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The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies
Open accessAbstract
Social cognition is the collection of cognitive processes required to understand and interact with others. The term ‘social brain’ refers to the network of brain regions that underlies these processes. Recent evidence suggests that a number of social cognitive functions continue to develop during adolescence, resulting in age differences in tasks that assess cognitive domains including face processing, mental state inference and responding to peer influence and social evaluation. Concurrently, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show differences between adolescent and adult groups within parts of the social brain. Understanding the relationship between these neural and behavioural observations is a challenge. This review discusses current research findings on adolescent social cognitive development and its functional MRI correlates, then integrates and interprets these findings in the context of hypothesised developmental neurocognitive and neurophysiological mechanisms.
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes fMRI and behavioural evidence that social cognition and the social brain continue to develop through adolescence, with age differences in face processing, mentalising, peer influence, and social evaluation/rejection. It integrates these findings with structural MRI and theoretical models, while highlighting unresolved questions about structure–function mechanisms and bidirectional development.
Key findings
- Face processing: right FFA face-selective activation expands with age (adult > child; adolescent intermediate in Golarai et al., N=23 children, 10 adolescents, 17 adults), correlated with improved facial identity recognition memory; Scherf et al. found FFA/STS increases from childhood to adolescence but no further specificity changes to adulthood, and Peelen et al. found no age-related increase in fusiform body area, suggesting a double dissociation.
- Mentalising: activity in anterior rostral MPFC during mentalising relative to control correlates negatively with age from adolescence to adulthood, with some posterior/temporal components showing opposite patterns; Dumontheil et al. found continuing development in late adolescence (between age 17 and early adulthood) on visual-perspective mentalising trials.
- Peer influence and social evaluation: adolescents took many more risks in a driving simulation when with peers than alone, whereas adults did not differ and youths were intermediate (Gardner & Steinberg); resistance to peer influence increased linearly between 14 and 18 years in >3600 participants aged 10–23+ (Steinberg & Monahan); Cyberball studies showed reduced positive mood and heightened anxiety after exclusion in adolescents vs adults, and adults activated VLPFC more during exclusion/rejection while adolescents showed the reverse or no discrimination.
- Structural/theoretical: cortical grey matter decreases region-specifically and often non-linearly across adolescence, while white matter volume/density increases; models (SIPN, Triadic, Developmental Mismatch) propose heterochronous limbic/PFC maturation, but direct developmental evidence linking microstructural neuronal properties to BOLD signal is lacking.
Methods
- Narrative review, not a primary empirical study; synthesizes developmental fMRI, behavioural, and structural MRI findings on adolescent social cognition.
- Covers face processing, mentalising, peer influence, and social evaluation/rejection, citing cross-sectional child/adolescent/adult studies (e.g., Golarai et al. N=23 children, 10 adolescents, 17 adults; Thomas et al. N=31 children, 23 adolescents, 48 adults; Steinberg & Monahan >3600 aged 10–23+).
- Main analysis is qualitative integration of findings with theoretical models (Interactive Specialisation, SIPN, Triadic, Developmental Mismatch); no meta-analysis or new data are reported.
Limitations
- Stated: the experimental picture is incomplete; suitable mentalising paradigms beyond early childhood are lacking; developmental fMRI of facial emotion processing is challenging to interpret; no direct developmental evidence links microstructural neuronal properties (e.g., synapse density, myelination) to BOLD signal; new behavioural measures of emotional self-regulation are needed; the hypothesis that females are more sensitive to social evaluation remains untested.
- Stated: regional grey and white matter development in specific social brain components has not been systematically characterised, and trajectories of adolescent white matter in specific social-brain tracts have yet to be delineated.
- Evident: as a narrative review, the literature coverage is described as “not exhaustive,” and no systematic search or quality appraisal is reported; causal links between brain development, fMRI activity, and behaviour remain speculative and potentially bidirectional.
