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The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies
Open accessAbstract
Social cognition is the collection of cognitive processes required to understand and interact with others. The term ‘social brain’ refers to the network of brain regions that underlies these processes. Recent evidence suggests that a number of social cognitive functions continue to develop during adolescence, resulting in age differences in tasks that assess cognitive domains including face processing, mental state inference and responding to peer influence and social evaluation. Concurrently, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show differences between adolescent and adult groups within parts of the social brain. Understanding the relationship between these neural and behavioural observations is a challenge. This review discusses current research findings on adolescent social cognitive development and its functional MRI correlates, then integrates and interprets these findings in the context of hypothesised developmental neurocognitive and neurophysiological mechanisms.
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes fMRI and behavioural evidence that social cognition and the social brain continue to develop through adolescence, with age differences in face processing, mentalising, peer influence, and social evaluation/rejection. It integrates these findings with structural MRI and theoretical models, while highlighting unresolved questions about structure–function mechanisms and bidirectional development.
Key findings
- Face processing: right FFA face-selective activation expands with age (adult > child; adolescent intermediate in Golarai et al., N=23 children, 10 adolescents, 17 adults), correlated with improved facial identity recognition memory; Scherf et al. found FFA/STS increases from childhood to adolescence but no further specificity changes to adulthood, and Peelen et al. found no age-related increase in fusiform body area, suggesting a double dissociation.
- Mentalising: activity in anterior rostral MPFC during mentalising relative to control correlates negatively with age from adolescence to adulthood, with some posterior/temporal components showing opposite patterns; Dumontheil et al. found continuing development in late adolescence (between age 17 and early adulthood) on visual-perspective mentalising trials.
- Peer influence and social evaluation: adolescents took many more risks in a driving simulation when with peers than alone, whereas adults did not differ and youths were intermediate (Gardner & Steinberg); resistance to peer influence increased linearly between 14 and 18 years in >3600 participants aged 10–23+ (Steinberg & Monahan); Cyberball studies showed reduced positive mood and heightened anxiety after exclusion in adolescents vs adults, and adults activated VLPFC more during exclusion/rejection while adolescents showed the reverse or no discrimination.
- Structural/theoretical: cortical grey matter decreases region-specifically and often non-linearly across adolescence, while white matter volume/density increases; models (SIPN, Triadic, Developmental Mismatch) propose heterochronous limbic/PFC maturation, but direct developmental evidence linking microstructural neuronal properties to BOLD signal is lacking.
Methods
- Narrative review, not a primary empirical study; synthesizes developmental fMRI, behavioural, and structural MRI findings on adolescent social cognition.
- Covers face processing, mentalising, peer influence, and social evaluation/rejection, citing cross-sectional child/adolescent/adult studies (e.g., Golarai et al. N=23 children, 10 adolescents, 17 adults; Thomas et al. N=31 children, 23 adolescents, 48 adults; Steinberg & Monahan >3600 aged 10–23+).
- Main analysis is qualitative integration of findings with theoretical models (Interactive Specialisation, SIPN, Triadic, Developmental Mismatch); no meta-analysis or new data are reported.
Limitations
- Stated: the experimental picture is incomplete; suitable mentalising paradigms beyond early childhood are lacking; developmental fMRI of facial emotion processing is challenging to interpret; no direct developmental evidence links microstructural neuronal properties (e.g., synapse density, myelination) to BOLD signal; new behavioural measures of emotional self-regulation are needed; the hypothesis that females are more sensitive to social evaluation remains untested.
- Stated: regional grey and white matter development in specific social brain components has not been systematically characterised, and trajectories of adolescent white matter in specific social-brain tracts have yet to be delineated.
- Evident: as a narrative review, the literature coverage is described as “not exhaustive,” and no systematic search or quality appraisal is reported; causal links between brain development, fMRI activity, and behaviour remain speculative and potentially bidirectional.
