Circuits regulating pleasure and happiness in major depression
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The introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has gradually changed the borders of the major depression disease class. Anhedonia was considered a cardinal symptom of endogenous depression, but the potential of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to treat anxiety disorders has increased the relevance of stress-induced morbidity. This shift has led to an important heterogeneity of current major depressive disorder. The complexity can be disentangled by postulating the existence of two different but mutually interacting neuronal circuits regulating the intensity of anhedonia (lack of pleasure) and dysphoria (lack of happiness). These circuits are functionally dominated by partly closed limbic (regulating misery-fleeing behaviour) and extrapyramidal (regulating reward-seeking behaviour) cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits. The re-entry circuits include the shell and core parts of the accumbens nucleus, respectively. Pleasure can be considered to result from finding relief from the hypermotivation to exhibit rewarding behaviour, and happiness from finding relief from negative or conflicting circumstances. Hyperactivity of the extrapyramidal CSTC circuit results in craving, whereas hyperactivity of the limbic system results in dysphoria.
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Depression and anxiety are associated with both a lack of motivation and impaired concentration, making such users a particular challenge to engage.
“This is especially important for DMHIs designed to address depression and anxiety since these conditions are associated with both a lack of motivation (84) and impaired concentration (85), making such users a particular challenge to engage.”
From What Works and What Doesn’t Work? A Systematic Review of Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Young People (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
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LOONEN, A. J. M., & Ivanova, S. А. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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The putative role of the habenula in animal migration
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Terug naar de basis: een andere focus bij neuro-psycho-biologisch onderzoek
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(2023) · Al-Maǧallaẗ Al-Dawliyyaẗ Lil Buḥūṯ wa Al-Dirāsāt fi Al-Tarbiyyaẗ Al-H̲āṣaẗ · doi:10.21608/adba.2023.324391
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Cross-species dissection of the modular role of the ventral tegmental area in depressive disorders
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- Authors
- Loonen, A. J. M., & Ivanova, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Loonen, A.J.M.
- ORCID
- Loonen, A.J.M.
- Venue
- Medical Hypotheses
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 14-21
- ISSN
- 0306-9877 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2234540276
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medical Hypotheses (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, anhedonia, dysphoria, pleasure, happiness, neural circuits, cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit, limbic system, extrapyramidal system, nucleus accumbens, reward-seeking behavior, craving, stress-induced depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, depression heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Major Depressive Disorder, Extrapyramidal Tracts, Happiness, Humans, Limbic System, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Neural Pathways, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Pleasure
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