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Claims the paper makes
61 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given
In the paper
“The 10-year-olds made more errors than did adults on the identity task in which head orientation varied.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mondloch et al. (2003) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In view of these early preferences, it has come as a surprise that specialised face processing mechanisms, at both the behavioural level and the neural level, continue to develop throughout the first and even the second decade of life (Carey et al., 1980; Durand et al., 2007; Mondloch et al., 2003).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Concurrently, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show differences between adolescent and adult groups within parts of the social brain.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
In the paper
“Adolescents showed greater activity than did adults within the right amygdala, ACC and OFC bilaterally during passive viewing of fearful relative to neutral faces”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Monk et al., 2003 source
plaincorrelationaln = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A substantial functional neuroimaging literature indicates that mentalising in adults recruits a circumscribed set of brain regions, comprising the ATC, pSTS, TPJ and anterior rostral portion of MPFC (Frith and Frith, 2003).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.2. Mentalising
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frith and Frith, 2003 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the evidence reviewed above suggests continuing development across adolescence in the neural correlates of social cognitive processes including face processing, mentalising, peer influence and the emotional response to social evaluation and rejection.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
In the paper
“However, there was an age-related increase in the extent of differential top-down modulation of specific intra-network connections depending on task context.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen Kadosh et al., in press
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Across all expression morphs, adults were more accurate at identifying the emotion shown than were children and adolescents.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al., 2007 source
plainn = 48- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Activity within parts of OFC during social rejection was positively correlated with self-rated social anxiety in 8–17-year-olds.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunther Moor et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, female adolescents show heightened sensitivity to social rejection in an experimental context.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
plaincorrelationaln = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent evidence suggests that a number of social cognitive functions continue to develop during adolescence, resulting in age differences in tasks that assess cognitive domains including face processing, mental state inference and responding to peer influence and social evaluation.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
In the paper
“An early study by Carey et al. (1980) showed improvement in facial identity recognition across the first decade of life, followed by a brief dip in performance at age 12”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carey et al. (1980) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed that, in comparison to adults, the 6-year-olds made more errors on every task, and the 8-year-olds made more errors on three of the five tasks, namely when matching the direction of gaze and on the two identity tasks.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mondloch et al. (2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Basic face processing abilities show remarkably protracted behavioural development during childhood and adolescence, and functional MRI responses within the cortical network for face processing become more fine-tuned and robust with age.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, adult risk-taking did not differ between the social and solitary conditions, and youths showed an intermediate effect.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.3. Peer influence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gardner and Steinberg, 2005 source
plainn = 95- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, whereas recognition accuracy for fear showed a linear improvement across cross-sectional age anger showed a quadratic trend, with sharp improvement between adolescence and adulthood.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed an age-related increase in activity within ventral MPFC, ACC and striatum during evaluation and predicted social feedback, while predicted social rejection resulted in activity within affect-regulation regions, such as OFC and lateral PFC, which increased linearly across age.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunther Moor et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that adolescence is characterised by continuing improvement in facial emotion recognition, but that the specific developmental trajectory may differ between emotions.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, levels of anxiety were disproportionately increased following social rejection in younger adolescents (11–13 years) relative to adults, while anxiety was sustainedly high in older adolescents (14–15 years).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sebastian et al., 2010a
plaindirectn = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed an age-related increase in the spatial extent of face-selective suprathreshold activation within right fusiform cortex (the ‘fusiform face area’; FFA): FFA was significantly larger in adult than child groups, and the adolescent group showed an intermediate pattern.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Golarai et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an age-related increase in size of face-selective FFA was observed between childhood and adolescence, as well as an increase in face-selective superior temporal sulcus (STS) (Scherf et al., 2007).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scherf et al., 2007 source
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“positive correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within visceral pain and negative affect-related regions (e.g. insula) during social exclusion vs. inclusion; and negative correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within emotion-regulation regions (e.g. ventrolateral PFC).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Masten et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelationaln = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The previously reported increase in functional specialisation in FFA for face stimuli was replicated, but there was no age-related increase in functional specialisation for body stimuli in the adjacent fusiform ‘body area’ (FBA).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peelen et al., 2009
plainn = 44- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed that adults activated ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) to a greater extent during exclusion than during inclusion conditions, while adolescents exhibited the reverse pattern.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sebastian et al., in press
plaincorrelationaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These studies are consistent with theories suggesting that prefrontal regulatory mechanisms continue to develop between mid-adolescence and adulthood (e.g. Nelson et al., 2005), and this may be one factor underlying observed adolescent hypersensitivity to rejection.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nelson et al., 2005 source
hedgedconditionaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavioural studies suggest continuing maturation in facial emotion recognition accuracy during adolescence, although developmental fMRI studies of facial emotion processing are challenging to interpret.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this study, no further changes in functional specificity for face processing were noted between adolescence and adulthood, but activity became more bilateral with age.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scherf et al., 2007 source
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In adults, rejection-themed words activated the right ventrolateral PFC to a greater extent than acceptance or neutral words. However, in the adolescent group, this regulatory region did not discriminate between rejection and neutral words, and responded more to acceptance words than to rejection.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sebastian et al., 2010b