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Claims the paper makes
61 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given
In the paper
“The 10-year-olds made more errors than did adults on the identity task in which head orientation varied.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mondloch et al. (2003) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In view of these early preferences, it has come as a surprise that specialised face processing mechanisms, at both the behavioural level and the neural level, continue to develop throughout the first and even the second decade of life (Carey et al., 1980; Durand et al., 2007; Mondloch et al., 2003).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Concurrently, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show differences between adolescent and adult groups within parts of the social brain.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
In the paper
“Adolescents showed greater activity than did adults within the right amygdala, ACC and OFC bilaterally during passive viewing of fearful relative to neutral faces”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Monk et al., 2003 source
plaincorrelationaln = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A substantial functional neuroimaging literature indicates that mentalising in adults recruits a circumscribed set of brain regions, comprising the ATC, pSTS, TPJ and anterior rostral portion of MPFC (Frith and Frith, 2003).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.2. Mentalising
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frith and Frith, 2003 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the evidence reviewed above suggests continuing development across adolescence in the neural correlates of social cognitive processes including face processing, mentalising, peer influence and the emotional response to social evaluation and rejection.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
In the paper
“However, there was an age-related increase in the extent of differential top-down modulation of specific intra-network connections depending on task context.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen Kadosh et al., in press
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Across all expression morphs, adults were more accurate at identifying the emotion shown than were children and adolescents.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al., 2007 source
plainn = 48- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Activity within parts of OFC during social rejection was positively correlated with self-rated social anxiety in 8–17-year-olds.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunther Moor et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, female adolescents show heightened sensitivity to social rejection in an experimental context.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
plaincorrelationaln = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent evidence suggests that a number of social cognitive functions continue to develop during adolescence, resulting in age differences in tasks that assess cognitive domains including face processing, mental state inference and responding to peer influence and social evaluation.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
In the paper
“An early study by Carey et al. (1980) showed improvement in facial identity recognition across the first decade of life, followed by a brief dip in performance at age 12”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carey et al. (1980) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed that, in comparison to adults, the 6-year-olds made more errors on every task, and the 8-year-olds made more errors on three of the five tasks, namely when matching the direction of gaze and on the two identity tasks.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mondloch et al. (2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Basic face processing abilities show remarkably protracted behavioural development during childhood and adolescence, and functional MRI responses within the cortical network for face processing become more fine-tuned and robust with age.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, adult risk-taking did not differ between the social and solitary conditions, and youths showed an intermediate effect.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.3. Peer influence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gardner and Steinberg, 2005 source
plainn = 95- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, whereas recognition accuracy for fear showed a linear improvement across cross-sectional age anger showed a quadratic trend, with sharp improvement between adolescence and adulthood.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed an age-related increase in activity within ventral MPFC, ACC and striatum during evaluation and predicted social feedback, while predicted social rejection resulted in activity within affect-regulation regions, such as OFC and lateral PFC, which increased linearly across age.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunther Moor et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that adolescence is characterised by continuing improvement in facial emotion recognition, but that the specific developmental trajectory may differ between emotions.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, levels of anxiety were disproportionately increased following social rejection in younger adolescents (11–13 years) relative to adults, while anxiety was sustainedly high in older adolescents (14–15 years).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sebastian et al., 2010a
plaindirectn = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed an age-related increase in the spatial extent of face-selective suprathreshold activation within right fusiform cortex (the ‘fusiform face area’; FFA): FFA was significantly larger in adult than child groups, and the adolescent group showed an intermediate pattern.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Golarai et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an age-related increase in size of face-selective FFA was observed between childhood and adolescence, as well as an increase in face-selective superior temporal sulcus (STS) (Scherf et al., 2007).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scherf et al., 2007 source
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“positive correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within visceral pain and negative affect-related regions (e.g. insula) during social exclusion vs. inclusion; and negative correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within emotion-regulation regions (e.g. ventrolateral PFC).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Masten et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelationaln = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The previously reported increase in functional specialisation in FFA for face stimuli was replicated, but there was no age-related increase in functional specialisation for body stimuli in the adjacent fusiform ‘body area’ (FBA).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peelen et al., 2009
