Quantitative susceptibility mapping: current status and future directions
Abstract
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a new technique for quantifying magnetic susceptibility. It has already found various applications in quantifying in vivo iron content, calcifications and changes in venous oxygen saturation. The accuracy of susceptibility mapping is dependent on several factors. In this review, we evaluate the entire process of QSM from data acquisition to individual data processing steps. We also show preliminary results of several new concepts introduced in this review in an attempt to improve the quality and accuracy for certain steps. The uncertainties in estimating susceptibility differences using susceptibility maps, phase images, and T2* maps are analyzed and compared. Finally, example clinical applications are presented. We conclude that QSM holds great promise in quantifying iron and becoming a standard clinical tool.
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QSM has shown sensitivity to plaque-related iron accumulation and associated tissue changes.
“Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), which measures magnetic susceptibility, has shown sensitivity to plaque‐related iron accumulation and associated tissue changes.”
From Diffusion MRI reveals amyloid plaque–associated cellular signatures through spatial transcriptomic integration (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Haacke, E. M., Liu, S., Buch, S., Zheng, W., Wu, D., & Ye, Y.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- McMaster University (CA)
- East China Normal University (CN)
- Venue
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-25
- ISSN
- 0730-725X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2008602421
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 20
- FWCI
- 5.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (99472)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center
- Medical Research and Materiel Command (W81XWH-12-1-0522)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › NMR spectroscopy and applications
- Keywords
- quantitative susceptibility mapping, calcification quantification, venous oxygen saturation, phase images, clinical application
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Diagnostic Imaging, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Oxygen, Reproducibility of Results, Artifacts, Anisotropy, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Mice, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Magnetic Fields
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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