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study confirmed the previous finding showing an age-related decrease in amygdala engagement during passive viewing of fearful faces, and also showed greater activity in the FFA in adolescents relative to adults during this contrast.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guyer et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelationaln = 31- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed that in females only, there was an age-related increase in activity during expectation of peer evaluation, within brain regions involved in affective processing (nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, hippocampus and insula), but no differences within the ACC or other social brain regions.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guyer et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelationaln = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The BOLD response is thought to be generated by local excitatory synaptic activity (Logothetis et al., 2001), leading to precisely localised changes in blood flow in response to the release of glutamate (Attwell and Iadecola, 2002).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.3. Mechanistic relationships between MRI findings and fMRI signal
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Histological studies have shown evidence for synaptic proliferation in certain brain regions at around the start of adolescence, with protracted synaptic pruning occurring across the remainder of adolescence (e.g. human frontal cortex: Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1998; primate: Bourgeois and Rakic, 1993; Rakic et al., 1986).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.2. Microstructural mechanisms of developmental MRI findings
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This would not only ‘speed up’ neural processing, but allow for greater temporal precision and, e.g. inter-regional synchronisation (Paus et al., 1999; see e.g. Fornari et al., 2007).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.2. Microstructural mechanisms of developmental MRI findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paus et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Fornari et al., 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The impact of increased levels of circulating gonadal (as well as adrenal) puberty hormones on brain and behaviour in humans is not fully understood (Blakemore et al., 2010).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 3. Theoretical models of adolescent neurocognitive development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blakemore et al., 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The models are broadly compatible, differing in their degree of focus on social cognition and in the level of detailed description at each level of explanation.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 3. Theoretical models of adolescent neurocognitive development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results from a recent primate electrophysiology study suggest that the pruning of excitatory synapses in DLPFC could have functional impact, since the synapses which undergo pruning may be functionally mature (Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2008).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.2. Microstructural mechanisms of developmental MRI findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a number of social cognition tasks, fMRI studies have shown changes in functional brain activity, which occurrs alongside emerging social cognitive proficiency and neuroanatomical development.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 5. Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
In the paper
“A conceptual framework that accommodates these potentially bidirectional causal relationships is provided within the Interactive Specialisation account (Johnson et al., 2009).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 5. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neuroanatomical development, leading to enhanced local and interregional neural processing capacity, may be necessary for transitions between each stage of cognitive development.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 5. Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
“Recent cross-sectional developmental fMRI studies suggest that the prolonged acquisition of face processing abilities is mirrored by protracted functional specialisation within the cortical face processing network”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
“Functional MRI studies show differences between adolescence and adulthood in patterns of activity within these regions and, more recently, in their patterns of functional connectivity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The tasks used in the reviewed studies validly isolate the social cognitive processes they are intended to measure.
“This renders any age-associated improvement in performance difficult to attribute to improved mentalising ability per se.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
“Implicit in these models is the reasonable assumption that adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI, and that the changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
“Implicit in these models is the reasonable assumption that adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI, and that the changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is also a critical time period for neuroanatomical change and maturation, which translates into behavioral development, including cognitive function, social cognition, and executive function (285, 286).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [286]
In the citing paper
“Also falling within our medial cluster of activation, ventromedial PFC and medial OFC activation likely reflects engagement in social cognitive processes, consistent with past research that has associated these regions with social and self-relevant evaluative processes (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer et al., 2013; 2011).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“For example, mentalizing and self-evaluative processes, as well as their associated midline structures are thought to continue to mature throughout the adolescent period (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer and Peake, 2012).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“While much behavioral research shows that adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences in particular (e.g., peer interactions), recent reviews of neuroimaging-based evidence corroborate this characteristic of adolescence”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.1. Structural MRI findings
“Increases in white matter volume are accompanied by progressive changes in MRI measures of white matter integrity, such as the magnetisation-transfer ratio (MTR) in MRI, and fractional anisotropy (FA) in diffusion-tensor MRI (Macchi et al., 2004; Giorgio et al., 2010; Paus et al., 2008a,b; Fornari et al., 2007).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > References
“62. Macchi C Turati C Simion F Can a nonspecific bias toward top-heavy patterns explain newborns’ face preference? Psychological Science 2004 15 6 379 383 15147490”
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Development of online use of theory of mind during adolescence: An eye-tracking study
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“A meta-analysis of 100 studies with 3- to 6-year-olds by Devine and Hughes (2014) highlighted the association between executive function and ToM. Inhibitory control, like other executive skills, is still maturing during adolescence (Leon-Carrion, García-Orza, & Pérez-Santamaría, 2004; Luna, Padmanabhan, & Hearn, 2011)…”
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“, is fine-tuning associated with increase or decrease in activity of a brain network with age?) and the microstructural properties underlying such changes (e.g., are functional and structural changes with age attributable to changes in synaptic density, intracortical myelination, or glial cell development?; Burnett et…”
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A broad assessment of theory of mind in adolescence: The complexity of mindreading
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Adolescent mice, unlike adults, consume more alcohol in the presence of peers than alone
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“Specifically, the heightened reward value of peers during adolescence, a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in previous studies of humans (Burnett et al., 2011; Crone & Dahl, 2012) as well as rodents (Calcagnetti & Schecter, 1992; Douglas et al.”