plainn = 44- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed that adults activated ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) to a greater extent during exclusion than during inclusion conditions, while adolescents exhibited the reverse pattern.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sebastian et al., in press
plaincorrelationaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These studies are consistent with theories suggesting that prefrontal regulatory mechanisms continue to develop between mid-adolescence and adulthood (e.g. Nelson et al., 2005), and this may be one factor underlying observed adolescent hypersensitivity to rejection.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nelson et al., 2005 source
hedgedconditionaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavioural studies suggest continuing maturation in facial emotion recognition accuracy during adolescence, although developmental fMRI studies of facial emotion processing are challenging to interpret.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this study, no further changes in functional specificity for face processing were noted between adolescence and adulthood, but activity became more bilateral with age.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scherf et al., 2007 source
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In adults, rejection-themed words activated the right ventrolateral PFC to a greater extent than acceptance or neutral words. However, in the adolescent group, this regulatory region did not discriminate between rejection and neutral words, and responded more to acceptance words than to rejection.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sebastian et al., 2010b
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study confirmed the previous finding showing an age-related decrease in amygdala engagement during passive viewing of fearful faces, and also showed greater activity in the FFA in adolescents relative to adults during this contrast.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guyer et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelationaln = 31- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed that in females only, there was an age-related increase in activity during expectation of peer evaluation, within brain regions involved in affective processing (nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, hippocampus and insula), but no differences within the ACC or other social brain regions.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guyer et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelationaln = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The BOLD response is thought to be generated by local excitatory synaptic activity (Logothetis et al., 2001), leading to precisely localised changes in blood flow in response to the release of glutamate (Attwell and Iadecola, 2002).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.3. Mechanistic relationships between MRI findings and fMRI signal
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Histological studies have shown evidence for synaptic proliferation in certain brain regions at around the start of adolescence, with protracted synaptic pruning occurring across the remainder of adolescence (e.g. human frontal cortex: Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1998; primate: Bourgeois and Rakic, 1993; Rakic et al., 1986).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.2. Microstructural mechanisms of developmental MRI findings
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This would not only ‘speed up’ neural processing, but allow for greater temporal precision and, e.g. inter-regional synchronisation (Paus et al., 1999; see e.g. Fornari et al., 2007).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.2. Microstructural mechanisms of developmental MRI findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paus et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Fornari et al., 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The impact of increased levels of circulating gonadal (as well as adrenal) puberty hormones on brain and behaviour in humans is not fully understood (Blakemore et al., 2010).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 3. Theoretical models of adolescent neurocognitive development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blakemore et al., 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The models are broadly compatible, differing in their degree of focus on social cognition and in the level of detailed description at each level of explanation.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 3. Theoretical models of adolescent neurocognitive development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results from a recent primate electrophysiology study suggest that the pruning of excitatory synapses in DLPFC could have functional impact, since the synapses which undergo pruning may be functionally mature (Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2008).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.2. Microstructural mechanisms of developmental MRI findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a number of social cognition tasks, fMRI studies have shown changes in functional brain activity, which occurrs alongside emerging social cognitive proficiency and neuroanatomical development.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 5. Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
In the paper
“A conceptual framework that accommodates these potentially bidirectional causal relationships is provided within the Interactive Specialisation account (Johnson et al., 2009).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 5. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neuroanatomical development, leading to enhanced local and interregional neural processing capacity, may be necessary for transitions between each stage of cognitive development.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 5. Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
“Recent cross-sectional developmental fMRI studies suggest that the prolonged acquisition of face processing abilities is mirrored by protracted functional specialisation within the cortical face processing network”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
“Functional MRI studies show differences between adolescence and adulthood in patterns of activity within these regions and, more recently, in their patterns of functional connectivity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The tasks used in the reviewed studies validly isolate the social cognitive processes they are intended to measure.
