The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diversity, classification and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems
Open accessAbstract
The bacterial and archaeal CRISPR-Cas systems of adaptive immunity show remarkable diversity of protein composition, effector complex structure, genome locus architecture and mechanisms of adaptation, pre-CRISPR (cr)RNA processing and interference. The CRISPR-Cas systems belong to two classes, with multi-subunit effector complexes in Class 1 and single-protein effector modules in Class 2. Concerted genomic and experimental efforts on comprehensive characterization of Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems led to the identification of two new types and several subtypes. The newly characterized type VI systems are the first among the CRISPR-Cas variants to exclusively target RNA. Unexpectedly, in some of the class 2 systems, the effector protein is additionally responsible for the pre-crRNA processing. Comparative analysis of the effector complexes indicates that Class 2 systems evolved from mobile genetic elements on multiple, independent occasions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, organisms possessing CRISPR-Cas systems can identify and degrade foreign DNA.”
From Characterization of Limnospira platensis PCC 9108 R-M and CRISPR-Cas systems (2024) · cites this paper as Koonin et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The main difference between the classes is that the effector module of Class 1 systems is represented by a complex of several proteins, while in Class 2 it is a single multidomain protein (Cas9, Cas12, or Cas13) [26-28].”
From CRISPR–Cas9: A History of Its Discovery and Ethical Considerations of Its Use in Genome Editing (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“CRISPR-Cas (that stand for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins) is an adaptive immunity system that confers immune memory stored in the form of spacer sequences derived from foreign DNA inserted into the leaderrepeat junction (Garrett et al., 2011; Koonin et al., 2017).”
From Characterization of Limnospira platensis PCC 9108 R-M and CRISPR-Cas systems (2024) · cites this paper as Koonin et al., 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity
Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225829 · Cited by 17,116
Cpf1 Is a Single RNA-Guided Endonuclease of a Class 2 CRISPR-Cas System
Zetsche, B., Gootenberg, J. S., Abudayyeh, O. O., Slaymaker, I. M., Makarova, K. S., Essletzbichler, P., Volz, S. E., Joung, J., van der Oost, J., Regev, A., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.038 · Cited by 4,761
Self-citationGasiunas, G., Barrangou, R., Horvath, P., & Siksnys, V. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208507109 · Cited by 2,769
An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems
Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I., Alkhnbashi, O. S., Costa, F., Shah, S. A., Saunders, S. J., Barrangou, R., Brouns, S. J. J., Charpentier, E., Haft, D. H., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro3569 · Cited by 2,480
Self-citationC2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector
Abudayyeh, O. O., Gootenberg, J. S., Konermann, S., Joung, J., Slaymaker, I. M., Cox, D. B. T., Shmakov, S., Makarova, K. S., Semenova, E., Minakhin, L., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf5573 · Cited by 2,336
Self-citationEvolution and classification of the CRISPR–Cas systems
Makarova, K. S., Haft, D. H., Barrangou, R., Brouns, S. J. J., Charpentier, E., Horvath, P., Moineau, S., Mojica, F. J. M., Wolf, Y. I., Yakunin, A. F., et al. (2011) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2577 · Cited by 2,331
Self-citationCrystal structure of Cas9 in complex with guide RNA and target DNA
Nishimasu, H., Ran, F. A., Hsu, P. D., Konermann, S., Shehata, S. I., Dohmae, N., Ishitani, R., Zhang, F., & Nureki, O. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.001 · Cited by 2,306
Self-citationTwo distinct RNase activities of CRISPR-C2c2 enable guide-RNA processing and RNA detection
East-Seletsky, A., O’Connell, M. R., Knight, S. C., Burstein, D., Cate, J. H. D., Tjian, R., & Doudna, J. A. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19802 · Cited by 1,236
Structures of Cas9 endonucleases reveal RNA-mediated conformational activation
Jinek, M., Jiang, F., Taylor, D. W., Sternberg, S. H., Kaya, E., Ma, E., Anders, C., Hauer, M., Zhou, K., Lin, S., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1247997 · Cited by 1,230
Discovery and Functional Characterization of Diverse Class 2 CRISPR-Cas Systems
Shmakov, S., Abudayyeh, O. O., Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I., Gootenberg, J. S., Semenova, E., Minakhin, L., Joung, J., Konermann, S., Severinov, K., et al. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.10.008 · Cited by 1,209
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity
Chen, J. S., Ma, E., Harrington, L. B., Da Costa, M., Tian, X., Palefsky, J. M., & Doudna, J. A. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar6245 · Cited by 4,507
Evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants
Makarova, K. S., Wolf, Y. I., Iranzo, J., Shmakov, S. A., Alkhnbashi, O. S., Brouns, S. J. J., Charpentier, E., Cheng, D., Haft, D. H., Horvath, P., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-019-0299-x · Cited by 2,445
Self-citationGenome editing with CRISPR–Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases and prime editors
Anzalone, A. V., Koblan, L. W., & Liu, D. R. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0561-9 · Cited by 2,237
The CRISPR tool kit for genome editing and beyond
Adli, M. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04252-2 · Cited by 1,545
Couvin, D., Bernheim, A. G., Toffano‐Nioche, C., Touchon, M., Michálik, J., Néron, B., Rocha, E. P. C., Vergnaud, G., Gautheret, D., & Pourcel, C. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky425 · Cited by 1,582
Metadata
- Authors
- Koonin, E. V., Makarova, K. S., & Zhang, F.
- Affiliations
- United States National Library of Medicine (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Koonin, Eugene V
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 37
- Pages
- 67-78
- ISSN
- 1369-5274 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5776717
- OpenAlex
- W2623277795
- Cited by
- 1,423
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 157 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 184 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 178 · 2019: 206 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 33
- FWCI
- 13.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. National Library of Medicine (Z01LM000073)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- CRISPR-Cas, adaptive immunity, mobile genetic elements, CRISPR adaptation, comparative genomics
- MeSH terms
- Archaea, Bacteria, Genetic Variation, Evolution, Molecular, CRISPR-Cas Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
