Developmental changes in face processing skills
Abstract
Expertise in processing differences among faces in the spacing among facial features (second-order relations) is slower to develop than expertise in processing the shape of individual features or the shape of the external contour. To determine the impact of the slow development of sensitivity to second-order relations on various face-processing skills, we developed five computerized tasks that require matching faces on the basis of identity (with changed facial expression or head orientation), facial expression, gaze direction, and sound being spoken. In Experiment 1, we evaluated the influence of second-order relations on performance on each task by presenting them to adults (N=48) who viewed the faces either upright or inverted. Previous studies have shown that inversion has a larger effect on tasks that require processing the spacing among features than it does on tasks that can be solved by processing the shape of individual features. Adults showed an inversion effect for only one task: matching facial identity when there was a change in head orientation. In Experiment 2, we administered the same tasks to children aged 6, 8, and 10 years (N=72). Compared to adults, 6-year-olds made more errors on every task and 8-year-olds made more errors on three of the five tasks: matching direction of gaze and the two facial identity tasks. Ten-year-olds made more errors than adults on only one task: matching facial identity when there was a change in head orientation (e.g., from frontal to tilted up). Together, the results indicate that the slow development of sensitivity to second-order relations causes children to be especially poor at recognizing the identity of a face when it is seen in a new orientation.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Specialised face processing mechanisms, at both the behavioural level and the neural level, continue to develop throughout the first and even the second decade of life.
“In view of these early preferences, it has come as a surprise that specialised face processing mechanisms, at both the behavioural level and the neural level, continue to develop throughout the first and even the second decade of life (Carey et al., 1980; Durand et al., 2007; Mondloch et al., 2003).”
From The social brain in adolescence: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies (2011) · cites this paper as Mondloch et al., 2003
In Mondloch et al. (2003), 10-year-olds made more errors than adults on the identity task in which head orientation varied.
“The 10-year-olds made more errors than did adults on the identity task in which head orientation varied.”
From The social brain in adolescence: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies (2011) · cites this paper as Mondloch et al. (2003)
Cites
Yin, R. K. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027474 · Cited by 2,624 · see citing works
The many faces of configural processing
Maurer, D. M., Grand, R. L., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01903-4 · Cited by 2,114 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise.
Diamond, R., & Carey, S. E. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.2.107 · Cited by 1,584 · see citing works
Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition
Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/72140 · Cited by 1,418 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Since the classic study by Yin (1969), it has been known that inversion impairs adults ability to identify faces much more than their ability to identify other mono-oriented objects (unless they have developed face-like expertise for another homogeneous category—e.g., Diamond & Carey, 1986; Gauthier, Skudlarski, Gore,…”
BackgroundWhy faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise.
Diamond, R., & Carey, S. E. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.115.2.107 · Cited by 1,309 · see citing works
From Piecemeal to Configurational Representation of Faces
Carey, S. E., & Diamond, R. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.831281 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W., & DAVIES, G. M. (1979) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p080431 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Adult's Eyes Trigger Shifts of Visual Attention in Human Infants
Hood, B. M., Willen, J. D., & Driver, J. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00024 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Configural Face Processing Develops more Slowly than Featural Face Processing
Mondloch, C. J., Grand, R. L., & Maurer, D. M. (2002) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3339 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Self-citationFifty years of memory for names and faces: A cross-sectional approach.
Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, P. O., & Wittlinger, R. P. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.104.1.54 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Early visual experience and face processing
Grand, R. L., Mondloch, C. J., Maurer, D. M., & Brent, H. P. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35073749 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Face-Inversion Effect as a Deficit in the Encoding of Configural Information: Direct Evidence
Freire, A., Lee, K., & Symons, L. A. (2000) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3012 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
When Inverted Faces are Recognized: The Role of Configural Information in Face Recognition
Leder, H., & Bruce, V. (2000) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755889 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
In the Eye of the Beholder: The Science of Face Perception
Bruce, V., & Young, A. W. (1998) · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Are faces perceived as configurations more by adults than by children?
Carey, S. E., & Diamond, R. (1994) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506289408402302 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Development of face recognition: A maturational component?