“This renders any age-associated improvement in performance difficult to attribute to improved mentalising ability per se.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
“Implicit in these models is the reasonable assumption that adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI, and that the changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
“Implicit in these models is the reasonable assumption that adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI, and that the changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is also a critical time period for neuroanatomical change and maturation, which translates into behavioral development, including cognitive function, social cognition, and executive function (285, 286).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [286]
In the citing paper
“Also falling within our medial cluster of activation, ventromedial PFC and medial OFC activation likely reflects engagement in social cognitive processes, consistent with past research that has associated these regions with social and self-relevant evaluative processes (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer et al., 2013; 2011).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“For example, mentalizing and self-evaluative processes, as well as their associated midline structures are thought to continue to mature throughout the adolescent period (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer and Peake, 2012).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“While much behavioral research shows that adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences in particular (e.g., peer interactions), recent reviews of neuroimaging-based evidence corroborate this characteristic of adolescence”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.1. Structural MRI findings
“Increases in white matter volume are accompanied by progressive changes in MRI measures of white matter integrity, such as the magnetisation-transfer ratio (MTR) in MRI, and fractional anisotropy (FA) in diffusion-tensor MRI (Macchi et al., 2004; Giorgio et al., 2010; Paus et al., 2008a,b; Fornari et al., 2007).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > References
“62. Macchi C Turati C Simion F Can a nonspecific bias toward top-heavy patterns explain newborns’ face preference? Psychological Science 2004 15 6 379 383 15147490”
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Mesana, J. C. B., de Guzman, A. B., Valencia, C. Q., & Basister, J. P. C. (2024) · Journal of Heritage Tourism · doi:10.1080/1743873x.2024.2327433 · Cited by 15
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“Adolescents also demonstrate heightened reactions to negative social evaluation, peer rejection (Burnett et al., 2011; Silk et al., 2012), and social exclusion (Sebastian et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSantamaría‐García, H. A., Ibáñez, A. M., Montaño, S., García, A. M., Patiño-Sáenz, M., Idárraga-Cabrera, C., Pino, M., & Báez, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00034 · Cited by 15
“Adolescence is considered a critical period for developing socio-cognitive and affective processes in response to socialcontext requirements (Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWhy Don’t You Like Me? The Role of the Mentalizing Network in Social Rejection
Sahi, R. S., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51890-5_32 · Cited by 21
Newcomb-Anjo, S. E. (2018) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-018-0083-6 · Cited by 18
Galván, A., & Tottenham, N. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy218 · Cited by 14
Shou, Q., Yamashita, M., & Mizuno, Y. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03672-1 · Cited by 13
“…that adolescence is a critical developmental period for health, well-being, and brain maturation, shaped by both biological and environmental factors [7], some researchers recommend limiting screen time for children and adolescents while children and adolescents still have long screen time [8, 9].”
Preadolescents’ healthy eating behavior: peeping through the social norms approach
Ragelienė, T., & Grønhøj, A. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09366-1 · Cited by 13
Sijtsma, H., Lee, N. C., Hollarek, M., Walsh, R. J., van Buuren, M., Braams, B. R., & Krabbendam, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589824 · Cited by 13
“These include the more complex forms of intentionality and ToM (54, 55), the ability to understand mixed and complex emotions (56, 57), and to flexibly adapt trust behavior based on social information (58).”
BackgroundFive Priorities for Future Research on Child and Adolescent Peer Influence
Prinstein, M. J., & Giletta, M. (2021) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2021.0019 · Cited by 18
Fluid intelligence and neural mechanisms of conflict adaptation
Liu, T., Xiao, T., & Shi, J. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.04.003 · Cited by 13
Prosocial Reward Learning in Children and Adolescents
Kwak, Y., & Huettel, S. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01539 · Cited by 17
“Change in sensitivity to social contexts across development is a widely studied topic (Nelson et al., 2005; Blakemore, 2010; Burnett et al., 2011; Crone and Dahl, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialMartínez-Torres, J., Navia, H. J. R., & Capacho, E. E. R. (2018) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872018000901016 · Cited by 12
Development of dopaminergic genetic associations with visuospatial, verbal and social working memory
Dumontheil, I., Kilford, E. J., & Blakemore, S. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12889 · Cited by 12
“…Hillebrandt, Apperly, & Blakemore, 2012; Dumontheil, Küster, Apperly, & Blakemore, 2010) and social decision‐making (Blakemore & Robbins, 2012; Burnett et al., 2011; Magis‐Weinberg, Blakemore, & Dumontheil, 2017), sug‐ gest that developments in executive functions and social cognition…”
Self-citationSteinberg, L. D. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565790.009 · Cited by 12
Morningstar, M. A., Mattson, W. I., Venticinque, J. S., Singer, S., Selvaraj, B., Hu, P., & Nelson, E. E. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00742-y · Cited by 12
Shen, C., Rolls, E. T., Xiang, S., Langley, C., Sahakian, B. J., Cheng, W., & Feng, J. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.84072 · Cited by 13
Silk, J. S., Lee, K. H., Kerestes, R., Griffith, J. M., Dahl, R. E., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.09.005 · Cited by 12
“…affiliation and social behavior (Nelson et al., 2005; Steinberg and Morris, 2001) that correspond with advances in socialcognitive abilities as well as structural changes and functional reorganization of brain regions important for social-cognitive processes (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2010).”