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“…we hypothesized developmental effects in a broader network of neural regions, particularly regions within the “social-information processing network,” that are associated with social processing and attention to biologically salient visual imagery [Burnett et al., 2011; Scherf et al., 2012].”
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“…et al., 2013; Matthews, Dalley, Matthews, Tsai, & Robbins, 2001; Matthews & Robbins, 2003; Matthews, Wilkinson, & Robbins, 1996; Mehta et al., 2010), regions associated with social and affective function (Burnett et al., 2011; Crone & Dahl, 2012; Fareri & Delgado, 2014; Tottenham & Galván, 2016).”
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Adolescent brain science and juvenile justice policymaking.
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Non-pharmacological factors that determine drug use and addiction
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“However, alcohol can have disruptive effects on social cognition most likely mediated by its action in higher cortical areas (Burnett et al. 2010; Uekermann and Daum 2008).”
BackgroundThe Neuroscience of Adolescence
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“Affective processing (160) and top-down processes involved in understanding and identifying emotions are still developing during adolescence (161).”
BackgroundGraupensperger, S. A., Jaffe, A. E., Fleming, C. B., Kilmer, J. R., Lee, C. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2021) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696820986742 · Cited by 83
“Young adults are particularly susceptible to peer influences and, as such, perceived peer drinking norms play a central role in shaping college students’ decisions to engage in alcohol use (Burnett et al., 2011; Teunissen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCrone, E. A., Achterberg, M., Dobbelaar, S., Euser, S., van den Bulk, B. G., van der Meulen, M., van Drunen, L., Wierenga, L. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100805 · Cited by 83
Stereotypes and stereotyping: What's the brain got to do with it?
Susanne Quadflieg, A., & Macrae, C. N. (2011) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2011.627998 · Cited by 85
van Hoorn, J., Fuligni, A. J., Crone, E. A., & Galván, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.007 · Cited by 79
“Although the broader medial PFC is implicated in social cognition, the peak in functional activity during adolescence is generally observed in dorsal medial PFC [42].”
BackgroundFerrie, J., Miller, H., & Hunter, S. C. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104961 · Cited by 73
Jaffe, A. E., Graupensperger, S. A., Blayney, J. A., Duckworth, J. C., & Stappenbeck, C. A. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.038 · Cited by 75
“1889 larly susceptible to perceived social norms as they have a drive for peer approval [46] and are motivated to adhere to behaviors and attitudes of others as a means of fitting-in and being accepted by peers [47].”
Kim, S., Choi, U.-S., Park, S., Oh, S., Yoon, H.-W., Koh, Y., Wooyoung, I., Park, J.-I., Song, D., Cheon, K.-A. A., et al. (2015) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.37 · Cited by 73
Piškulić, D., Liu, L., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., Walker, E. F., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.017 · Cited by 72
“Alternatively, there may be high variability when assessing facial emotion perception in youth as it has been suggested that facial emotion perception can vary significantly during the adolescent period due to continuous and non-linear development of the specific brain regions involved in facial emotion perception (Bu…”
BackgroundChung, S., & McBride, A. M. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.04.008 · Cited by 85
Maternal parenting behavior and emotion processing in adolescents—An fMRI study
Romund, L., Raufelder, D., Flemming, E., Lorenz, R. C., Pelz, P., Gleich, T., Heinz, A., & Beck, A. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.09.003 · Cited by 70
Hietajärvi, L., Salmela‐Aro, K., Tuominen, H., Hakkarainen, K., & Lonka, K. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.049 · Cited by 83
Hunting for What Works: Adolescents in Addiction Treatment
Silvers, J. A., Squeglia, L. M., Thomsen, K. R., Hudson, K. A., & Ewing, S. W. F. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13984 · Cited by 74
“…D'Amico and McCarthy, 2006, Kilmer et al., 2006) While neural correlates of peer acceptance and rejection have been evaluated (for a review, see Burnett et al., 2011), few studies have employed ecologically-valid paradigms to evaluate the influence of adolescents’ actual peers on their…”
BackgroundThe salience of self, not social pain, is encoded by dorsal anterior cingulate and insula
Perini, I., Gustafsson, P. A., Hamilton, J. P., Kämpe, R., Zetterqvist, M., & Heilig, M. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24658-8 · Cited by 78
Yahfoufi, N., Matar, C., & Ismail, N. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa006 · Cited by 70
“The first major change during adolescence is neuronal reorganization which is associated with the refinement of social and cognitive abilities, reward sensitivity, and stress responsivity (8,9).”