Carey, S., Diamond, R., & Woods, B. (1980) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.16.4.257 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Matching Familiar and Unfamiliar Faces on Internal and External Features
Young, A. W., Hay, D. C., McWeeny, K. H., Flude, B. M., & Ellis, A. W. (1985) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p140737 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Featural and Configurational Processes in the Recognition of Faces of Different Familiarity
Collishaw, S., & HOLE, G. J. (2000) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p2949 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Infant Discrimination of Facial Expressions
Young-Browne, G., Rosenfeld, H. M., & Horowitz, F. D. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128653 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Pascalis, O., de Haan, M. D. H., Nelson, C. A., & de Schonen, S. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.1.249 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Emotional expression in upside‐down faces: Evidence for configurational and componential processing
McKelvie, S. J. (1995) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01067.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Recognition of individual faces and average face prototypes by 1- and 3-month-old infants
de Haan, M. D. H., Johnson, M. H., Maurer, D. M., & Perrett, D. I. (2001) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(01)00051-x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationLocal and Relational Aspects of Face Distinctiveness
Leder, H., & Bruce, V. (1998) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755777 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Infant Sensitivity to Adult Eye Direction
Hains, S. M. J., & Muir, D. W. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01836.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Testing face processing skills in children
Bruce, V., Campbell, R. N., Doherty‐Sneddon, G., Langton, S., McAuley, S., & Wright, R. (2000) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151000165715 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Gaze detection and the cortical processing of faces: Evidence from infants and adults
Vecera, S. P., & Johnson, M. H. (1995) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506289508401722 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Freire, A., & Lee, K. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.2001.2639 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Infant Sensitivity to Adult Eye Direction
Hains, S. M. J., & Muir, D. W. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131602 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Discrimination of spatial relations and features in faces: Effects of inversion and viewing duration
Barton, J. J. S., Keenan, J. P., & Bass, T. (2001) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712601162329 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Revisiting the Perception of Upside-Down Faces
Murray, J. E., Yong, E., & Rhodes, G. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00294 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The development of face processing in infancy and early childhood: current perspectives
Pascalis, O., & Slater, A. M. (2001) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.238 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Face processing in autistics: Evidence for a generalised deficit?
Gepner, B., de Gelder, B., & de Schonen, S. (1996) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049608401357 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The effect of early visual deprivation on the development of face processing
Geldart, S., Mondloch, C. J., Maurer, D. M., de Schonen, S., & Brent, H. P. (2002) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00242 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationRecognition of Mother's Photographed Face by the Three-Month-Old Infant
Barrera, M. E., & Maurer, D. M. (1981) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129196 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Development of Differential Use of Inner and Outer Face Features in Familiar Face Identification
Campbell, R., Walker, J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1995.1009 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Development of Face Recognition: Featural or Configurational Processing?
Baenninger, M. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.1994.1018 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Want, S. C., Pascalis, O., Coleman, M., & Blades, M. (2003) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151003321164663 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Brace, N. A., HOLE, G. J., Kemp, R. I., Pike, G. E., Duuren, M. V., & Norgate, L. (2001) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3059 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The development of face processing skills
Ellis, H. D. (1992) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1992.0013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Attention deficits in adolescents with ADHD and other clinical groups
Macleod, D., & Prior, M. R. (1996) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049608401345 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
RECOGNITION OF EMOTION FROM INVERTED SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS OF FACES
Fallshore, M., & Bartholow, J. (2003) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2003.96.1.236 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Recognition of Parts of Famous-Face Photographs by Children: An Experimental Note
Campbell, R., & Tuck, M. (1995) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p240451 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
FACE RECOGNITION IN CHILDREN WITH EARLY RIGHT OR LEFT BRAIN DAMAGE
Mancini, J., de Schonen, S., Deruelle, C., & Massoulier, A. (1994) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11824.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Overt and Covert Recognition of Faces in Children and Adults
Newcombe, N. S., & Lie, E. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00599.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Experiential influences on the development of face perception
Geldart, S. S. (2000) · MacSphere (McMaster University) · doi:10.71548/11188 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
(2016) · doi:10.3389/fpsyg · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Face Recognition by Humans: Nineteen Results All Computer Vision Researchers Should Know About
Sinha, P., Balas, B., Ostrovsky, Y., & Russell, R. (2006) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2006.884093 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Picture-plane inversion leads to qualitative changes of face perception
Rossion, B. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.003 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Holistic Processing Is Finely Tuned for Faces of One's Own Race
Michel, C., Rossion, B., Han, J., Chung, C.-S., & Caldara, R. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01752.x · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Faces are "spatial"--holistic face perception is supported by low spatial frequencies.
