Dissecting components of reward: ‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning
Open accessAbstract
In recent years significant progress has been made delineating the psychological components of reward and their underlying neural mechanisms. Here we briefly highlight findings on three dissociable psychological components of reward: 'liking' (hedonic impact), 'wanting' (incentive salience), and learning (predictive associations and cognitions). A better understanding of the components of reward, and their neurobiological substrates, may help in devising improved treatments for disorders of mood and motivation, ranging from depression to eating disorders, drug addiction, and related compulsive pursuits of rewards.
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Increasing incentive sensitization, as a result of conditioning processes, may associate with attentional bias and cue-reactivity in later stages of addiction processes.
“Increasing incentive sensitization, as a result of conditioning processes (Berridge et al., 2009), may associate with attentional bias and cue-reactivity in later stages of addiction processes.”
From The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors (2019) · cites this paper as Berridge et al., 2009
In the Introduction (‘Wanting’; page unavailable), the paper says conditioned reward cues acquire incentive salience and can trigger ‘wanting.’ But its Neurobiological substrates for ‘wanting’ section describes neural sensitization as arising from drugs of abuse, not conditioning processes. The cited passage therefore supports the role of conditioning in cue-related motivation, but not the claim that conditioning increases incentive sensitization. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe importance of conditioning in the development of addictive behaviors has been suggested theoretically, for example within the incentive sensitization theory, and has been demonstrated empirically in substance addictions.
“The importance of conditioning in the development of addictive behaviors has been suggested theoretically, for example within the incentive sensitization theory (Berridge et al., 2009;Robinson and Berridge, 1993, 2001, 2008), and has been demonstrated empirically in substance addictions (Duka et al., 2011;Hogarth et al., 2010Hogarth et al., , 2006;;Loeber and Duka, 2009), for example using the Pav”
From Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model (2016) · cites this paper as Berridge et al., 2009
Reward has wanting and liking components that apply to social signals.
“There are two components of reward –‘wanting’ and ‘liking’ [10], see Glossary– both of which apply to social signals.”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
Subcortical structures are most involved in generating reward utilities but require cortical involvement for conscious hedonic representations.
“Subcortical structures are most involved in the generation of reward utilities, but require cortical involvement for conscious hedonic representations [10].”
From The social motivation theory of autism (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
Engagement of reward circuitry in social deficit may enhance the rewarding value of social contact, similar to how food deprivation enhances the rewarding properties of food.
“Engagement of reward circuitry in situations of social deficit may enhance the rewarding value of social contact—potentially similar to how food deprivation enhances the rewarding properties of food219–222.”
From Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis (2019) · cites this paper as [220]
Under particular circumstances such as drug addiction, 'liking' and 'wanting' can be dissociated, where 'wanting' may even occur despite the fact that the user might not subjectively enjoy the reward itself.
“However, under particular circumstances such as drug addiction, ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ can be dissociated, where ‘wanting’ may even occur despite the fact that the user might not subjectively enjoy the reward itself (Berridge & Robinson, 2003; Berridge, Robinson, & Aldridge, 2009).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Berridge, Robinson, & Aldridge, 2009
Given that there are diverse neurological correlates underpinning the pleasure cycle, it may be that there are multiple biological pathways underpinning social anhedonia, which can account for its presentation in multiple disorders of distinct etiological mechanisms.
“Given that there are diverse neurological correlates underpinning the pleasure cycle (152), it may be that there are multiple biological pathways underpinning social anhedonia, which can account for its presentation in multiple disorders of distinct etiological mechanisms.”
From A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia (2019) · cites this paper as [152]
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer effects are largely dependent on the VS.
“These effects also appear to be largely dependent on the VS [43–45].”
From Contributions of the striatum to learning, motivation, and performance: an associative account (2012) · cites this paper as [43]
Behavioral expressions of liking are unaffected by amphetamine injection into the Nacc.
“behavioral expressions of liking are unaffected by amphetamine injection into the Nacc [43,44].”
From Contributions of the striatum to learning, motivation, and performance: an associative account (2012) · cites this paper as [43]
Another feature of an incentive stimulus is to be 'wanted' and as such animals should work to obtain it.
“Another feature of an incentive stimulus is to be “wanted” and as such animals should work to obtain it10,16.”
From A selective role for dopamine in stimulus-reward learning (2011) · cites this paper as [10]
The ventral striatum signals the anticipatory drive for a motivational incentive, while the medial prefrontal cortex encodes and acts upon reward values.
“While the ventral striatum signals the anticipatory drive for a motivational incentive, the medial prefrontal cortex encodes and acts upon reward values (Berridge et al., 2009).”
From Differentiating neural reward responsiveness in autism versus ADHD (2014) · cites this paper as Berridge et al., 2009
Rewards that are 'liked' are typically also 'wanted'.
“Typically, rewards that are ‘liked’ are also ‘wanted’.”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [7]
Reward processing can be subdivided into two successive phases, with an appetitive anticipation or 'wanting' period usually preceding a reward consumption or 'liking' response.
“On a temporal dimension, the processing of reward can be subdivided into two successive phases, with an appetitive anticipation or ‘wanting’ period usually preceding a reward consumption or ‘liking’ response (Figure 1).”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [7]
Reward 'liking' usually triggers and directs reward 'wanting' so that the extent to which a reward is wanted typically depends on the degree to which it has been liked.
“More specifically, reward ‘liking’ usually triggers and directs reward ‘wanting’ so that the extent to which a reward is wanted typically depends on the degree to which it has been liked [7].”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berridge, Kent C
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-73
- ISSN
- 1471-4892 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2756052
- OpenAlex
- W2149514160
- Cited by
- 1,942
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 276 · 2019: 201 · 2018: 122 · 2017: 123 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 128 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 88 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- reward, liking, want, incentive salience, reward learning, motivation, mood disorders, depression, eating disorders, drug addiction, compulsive behavior
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Emotions, Humans, Learning, Motivation, Reward, Behavior, Addictive
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