BackgroundBarbato, M., Liu, L., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., Walker, E. F., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2015.04.004 · Cited by 67
“It has been suggested that facial affect processing can vary significantly during the adolescence period due to continuous and non-linear development of the specific brain regions involved in facial affect processing (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011), and therefore high variability might be expected when assessi…”
BackgroundResultSocial network cohesion in school classes promotes prosocial behavior
van den Bos, W., Crone, E. A., Meuwese, R., & Güroğlu, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194656 · Cited by 87
The contribution of imaging genetics to the development of predictive markers for addictions
Loth, E., Carvalho, F. M., & Schumann, G. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.07.008 · Cited by 69
Media multitasking and sleep problems: A longitudinal study among adolescents
van der Schuur, W. A., Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.024 · Cited by 62
“Adolescence is acknowledged as a unique phase of development characterized by the continuing maturation of cognitive, emotional, and social domains of functioning (e.g., Burnett, Sebastian, Kadosh, & Blakemore, 2011).”
A Neurocognitive Model of Self-Concept Development in Adolescence
Crone, E. A., Green, K. H., van de Groep, I. H., & van der Cruijsen, R. (2022) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120920-023842 · Cited by 88
Development of Risk-Taking, Perspective-Taking, and Inhibitory Control During Adolescence
Humphrey, G., & Dumontheil, I. (2016) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2016.1161764 · Cited by 72
Lemmers-Jansen, I. L. J., Krabbendam, L., Veltman, D. J., & Fett, A.-K. J. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.001 · Cited by 67
“better estimation of the social situation, the interaction partner and for improved strategic thinking [2, 23, 29-31]”
Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Farran, A., & Esser, M. J. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.048 · Cited by 67
“Socio-emotional maturation spans the entire develpmental continuum, from childhood through adult life [5–7].”
BackgroundHow Family Resources Affect Materialism and Compulsive Buying
Baker, A. M., Moschis, G. P., Benmoyal‐Bouzaglo, S., & dos Santos, C. P. (2013) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/1069397112473074 · Cited by 61
“These agents, in turn, may further reinforce the importance of material possessions and elevate the child’s susceptibility to peer influence on impulsive choices, a notion in line with neuroscience research (Burnett et al., 2010; Ernst & Fudge, 2009; Litt et al., 2011; Steinberg, 2008) and supported by the positive re…”
ResultMoschis, G. P. (2017) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2017.1347341 · Cited by 61
“…research in neuroscience emphasises the lack of the young person’s impulse control related to inadequate maturing of the brain during adolescence (Litt, Pirouz, & Shiv, 2011), which makes peer influences an important contributor to increased impulsive behaviour in teens (Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialKadosh, K. C., Basso, M., Knytl, P., Johnstone, N., Lau, J. Y. F., & Gibson, G. R. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01422-7 · Cited by 66
Paulus, M., Tsalas, N. R. H., Proust, J., & Sodian, B. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.12.011 · Cited by 61
Hard to look on the bright side: Neural correlates of impaired emotion regulation in depressed youth
Stephanou, K., Davey, C. G., Kerestes, R., Whittle, S., & Harrison, B. J. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx039 · Cited by 54
“…of social and nonsocial imagery, but we focused on social images given the saliency of such contexts for youth depression (Casey et al., 2008; Burnett et al., 2011; Marroqu ın, 2011; Crone and Dahl, 2012) and our broader interest in the maturation of social–emotional processes in young…”
BackgroundWhat’s bugging your teen?—The microbiota and adolescent mental health
McVey Neufeld, K.-A., Luczynski, P., Seira Oriach, C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.005 · Cited by 56
“thus gain independence from caregivers (Burnett et al., 2011; Spear, 2011).”