Goffaux, V., & Rossion, B. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.4.1023 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Burnett, S., Sebastian, C., Cohen Kadosh, K., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.011 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
The Development of Emotion Recognition in Individuals With Autism
Rump, K. M., Giovannelli, J. L., Minshew, N. J., & Strauss, M. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01343.x · Cited by 376 · see citing works
The development of facial emotion recognition: the role of configural information
Durand, K., Gallay, M., Seigneuric, A., Robichon, F., & Baudouin, J.-Y. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.12.001 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Impairment in Holistic Face Processing Following Early Visual Deprivation
Grand, R. L., Mondloch, C. J., Maurer, D. M., & Brent, H. P. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00753.x · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationA comparative view of face perception.
Leopold, D. A., & Rhodes, G. (2010) · Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019460 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The development of emotion‐processing in children: effects of age, emotion, and intensity
Herba, C. M., Landau, S., Russell, T. A., Ecker, C., & Phillips, M. L. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01652.x · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Black, M. H., Chen, N. T. M., Iyer, K. K., Lipp, O. V., Bölte, S., Falkmer, M., Tan, T., & Girdler, S. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.016 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Crookes, K., & McKone, E. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.02.004 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
McKone, E., Crookes, K., Jeffery, L., & Dilks, D. D. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2012.660138 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Gao, X.-Q., & Maurer, D. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.05.003 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of intensity on children’s sensitivity to happy, sad, and fearful facial expressions
Gao, X., & Maurer, D. M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2008.11.002 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural activation to upright and inverted faces in infants measured by near infrared spectroscopy
Otsuka, Y., Nakato, E., Kanazawa, S., Yamaguchi, M. K., Watanabe, S., & Kakigi, R. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.013 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Same-race faces are perceived more holistically than other-race faces
Michel, C., Caldara, R., & Rossion, B. (2005) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280500158761 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Holistic face processing is mature at 4 years of age: Evidence from the composite face effect
de Heering, A., Houthuys, S., & Rossion, B. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.07.001 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Same-race faces are perceived more holistically than other-race faces
Michel, C., Caldara, R., & Rossion, B. (2004) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/4.8.425 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The neuropsychology of face perception: beyond simple dissociations and functional selectivity
Atkinson, A. P., & Adolphs, R. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0349 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Computational approaches to the development of perceptual expertise
Palmeri, T. J., Wong, A. C. ‐., & Gauthier, L. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.06.001 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Mapping the development of facial expression recognition
Rodger, H., Vizioli, L., Ouyang, X., & Caldara, R. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12281 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Differential development of selectivity for faces and bodies in the fusiform gyrus
Peelen, M. V., Glaser, B., Vuilleumier, P. O., & D, S. E. M. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00916.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The evolution of face processing in primates
Parr, L. A. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0358 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Missing sights: consequences for visual cognitive development
Maurer, D. M., Lewis, T. L., & Mondloch, C. J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.006 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental neuroimaging of the human ventral visual cortex
Grill-Spector, K., Golarai, G., & Gabrieli, J. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.009 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The role of experience during childhood in shaping the other‐race effect
de Heering, A., Liedekerke, C. D., Deboni, M., & Rossion, B. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00876.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Understanding individual face discrimination by means of fast periodic visual stimulation
Rossion, B. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3934-9 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Developing a cortex specialized for face perception
Kadosh, K. C., & Johnson, M. H. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.007 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Developmental Changes in Effective Connectivity in the Emerging Core Face Network
Kadosh, K. C., Kadosh, R. C., Dick, F., & Johnson, M. H. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq215 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The composite face effect in six-year-old children: Evidence of adult-like holistic face processing
Mondloch, C. J., Pathman, T., Maurer, D. M., Grand, R. L., & de Schonen, S. (2006) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280600859383 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationMore efficient scanning for familiar faces
Heisz, J. J., & Shore, D. I. (2008) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.1.9 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Why 8-year-olds cannot tell the difference between Steve Martin and Paul Newman:
Mondloch, C. J., Dobson, K. S., Parsons, J. A., & Maurer, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2004.07.002 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationTask-dependent Activation of Face-sensitive Cortex: An fMRI Adaptation Study
Kadosh, K. C., Henson, R. N., Kadosh, R. C., Johnson, M. H., & Dick, F. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21224 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Putzar, L., Hötting, K., & Röder, B. (2010) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2010-0526 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Curtis, W. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000125 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Riby, D. M., Doherty‐Sneddon, G., & Bruce, V. (2008) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210701855629 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Passarotti, A. M., Smith, J. L., DeLano, M. C., & Huang, J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.045 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Configural processing and face viewpoint.
