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The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies
Open accessAbstract
Social cognition is the collection of cognitive processes required to understand and interact with others. The term ‘social brain’ refers to the network of brain regions that underlies these processes. Recent evidence suggests that a number of social cognitive functions continue to develop during adolescence, resulting in age differences in tasks that assess cognitive domains including face processing, mental state inference and responding to peer influence and social evaluation. Concurrently, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show differences between adolescent and adult groups within parts of the social brain. Understanding the relationship between these neural and behavioural observations is a challenge. This review discusses current research findings on adolescent social cognitive development and its functional MRI correlates, then integrates and interprets these findings in the context of hypothesised developmental neurocognitive and neurophysiological mechanisms.
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes fMRI and behavioural evidence that social cognition and the social brain continue to develop through adolescence, with age differences in face processing, mentalising, peer influence, and social evaluation/rejection. It integrates these findings with structural MRI and theoretical models, while highlighting unresolved questions about structure–function mechanisms and bidirectional development.
Key findings
- Face processing: right FFA face-selective activation expands with age (adult > child; adolescent intermediate in Golarai et al., N=23 children, 10 adolescents, 17 adults), correlated with improved facial identity recognition memory; Scherf et al. found FFA/STS increases from childhood to adolescence but no further specificity changes to adulthood, and Peelen et al. found no age-related increase in fusiform body area, suggesting a double dissociation.
- Mentalising: activity in anterior rostral MPFC during mentalising relative to control correlates negatively with age from adolescence to adulthood, with some posterior/temporal components showing opposite patterns; Dumontheil et al. found continuing development in late adolescence (between age 17 and early adulthood) on visual-perspective mentalising trials.
- Peer influence and social evaluation: adolescents took many more risks in a driving simulation when with peers than alone, whereas adults did not differ and youths were intermediate (Gardner & Steinberg); resistance to peer influence increased linearly between 14 and 18 years in >3600 participants aged 10–23+ (Steinberg & Monahan); Cyberball studies showed reduced positive mood and heightened anxiety after exclusion in adolescents vs adults, and adults activated VLPFC more during exclusion/rejection while adolescents showed the reverse or no discrimination.
- Structural/theoretical: cortical grey matter decreases region-specifically and often non-linearly across adolescence, while white matter volume/density increases; models (SIPN, Triadic, Developmental Mismatch) propose heterochronous limbic/PFC maturation, but direct developmental evidence linking microstructural neuronal properties to BOLD signal is lacking.
Methods
- Narrative review, not a primary empirical study; synthesizes developmental fMRI, behavioural, and structural MRI findings on adolescent social cognition.
- Covers face processing, mentalising, peer influence, and social evaluation/rejection, citing cross-sectional child/adolescent/adult studies (e.g., Golarai et al. N=23 children, 10 adolescents, 17 adults; Thomas et al. N=31 children, 23 adolescents, 48 adults; Steinberg & Monahan >3600 aged 10–23+).
- Main analysis is qualitative integration of findings with theoretical models (Interactive Specialisation, SIPN, Triadic, Developmental Mismatch); no meta-analysis or new data are reported.
Limitations
- Stated: the experimental picture is incomplete; suitable mentalising paradigms beyond early childhood are lacking; developmental fMRI of facial emotion processing is challenging to interpret; no direct developmental evidence links microstructural neuronal properties (e.g., synapse density, myelination) to BOLD signal; new behavioural measures of emotional self-regulation are needed; the hypothesis that females are more sensitive to social evaluation remains untested.
- Stated: regional grey and white matter development in specific social brain components has not been systematically characterised, and trajectories of adolescent white matter in specific social-brain tracts have yet to be delineated.
- Evident: as a narrative review, the literature coverage is described as “not exhaustive,” and no systematic search or quality appraisal is reported; causal links between brain development, fMRI activity, and behaviour remain speculative and potentially bidirectional.
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Claims the paper makes
60 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given · 1 Supported
In the paper
“The 10-year-olds made more errors than did adults on the identity task in which head orientation varied.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mondloch et al. (2003) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In view of these early preferences, it has come as a surprise that specialised face processing mechanisms, at both the behavioural level and the neural level, continue to develop throughout the first and even the second decade of life (Carey et al., 1980; Durand et al., 2007; Mondloch et al., 2003).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Concurrently, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show differences between adolescent and adult groups within parts of the social brain.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
In the paper
“Adolescents showed greater activity than did adults within the right amygdala, ACC and OFC bilaterally during passive viewing of fearful relative to neutral faces”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Monk et al., 2003 source
plaincorrelationaln = 17- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A substantial functional neuroimaging literature indicates that mentalising in adults recruits a circumscribed set of brain regions, comprising the ATC, pSTS, TPJ and anterior rostral portion of MPFC (Frith and Frith, 2003).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.2. Mentalising
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frith and Frith, 2003 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the evidence reviewed above suggests continuing development across adolescence in the neural correlates of social cognitive processes including face processing, mentalising, peer influence and the emotional response to social evaluation and rejection.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
In the paper
“However, there was an age-related increase in the extent of differential top-down modulation of specific intra-network connections depending on task context.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen Kadosh et al., in press
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Across all expression morphs, adults were more accurate at identifying the emotion shown than were children and adolescents.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al., 2007 source
plainn = 48- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Activity within parts of OFC during social rejection was positively correlated with self-rated social anxiety in 8–17-year-olds.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunther Moor et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, female adolescents show heightened sensitivity to social rejection in an experimental context.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
plaincorrelationaln = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The impact of increased levels of circulating gonadal (as well as adrenal) puberty hormones on brain and behaviour in humans is not fully understood (Blakemore et al., 2010).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 3. Theoretical models of adolescent neurocognitive development
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blakemore et al., 2010 source
The Introduction says relatively little is known about puberty and neural development in humans. The Hormonal Effects on Brain and Behavior section identifies gonadal and adrenal hormones as affecting brain and behavior, while saying that adrenal-hormone effects are poorly understood and that the specific relationships in humans remain unclear. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent evidence suggests that a number of social cognitive functions continue to develop during adolescence, resulting in age differences in tasks that assess cognitive domains including face processing, mental state inference and responding to peer influence and social evaluation.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
- Rests on an assumption: Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
In the paper