Fluid intelligence and neural mechanisms of emotional conflict adaptation
Li, D., Liu, T., & Shi, J. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.03.004 · Cited by 13
Männikkö, N., Ruotsalainen, H., Miettunen, J., & Kääriäinen, M. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1725195 · Cited by 12
de Water, E., Rockhold, M. N., Roediger, D. J., Krueger, A. M., Mueller, B. A., Boys, C. J., Schumacher, M. J., Mattson, S. N., Jones, K. L., Lim, K. O., et al. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147388 · Cited by 10
“Above all things, be glad and young”: Advancing research on violence in adolescence.
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Positive affect between close friends: Brain-behavior associations during adolescence
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“…such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and portions of the temporal and parietal cortices, most notably the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and the precuneus, that are implicated in improving abilities in understanding others and accurately assessing emotional contexts (Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSocial Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients After Anesthesia and Surgery
Zhang, D., Ying, J. B., Ma, X., Gao, Z., Chen, H., Zhu, S., Shi, L., & Lu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.541161 · Cited by 10
Xia, T., Xu, X., & Ding, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1287115 · Cited by 13
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“During the critical period of adolescence and growth and development, left-behind teenagers often show rebellion, stubbornness, and capriciousness in their psychological changes [10].”
BackgroundPoznyak, E., Samson, J. L., Barrios, J., Rafi, H., Hasler, R., Perroud, N. A., & Debbané, M. (2023) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000531512 · Cited by 11
“Therefore, attentional control dif fi culties as observed in ADHD may have more adverse effects on mentalizing abilities in adolescence, as these are still undergoing signi fi cant development [64, 65].”
BackgroundModeling temporal dynamics of face processing in youth and adults
Hudac, C. M., Naples, A. J., DesChamps, T. D., Coffman, M. C., Kresse, A., Ward, T., Mukerji, C., Aaronson, B., Faja, S., McPartland, J. C., et al. (2021) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2021.1920050 · Cited by 9
“Lastly, and arguably the most critical individual difference consideration, the age range without our youth group (8–18 years) includes a period of functional and structural brain development associated with improvements in face processing (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMorningstar, M. A., & Burns, J. A. (2025) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.70037 · Cited by 9
Longitudinal change in neural response to vocal emotion in adolescence
Morningstar, M. A., Mattson, W. I., & Nelson, E. E. (2022) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsac021 · Cited by 9
“Such patterns of change in engagement and efficiency of function are thought to support improved social cognitive abilities in adolescence, such as face processing, biological motion detection, and mentalizing or emotion recognition (ER) (Blakemore, 2008; Johnson et al., 2009; Burnett et al., 2011; Kilford et al., 201…”
Kannan, V. D., Peters, K. D., & Chapman, B. P. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116174 · Cited by 9
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“Indeed, individuals develop their ability to properly perceive and differentiate various social perspectives throughout childhood and into adolescence (e.g., Burnett et al., 2011; Symeonidou et al., 2016; Tamnes et al., 2018).”
BackgroundWeichold, K., & Blumenthal, A. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55792-1_8 · Cited by 8
A virtues approach to children’s kindness schemas
Warren, M. T., Braun, S. S., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2023) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2023.2170822 · Cited by 8
“Moreover, concerns that normatively spike during adolescence, such as social status and accurately reading and responding to social cues from peers (Burnett et al., 2011; Yeager et al., 2018) – conditions in which humility could matter strongly for the formation and maintenance of smooth relations…”
BackgroundAras, N., Oral, E., Aydın, N., & Güleç, M. (2013) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2013.821493 · Cited by 7
“Adolescents have specifi c challenges such as physical changes, identity crises, changing social roles, and an emotional and cognitive transition from childhood to adulthood (Burnett et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMoreno, L. R., Plumed, J., Burguet, L. C., Leal, F. J. V., Díaz‐Marsá, M., Rojo-Bofill, L. M., & Aldana, L. L. (2012) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2012.02.002 · Cited by 7
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“There is mounting evidence of continued structural and functional maturation of brain areas involved in social cognitive processes through adolescence and young adulthood (Blakemore 2012; Burnett et al. 2011; Dumontheil 2016; Gunther Moor et al. 2012).”
BackgroundDevelopment of the Social Brain in Adolescence
Blakemore, S. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565790.010 · Cited by 10
Self-citationChapitre 2. Croissance cérébrale et neurodéveloppement à l’adolescence
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Associations between peer attachment and neural correlates of risk processing across adolescence
Asscheman, J. S., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Lauharatanahirun, N., van Lier, P. A. C., Koot, S., King‐Casas, B., & Kim‐Spoon, J. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100772 · Cited by 11
“As such, the peer environment may contribute to the development of risk-taking behavior and associated neural circuitries (Burnett et al., 2011; Schriber & Guyer, 2016).”