McKone, E. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.310 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Developmental changes in face recognition during childhood: Evidence from upright and inverted faces
de Heering, A., Rossion, B., & Maurer, D. M. (2011) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2011.07.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of early visual deprivation on perceptual and cognitive development
Maurer, D. M., Mondloch, C. J., & Lewis, T. L. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)64005-9 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationFace Perception and Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Webb, S. J., Neuhaus, E., & Faja, S. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1151059 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Discrimination of Facial Features by Adults, 10-Year-Olds, and Cataract-Reversal Patients
Mondloch, C. J., Robbins, R. A., & Maurer, D. M. (2010) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6153 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationGrady, C. L., Mondloch, C. J., Lewis, T. L., & Maurer, D. M. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.03.005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationInformational masking of speech in children: Auditory-visual integration
Wightman, F. L., Kistler, D., & Brungart, D. S. (2006) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.2195121 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Bryant, D. G., & Howard, A. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1145/3306618.3314284 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Renzi, C., Schiavi, S., Carbon, C., Vecchi, T., Silvanto, J., & Cattaneo, Z. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.015 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Development of Neural Sensitivity to Face Identity Correlates with Perceptual Discriminability
Natu, V. S., Barnett, M., Hartley, J., Gomez, J., Anthony Stigliani, A., & Kalanit Grill-spector, A. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1886-16.2016 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Aging disrupts the neural transformations that link facial identity across views
Habak, C., Wilkinson, F. E., & Wilson, H. R. (2007) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.10.007 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Roberson, D. D., Kikutani, M., Döge, P., Whitaker, L., & Majid, A. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.018 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Effects of Age, Task Performance, and Structural Brain Development on Face Processing
Kadosh, K. C., Johnson, M. H., Dick, F., Kadosh, R. C., & Blakemore, S. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs150 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Development of object recognition in humans
Nishimura, M., Scherf, K. S., & Behrmann, M. (2009) · F1000 Biology Reports · doi:10.3410/b1-56 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Joseph, J. E., Gathers, A. D., & Bhatt, R. S. (2010) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00963.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Leung, F. Y. N., Sin, J., Dawson, C., Ong, J. H., Zhao, C., Veić, A., & Liu, F. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.101000 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Baker, K., Laurence, S., & Mondloch, C. J. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.012 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomatic face identity encoding at the N170
Heisz, J. J., Watter, S., & Shedden, J. M. (2006) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.09.026 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Development of Face Processing Expertise
Lee, K., Anzures, G., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., & Slater, A. M. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559053.013.0039 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Affective Facial Expression Processing in 15-Month-Old Infants Who Have Experienced Maltreatment
Curtis, W. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2013) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559513487944 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Tager-Flusberg, H. B., Skwerer, D. P., & Joseph, R. M. (2006) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsl035 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Linking<scp>GABA</scp>and glutamate levels to cognitive skill acquisition during development
Cohen Kadosh, K., Krause, B., King, A. J., Near, J., & Cohen Kadosh, R. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22921 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Developmental changes in perceptions of attractiveness: a role of experience?
Cooper, P. A., Geldart, S., Mondloch, C. J., & Maurer, D. M. (2006) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00520.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationDeficits in Long-Term Recognition Memory Reveal Dissociated Subtypes in Congenital Prosopagnosia
Stollhoff, R., Jost, J., Elze, T., & Kennerknecht, I. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015702 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Heisz, J. J., Pottruff, M. M., & Shore, D. I. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612468281 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Li, S., Lee, K., Zhao, J., Yang, Z., He, S., & Weng, X. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) lack expertise in face processing.
