, J., Wei, J., Cui, Y., Qiu, S., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613513 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rewiring the bone marrow: Evolution and the transcriptional architecture of trained immunity
Sun, S. J., Aguirre‐Gamboa, R., & Barreiro, L. B. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.107551 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Finally, EGR3 regulates both neuronal development and T-cell activation; although rare, LOF mutations are linked to immune dysfunction and neurodevelopmental phenotypes ( Li et al., 2007 ).”
Learning and synaptic plasticity in 3D bioengineered neural tissues
Rouleau, N., Cairns, D. M., Rusk, W., Levin, M. G., & Kaplan, D. L. (2021) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135799 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hadžiselimović, F., Gegenschatz‐Schmid, K., Verkauskas, G., Demougin, P., Bilius, V., Dasevičius, D., & Stadler, M. B. (2017) · Cytogenetic and Genome Research · doi:10.1159/000477522 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The EGR3 gene plays essential roles in learning and memory processing, which appear to be partly distinct from the actions of EGR1 [Li et al., 2007].”
Background
- Authors
- Li, L., Yun, S. H., Keblesh, J., Trommer, B. L., Xiong, H., Radulovic, J., & Tourtellotte, W. G.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tourtellotte, Warren G.
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-88
- ISSN
- 1044-7431 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2683345
- OpenAlex
- W2080270890
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NS040748, NS046468)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- EGR3, EGR1, Zif268, transcription factors, synaptic activity, learning and memory, long-term potentiation, hippocampus, amygdala, ERK signaling, de novo protein synthesis, memory consolidation
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Conditioning, Psychological, Discrimination Learning, Female, Hippocampus, Male, Memory, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mice, Mutant Strains, Neuronal Plasticity, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Transcription, Genetic, Long-Term Potentiation, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Dendritic Spines, Mice, Early Growth Response Protein 3
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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