BackgroundAdolescents’ Personality Development – A Question of Psychosocial Stress
Raufelder, D., Hoferichter, F., Kulakow, S., Golde, S., Gleich, T., Romund, L., Lorenz, R. C., Pelz, P., & Beck, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785610 · Cited by 14
“While there is a growing body of research highlighting the dramatic changes related to social cognition during adolescence (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011), as well as how perceived stress may interact with the architecture of the developing brain (Lupien et al.”
BackgroundSandre, A., Morningstar, M. A., Farrell‐Reeves, A., Dirks, M. A., & Weinberg, A. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14060 · Cited by 11
Tuckwell, R., Wood, D., Mansfield-Sturgess, S., & Brierley, J. (2016) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-016-2815-6 · Cited by 7
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Transforming "Racial Characteristics": Is It an Appropriate Role for Aesthetic Surgery?
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Conflict control of emotional and non-emotional conflicts in preadolescent children
Liu, T., Liu, X., Li, D., Shangguan, F., Lu, L., & Shi, J. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.05.008 · Cited by 7
Marciano, L., Albanese, E., Viswanath, K., & Camerini, A.-L. (2023) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2023.101 · Cited by 6
Developmental Aspects of Mood Disorders
Lau, J. Y. F. (2012) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2012_214 · Cited by 9
“Several studies have also investigated age differences in areas of the ‘social’ brain Burnett et al. (2011).”
Parental Predictors of Adolescent Alcohol Use and Alcohol‐Related Consequences
Hausheer, R., Doumas, D. M., Esp, S. M., & Cuffee, C. (2016) · Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling · doi:10.1002/jaoc.12013 · Cited by 6
“Many social regions of the brain continue to develop throughout adolescence, resulting in a heightened sensitivity to peer influences and evaluation (Burnett, Sebastian, Kadosh, & Blakemore, 2010).”
BackgroundSumanapala, D. K., Walbrin, J., Kirsch, L. P., & Cross, E. S. (2018) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.03.010 · Cited by 6
Sabag, M., & Geva, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.902041 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, the TPJ, which is of special interest due to its involvement in social brain functions (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011), is related to social affect deficits in ASD (Delbruck et al.”
BackgroundThe neural networks of touch observation
Schaefer, M., Kuehn, E., Schweitzer, F. M., & Muehlhan, M. (2023) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00065 · Cited by 6
“These processes independent of episodic memory also support the view of a highly social brain ( Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAn Event-Related Potential Study of Social Information Processing in Adolescents
diFilipo, D., & Grose‐Fifer, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154459 · Cited by 5
“Other, more complex social skills are also still developing during adolescence, including the abilities to imagine another person’s viewpoint and to successfully evaluate interactions with others [2,3,12,13].”
BackgroundPotential Impact of Research on Adolescent Development on Juvenile Judge Decision‐making
Berryessa, C. M. (2018) · Juvenile and Family Court Journal · doi:10.1111/jfcj.12114 · Cited by 5
Debenham, J., Newton, N. C., Birrell, L., Yücel, M., Lees, B., & Champion, K. E. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/18349 · Cited by 5
“Global and local function, as understood through cortical activation, will be measured by blood flow and blood oxygenation level-dependent oxygen consumption [57].”
Doumas, D. M., Esp, S. M., Turrisi, R., & Schottelkorb, A. A. (2014) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.5330/2156-759x-18.1.148 · Cited by 5
From reaction to reflection: A recursive framework for the evolution and structure of intelligence
Trukovich, J. J. (2025) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2025.105549 · Cited by 4
Development of the mentalizing network structures and theory of mind in extremely preterm youth
Fu, X., Hung, A., de Silva, A. D., Busch, T. A., Mattson, W. I., Hoskinson, K. R., Taylor, H. G., & Nelson, E. E. (2022) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsac027 · Cited by 4
“ToM ability emerges in early childhood and continues to develop into later childhood and adolescence (Burnett et al., 2011; Gweon and Saxe, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialAge-related trajectories of the development of social cognition
Yan, Z., He, Z., Jiang, L.-H., & Xia, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1348781 · Cited by 4
Doumas, D. M., Hausheer, R., & Esp, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2013.872067 · Cited by 4
Attention allocation towards own face is pronounced during middle adolescence: an eye‐tracking study
Doi, H., & Shinohara, K. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12490 · Cited by 4
“…and strangers’ faces increases in a phasic manner during middle adolescence, which is presumably linked to increased interest in one’s own attributes during this developmental stage (Burnett et al., 2011; Forbes & Dahl, 2010; Lapsley, 1993; Somerville et al., 2010; Somerville et al., 2013).”