Parr, L. A., Heintz, M. R., & Pradhan, G. R. (2008) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.4.390 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Dobson, S. D. (2009) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20902 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
An inner face advantage in children’s recognition of familiar peers
Ge, L., Anzures, G., Wang, Z., Kelly, D. J., Pascalis, O., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Yang, Z., & Lee, K. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2008.05.006 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Face Adaptation and Attractiveness Aftereffects in 8-Year-Olds and Adults
Anzures, G., Mondloch, C. J., & Lackner, C. L. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01253.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationProgressive N170 habituation to unattended repeated faces
Heisz, J. J., Watter, S., & Shedden, J. M. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.09.028 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
(2010) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203846766 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fitting the child's mind to the world: adaptive norm‐based coding of facial identity in 8‐year‐olds
Nishimura, M., Maurer, D. M., Jeffery, L., Pellicano, E., & Rhodes, G. (2008) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00706.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationAnzures, G., Kelly, D. J., Pascalis, O., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., de Viviés, X., & Lee, K. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033166 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Facial affect recognition in early and late-stage schizophrenia patients
Romero-Ferreiro, M. V., Aguado, L., Rodríguez-Torresano, J., Palomo, T., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., & Pedreira-Massa, J. L. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.010 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Four-to-six-year-old children use norm-based coding in face-space
Jeffery, L., McKone, E., Haynes, R., Firth, E., Pellicano, E., & Rhodes, G. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/10.5.18 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Differential face-network adaptation in children, adolescents and adults
Kadosh, K. C., Johnson, M. H., Henson, R. N., Dick, F., & Blakemore, S. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.060 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dorsal and ventral stream activation and object recognition performance in school-age children
Dekker, T. M., Denis Mareschal, B., Sereno, M. I., & Johnson, M. H. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Fifić, M., & Townsend, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0020123 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Functional development of the brain's face‐processing system
Haist, F., & Anzures, G. (2016) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1423 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gao, X., & Maurer, D. M. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.01.011 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationThree studies on configural face processing by chimpanzees
Parr, L. A., Heintz, M. R., & Akamagwuna, U. (2006) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.03.006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dimitriou, D., Leonard, H. C., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., Johnson, M. H., & Thomas, M. S. C. (2014) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12141 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Investigating face-property specific processing in the right OFA
Kadosh, K. C., Walsh, V., & Kadosh, R. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq015 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Developmental Improvement and Age-Related Decline in Unfamiliar Face Matching
Megreya, A. M., & Bindemann, M. (2015) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p7825 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Developmental shifts in children’s sensitivity to visual speech: A new multimodal picture–word task
Jerger, S. W., Damian, M. F., Spence, M. J., Tye‐Murray, N., & Abdi, H. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2008.08.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Development of Sensitivity to Biological Motion in Noise
Freire, A., Lewis, T. L., Maurer, D. M., & Blake, R. (2006) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5403 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationShort, L. A., Hatry, A. J., & Mondloch, C. J. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.07.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationNishimura, M., Maurer, D. M., & Gao, X. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.02.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of inversion on 3- to 5-year-olds’ recognition of face and nonface visual objects
Picozzi, M., Cassia, V. M., Turati, C., & Vescovo, E. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2008.11.001 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Augusti, E. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00159 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Jeffery, L., Rhodes, G., McKone, E., Pellicano, E., Crookes, K., & Taylor, E. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0025643 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Development in attention functions and social processing: Evidence from the Attention Network Test
Federico, F., Marotta, A., Martella, D., & Casagrande, M. (2016) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12154 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Limitations in 4-Year-Old Children’s Sensitivity to the Spacing Among Facial Features
Mondloch, C. J., & Thomson, K. M. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01202.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationDamasio's error – Prosopagnosia with intact within‐category object recognition
Rossion, B. (2018) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12162 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Objects that induce face pareidolia are prioritized by the visual system
Caruana, N., & Seymour, K. J. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12546 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Serial exploration of faces: Comparing vision and touch
Dopjans, L., Bülthoff, H., & Wallraven, C. (2012) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/12.1.6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Laurence, S., & Mondloch, C. J. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.030 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly brain lesions and face‐processing development
de Schonen, S., Mancini, J., Camps, R., Maes, E., & Laurent, A. (2005) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20054 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The role of features and configural processing in face-race classification
Zhao, L., & Shlomo Bentin, A. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.10.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Uono, S., Sato, W., & Toichi, M. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.605593 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mondloch, C. J., Geldart, S., Maurer, D., & Grand, R. L.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mondloch, Catherine J
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-84
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2119997223
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- face processing, face recognition (cognition), developmental changes, children, face inversion effect, head orientation, face identity, facial expressions, gaze direction
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development, Eye Movements, Face, Female, Head, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Posture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