InfluentialLópez, M. J. R., Padrón, I., de Vega, M., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00060 · Cited by 57
Reframing the Teenage Wasteland: Adolescent Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Neufeld, K. M., Luczynski, P., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716635536 · Cited by 60
“Similarly, significant social and cognitive changes are associated with puberty in the transition to adulthood that allow for that same independence.(3,33) Historically, the brain was considered to have been largely finished in development by puberty, but we now know that this period of profound transition is also ref…”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, Y., Peng, S., Wu, X., Liu, Z., Lian, Z., Fan, H., Kuang, N., Gu, X., Yang, S., Hu, Y., et al. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101566 · Cited by 53
“The neural basis of peer influence has been investigated mostly in social-emotional and reward-processing contexts (Burnett et al., 2011; Andrews et al., 2021).”
Graupensperger, S. A., Benson, A. J., & Evans, M. B. (2018) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2017-0339 · Cited by 65
Jessar, A. J., Hamilton, J. L., Flynn, M. E., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2015) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431615609157 · Cited by 58
“This is surprising, as adolescence is a period of continued emotional development, and in which the social environment may be particularly influential in emotional development (Burnett et al., 2011; Casey et al., 2010; Nelson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundKong, F., Zhao, J., You, X., & Xiang, Y. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000617 · Cited by 56
Considerations of fairness in the adolescent brain
Crone, E. A. (2013) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12022 · Cited by 48
Schuwerk, T., Döhnel, K., Sodian, B., Keck, I. R., Rupprecht, R., & Sommer, M. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22377 · Cited by 53
“…that has yet to be answered is whether these changes in functional activity reflect the maturation of the neural network underpinning ToM reasoning or whether they reflect a developmental change in cognitive processes constituting ToM reasoning per se [Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011].”
BackgroundAmygdala habituation and uncinate fasciculus connectivity in adolescence: A multi-modal approach
Hein, T. C., Mattson, W. I., Dotterer, H. L., Mitchell, C. M., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Thomason, M. E., Peltier, S., Welsh, R. C., Hyde, L. W., & Monk, C. S. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.058 · Cited by 54
“, face processing) consistently demonstrate reduced reactivity from adolescence into adulthood (Blakemore 2008, 2012; Burnett et al., 2009; Burnett et al., 2011; Gunther Moor et al., 2011; Pfeifer and Blakemore, 2012; Pfeifer et al., 2007; Monk et al., 2003; Nelson et al., 2015).”
Papatraianou, L., Levine, D. T., & West, D. (2014) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2014.974661 · Cited by 57
Marusak, H. A., Carré, J. M., & Thomason, M. E. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.002 · Cited by 52
“…'social landscape' (Ernst and Fudge, 2009) and in structure and function of brain regions involved in processing social stimuli (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011), it is important that neural systems are capable of preferentially responding to cues in the environment that are most…”
Neural Dynamic Responses of Monetary and Social Reward Processes in Adolescents
Wang, D., Liu, T., & Shi, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00141 · Cited by 54
Politte‐Corn, M., Nick, E. A., & Kujawa, A. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12640 · Cited by 57
The neural development of prosocial behavior from childhood to adolescence
Do, K. T., McCormick, E. M., & Telzer, E. H. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy117 · Cited by 49
“, 2014) and functional (Burnett and Blakemore, 2009; Burnett et al., 2011; Klapwijk et al., 2013) maturation within neural circuits that support social cognition (e.”
BackgroundExposure to early childhood maltreatment and its effect over time on social cognition
Crawford, K. M., Choi, K., Davis, K. A., Zhu, Y., Soare, T. W., Smith, A. D. A. C., Germine, L. T., & Dunn, E. C. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000139x · Cited by 56
Developmental Risk I: Depression and the Developing Brain
Weir, J. M., Zakama, A. K., & Rao, U. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.01.004 · Cited by 54
“specific areas and circuits within the brain that are involved in the development of emotional and cognitive abilities.(31,34) –36”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Burnett, S., Sebastian, C., Cohen Kadosh, K., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1654-1664
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4538788
- OpenAlex
- W2079522256
- Semantic Scholar
- db322dec758616ba4794e75d2fc0bb727ddabe9e
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (077539)
- Royal Society
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- social brain, social cognition, adolescence, cognitive development, face processing, mental state inference, peer influence, social evaluation, neurophysiological mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Psychology, Adolescent, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Critical Period, Psychological, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Adolescent Development, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging
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