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Diversity, classification and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems
Open accessAbstract
The bacterial and archaeal CRISPR-Cas systems of adaptive immunity show remarkable diversity of protein composition, effector complex structure, genome locus architecture and mechanisms of adaptation, pre-CRISPR (cr)RNA processing and interference. The CRISPR-Cas systems belong to two classes, with multi-subunit effector complexes in Class 1 and single-protein effector modules in Class 2. Concerted genomic and experimental efforts on comprehensive characterization of Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems led to the identification of two new types and several subtypes. The newly characterized type VI systems are the first among the CRISPR-Cas variants to exclusively target RNA. Unexpectedly, in some of the class 2 systems, the effector protein is additionally responsible for the pre-crRNA processing. Comparative analysis of the effector complexes indicates that Class 2 systems evolved from mobile genetic elements on multiple, independent occasions.
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“The main difference between the classes is that the effector module of Class 1 systems is represented by a complex of several proteins, while in Class 2 it is a single multidomain protein (Cas9, Cas12, or Cas13) [26-28].”
From CRISPR–Cas9: A History of Its Discovery and Ethical Considerations of Its Use in Genome Editing (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
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“Therefore, organisms possessing CRISPR-Cas systems can identify and degrade foreign DNA.”
From Characterization of Limnospira platensis PCC 9108 R-M and CRISPR-Cas systems (2024) · cites this paper as Koonin et al., 2017
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“CRISPR-Cas (that stand for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins) is an adaptive immunity system that confers immune memory stored in the form of spacer sequences derived from foreign DNA inserted into the leaderrepeat junction (Garrett et al., 2011; Koonin et al., 2017).”
From Characterization of Limnospira platensis PCC 9108 R-M and CRISPR-Cas systems (2024) · cites this paper as Koonin et al., 2017
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Metadata
- Authors
- Koonin, E. V., Makarova, K. S., & Zhang, F.
- Affiliations
- United States National Library of Medicine (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Koonin, Eugene V
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 37
- Pages
- 67-78
- ISSN
- 1369-5274 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5776717
- OpenAlex
- W2623277795
- Cited by
- 1,423
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 157 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 184 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 178 · 2019: 206 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 33
- FWCI
- 13.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. National Library of Medicine (Z01LM000073)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Keywords
- CRISPR-Cas, adaptive immunity, mobile genetic elements, CRISPR adaptation, comparative genomics
- MeSH terms
- Archaea, Bacteria, Genetic Variation, Evolution, Molecular, CRISPR-Cas Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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