BackgroundColver, A., & Dovey-Pearce, G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72868-1_3 · Cited by 2
Grose‐Fifer, J., Lobel, M., diFilipo, D., & Gordon, J. (2020) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2020.1789144 · Cited by 4
van Rijn, L. H., van de Groep, S., Achterberg, M., Wierenga, L. M., Braams, B. R., Gazzola, V., Güroğlu, B., Keysers, C., Jansen, L. M. C., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., et al. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101463 · Cited by 6
“…delayed choices for friends is associated with increased activity in the precuneus (Albrecht et al., 2011; van de Groep et al., 2023) and temporal parietal junction (van de Groep et al., 2023), regions integral to the social brain network primarily engaged in mentalizing (Burnett et al., 2011).”
The Social Brain in Childhood and Adolescence
Kadosh, K. C., & Haller, S. P. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00174-3 · Cited by 3
“Developmental changes in social-cognitive abilities are only part of a general program of development, in that they go along with substantial social, cognitive, hormonal, and physiological maturation during childhood and adolescence (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPatterns and Drivers of Political Participation among Ninth-graders
Nygård, M., Söderberg, P., & Nyman-Kurkiala, P. (2016) · Young · doi:10.1177/1103308815597618 · Cited by 4
“…puberty means that adolescents are socially and affectively motivated to encode new social information such as trustworthiness and social status (Burnett et al., 2011), while the social reorientation from family to friends constitute a major developmental step towards adult citizenship (Brown,…”
BackgroundDoumas, D. M., Hausheer, R., & Esp, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2016.1171185 · Cited by 4
RECOGNIZING INFANTS’ EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS: ARE ADOLESCENTS LESS SENSITIVE TO INFANTS’ CUES?
Nießen, A., Konrad, K., Dahmen, B., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Firk, C. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21651 · Cited by 4
Klaver, J. M., Palo, A. D., & DiLalla, L. F. (2014) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2014.932269 · Cited by 4
The effects of gastrointestinal symptoms on structural grey matter volume in youth
Pirwani, A. F., Fang, Z., Li, B., Smith, A., Northoff, G., & Ismail, N. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.10044 · Cited by 3
Zich, C., Johnstone, N., Lührs, M., Lisk, S., Haller, S. P. W., Lipp, A., Lau, J. Y. F., & Kadosh, K. C. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/347971 · Cited by 4
“Research has shown that these processes develop continuously throughout the first two decades of life (Burnett et al., 2011; Cohen Kadosh, Johnson, Dick, Cohen Kadosh, & Blakemore, 2013; Dumontheil, Hassan, Gilbert, & Blakemore, 2010).”
BackgroundDevelopment of Prefrontal Cortex
Eslinger, P. J., Marlowe, W. B., & Biddle, K. R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00071-2 · Cited by 6
An, S., Zhen, Z., Wang, S., Sang, M., & Zhang, S. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03670-8 · Cited by 3
“Many mental diseases can manifest in this fragile period [2, 3].”
A longitudinal neuroimaging study of adolescent girls’ mentalizing and perspective-taking tendencies
Williamson, V. G., Barendse, M. E. A., Chavez, S., Flournoy, J. C., Cheng, T. W., Cosme, D., Byrne, M. L., Allen, N. B., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101526 · Cited by 4
Perceived recovery-stress states and sleep in pre- and post-menarche elite youth swimmers
Kullik, L., Kiel, A., Kellmann, M., & Jakowski, S. (2025) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2025.2481451 · Cited by 3
“Particularly in adolescents undergoing significant physiological and psychological changes and behavioural and cognitive development (Burnett et al., 2011).”
