Auditory hallucinations: Expectation–perception model

Nazimek, J.M.; Hunter, M.D.; Woodruff, P.W.R.

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.014

Cited by 41Hallucinations in medical conditionsSchizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and Psychiatry

Auditory hallucinations: Expectation–perception model

Nazimek, J.M., Hunter, M.D., Woodruff, P.W.R.·2012·Medical Hypotheses

DOI 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.014

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Abstract

In this paper, we aimed to present a hypothesis that would explain the mechanism of auditory hallucinations, one of the main symptoms of schizophrenia. We propose that auditory hallucinations arise from abnormalities in the predictive coding which underlies normal perception, specifically, from the absence or attenuation of prediction error. The suggested deficiencies in processing prediction error could arise from (1) abnormal modulation of thalamus by prefrontal cortex, (2) absence or impaired transmission of external input, (3) dysfunction of the auditory and association cortex, (4) neurotransmitter dysfunction and abnormal connectivity, and (5) hyperactivity activity in auditory cortex and broad prior probability. If there is no prediction error, the initially vague prior probability develops into an explicit percept in the absence of external input, as a result of a recursive pathological exchange between auditory and prefrontal cortex. Unlike existing explanations of auditory hallucinations, we propose concrete mechanisms which underlie the imbalance between perceptual expectation and external input. Impaired processing of prediction error is reflected in reduced mismatch negativity and increased tendency to report non-existing meaningful language stimuli in white noise, shown by those suffering from auditory hallucinations. We believe that the expectation-perception model of auditory hallucinations offers a comprehensive explanation of the underpinnings of auditory hallucinations in both patients and those not diagnosed with mental illness. Therefore, our hypothesis has the potential to fill the gaps in the existing knowledge about this distressing phenomenon and contribute to improved effectiveness of treatments, targeting specific mechanisms.

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One possibility is that hallucinations result from an overly strong effect of top-down predictive signals on neural activity in sensory cortices.
“One possibility is that hallucinations result from an overly strong effect of top-down predictive signals on neural activity in sensory cortices.133,134”
From Are hallucinations due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory influences on the brain? (2016) · cites this paper as [134]

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“suggested that AVHs arise from attenuated prediction error processing (Nazimek et al., 2012).”
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Authors: Nazimek, J. M., Hunter, M. D., & Woodruff, P. W. R.
Affiliations: University of Sheffield (GB)
Corresponding author: Nazimek, J.M.
ORCID: Hunter, M.D.
Woodruff, P.W.R.
Venue: Medical Hypotheses
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-06
Volume: 78
Issue: 6
Pages: 802-810
ISSN: 0306-9877 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.03.014
OpenAlex: W2059263907
Cited by: 41
References: 100
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 1.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Medical Hypotheses (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Sheffield
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords: auditory hallucinations, schizophrenia, predictive coding, prediction error, prefrontal cortex, auditory cortex, mismatch negativity, prior probability, neurotransmitter dysfunction, neuronal connectivity, hallucination treatment
MeSH terms: Auditory Diseases, Central, Hallucinations, Humans, Models, Biological, Thalamus, Prefrontal Cortex, Neurotransmitter Agents

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Auditory hallucinations: Expectation–perception model

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