Graupensperger, S. A., Jaffe, A. E., Blayney, J. A., Duckworth, J. C., & Stappenbeck, C. A. (2023) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15202 · Cited by 3
Dickerson, K. L., & Quas, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105840 · Cited by 3
Adewuyi, H. O. (2024) · Studies in Learning and Teaching · doi:10.46627/silet.v5i1.297 · Cited by 3
“Peer influence, a more subtle version of peer pressure, comprises changing one's conduct to meet others' perceived standards (Burnett et al., 2011; Adewuyi & Dwarika, 2023).”
BackgroundFoundations of addictive problems in adolescents: Neurobiological factors
Dash, G. F., Thomsen, K. R., Ewing, S. W. F., & Silvers, J. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818626-8.00002-5 · Cited by 3
Hung, A., Morningstar, M. A., Mattson, W. I., Saygin, Z. M., & Nelson, E. E. (2021) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106701 · Cited by 3
School belonging as an essential component of positive psychology in schools
Allen, K., Boyle, C., Wong, D., Johnson, R. G., & May, F. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003228158-21 · Cited by 3
Neural Mechanisms of Criminal Decision Making in Adolescence
Klapwijk, E. T., van den Bos, W., & Güroğlu, B. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.12 · Cited by 3
The uniqueness of the individual functional connectome
Horien, C. L., Scheinost, D., & Constable, R. T. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813838-0.00004-2 · Cited by 3
Preconceptional brain structure and future conception: a prospective brain MRI study among 321 women
de Vries, M. W., Poels, E. M. P., Roshchupkin, G. V., Muetzel, R. L., Zarchev, M. G., Kamperman, A. M., Tiemeier, H. W., Vernooij, M. W., & Kushner, S. A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-88075-4 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, they impact sociocognitive abilities, such as the capacity to infer complex social emotions 27 .”
Pollmann, A., Rakesh, D., & Fuhrmann, D. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101646 · Cited by 2
“Within neural circuits related to social cognition, there is significant structural (Mills et al., 2014) and functional maturation (Burnett et al., 2011; Klapwijk et al., 2013), and there could be reciprocal interactions between brain maturation and the social environment, which may be linked to…”
Impact of Service-Learning Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Martín, F. D. F., & Salas, P. A. (2026) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents6010010 · Cited by 6
Schwartz, L., Shilo, C., Hayut, O., Brandet, J., Lévy, J., Peleg, I., & Feldman, R. (2026) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-026-00468-x · Cited by 2
“Such extended development may explain why the effects of early social experiences persist over time, as the same networks supporting early social coordination continue to mature and reorganize throughout development 34,35 .”
Decision-Making in Adolescents According to Reaction Time, HEG and PASS
Álvarez, F. P., Sala, M. S., & Gallart, C. T. (2016) · Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.21767/2171-6625.1000156 · Cited by 2
Arias, O. E. M., Martínez-Torres, J., Annicchiarico-Lobo, J., Navia, H. J. R., & Capacho, E. E. R. (2022) · Revista Médica de Risaralda · doi:10.22517/25395203.25023 · Cited by 2
Brain Health in the Digital Era
Mahdi, S. S., Gunjal, S., Babar, M. G., Sakina, S., & Andiesta, N. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-6637-0_7 · Cited by 3
Emotional and Cognitive Development in Adolescents
Kumar, S., Nath, A. R., Shubha, & Anand, S. K. (2024) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815274400124010004 · Cited by 3
Malayen, S., Hasanpoor‐Azghady, S. B., & Amiri‐Farahani, L. (2024) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_771_23 · Cited by 2
Lavenne-Collot, N., Planche, P., & Vaivre‐Douret, L. (2025) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2025.101935 · Cited by 4
Eating disorders: Considerations on nosology, etiology and treatment in the XXI century
Moreno, L. R., Plumed, J., Burguet, L. C., Leal, F. J. V., Díaz‐Marsá, M., Rojo-Bofill, L. M., & Aldana, L. L. (2012) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2012.02.002 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Burnett, S., Sebastian, C., Cohen Kadosh, K., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1654-1664
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4538788
- OpenAlex
- W2079522256
- Semantic Scholar
- db322dec758616ba4794e75d2fc0bb727ddabe9e
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (077539)
- Royal Society
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- social brain, social cognition, adolescence, cognitive development, face processing, mental state inference, peer influence, social evaluation, neurophysiological mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Psychology, Adolescent, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Critical Period, Psychological, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Adolescent Development, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging
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