“An early study by Carey et al. (1980) showed improvement in facial identity recognition across the first decade of life, followed by a brief dip in performance at age 12”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carey et al. (1980) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed that, in comparison to adults, the 6-year-olds made more errors on every task, and the 8-year-olds made more errors on three of the five tasks, namely when matching the direction of gaze and on the two identity tasks.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mondloch et al. (2003)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Basic face processing abilities show remarkably protracted behavioural development during childhood and adolescence, and functional MRI responses within the cortical network for face processing become more fine-tuned and robust with age.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, adult risk-taking did not differ between the social and solitary conditions, and youths showed an intermediate effect.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.3. Peer influence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gardner and Steinberg, 2005 source
plainn = 95- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, whereas recognition accuracy for fear showed a linear improvement across cross-sectional age anger showed a quadratic trend, with sharp improvement between adolescence and adulthood.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Results showed an age-related increase in activity within ventral MPFC, ACC and striatum during evaluation and predicted social feedback, while predicted social rejection resulted in activity within affect-regulation regions, such as OFC and lateral PFC, which increased linearly across age.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunther Moor et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that adolescence is characterised by continuing improvement in facial emotion recognition, but that the specific developmental trajectory may differ between emotions.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, levels of anxiety were disproportionately increased following social rejection in younger adolescents (11–13 years) relative to adults, while anxiety was sustainedly high in older adolescents (14–15 years).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sebastian et al., 2010a
plaindirectn = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Results showed an age-related increase in the spatial extent of face-selective suprathreshold activation within right fusiform cortex (the ‘fusiform face area’; FFA): FFA was significantly larger in adult than child groups, and the adolescent group showed an intermediate pattern.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Golarai et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“an age-related increase in size of face-selective FFA was observed between childhood and adolescence, as well as an increase in face-selective superior temporal sulcus (STS) (Scherf et al., 2007).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scherf et al., 2007 source
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“positive correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within visceral pain and negative affect-related regions (e.g. insula) during social exclusion vs. inclusion; and negative correlations were found between self-reported distress and activity within emotion-regulation regions (e.g. ventrolateral PFC).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Masten et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelationaln = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The previously reported increase in functional specialisation in FFA for face stimuli was replicated, but there was no age-related increase in functional specialisation for body stimuli in the adjacent fusiform ‘body area’ (FBA).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peelen et al., 2009
plainn = 44- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed that adults activated ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) to a greater extent during exclusion than during inclusion conditions, while adolescents exhibited the reverse pattern.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sebastian et al., in press
plaincorrelationaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These studies are consistent with theories suggesting that prefrontal regulatory mechanisms continue to develop between mid-adolescence and adulthood (e.g. Nelson et al., 2005), and this may be one factor underlying observed adolescent hypersensitivity to rejection.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nelson et al., 2005 source
hedgedconditionaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavioural studies suggest continuing maturation in facial emotion recognition accuracy during adolescence, although developmental fMRI studies of facial emotion processing are challenging to interpret.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this study, no further changes in functional specificity for face processing were noted between adolescence and adulthood, but activity became more bilateral with age.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scherf et al., 2007 source
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In adults, rejection-themed words activated the right ventrolateral PFC to a greater extent than acceptance or neutral words. However, in the adolescent group, this regulatory region did not discriminate between rejection and neutral words, and responded more to acceptance words than to rejection.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sebastian et al., 2010b
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study confirmed the previous finding showing an age-related decrease in amygdala engagement during passive viewing of fearful faces, and also showed greater activity in the FFA in adolescents relative to adults during this contrast.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.1. Face processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guyer et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelationaln = 31- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results showed that in females only, there was an age-related increase in activity during expectation of peer evaluation, within brain regions involved in affective processing (nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, hippocampus and insula), but no differences within the ACC or other social brain regions.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 2. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural studies of social cognition in adolescence > 2.4. Social evaluation: acceptance and rejection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guyer et al., 2009 source
plaincorrelationaln = 34- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The BOLD response is thought to be generated by local excitatory synaptic activity (Logothetis et al., 2001), leading to precisely localised changes in blood flow in response to the release of glutamate (Attwell and Iadecola, 2002).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.3. Mechanistic relationships between MRI findings and fMRI signal
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Histological studies have shown evidence for synaptic proliferation in certain brain regions at around the start of adolescence, with protracted synaptic pruning occurring across the remainder of adolescence (e.g. human frontal cortex: Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1998; primate: Bourgeois and Rakic, 1993; Rakic et al., 1986).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.2. Microstructural mechanisms of developmental MRI findings
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This would not only ‘speed up’ neural processing, but allow for greater temporal precision and, e.g. inter-regional synchronisation (Paus et al., 1999; see e.g. Fornari et al., 2007).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.2. Microstructural mechanisms of developmental MRI findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paus et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Fornari et al., 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The models are broadly compatible, differing in their degree of focus on social cognition and in the level of detailed description at each level of explanation.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 3. Theoretical models of adolescent neurocognitive development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results from a recent primate electrophysiology study suggest that the pruning of excitatory synapses in DLPFC could have functional impact, since the synapses which undergo pruning may be functionally mature (Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2008).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.2. Microstructural mechanisms of developmental MRI findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gonzalez-Burgos et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a number of social cognition tasks, fMRI studies have shown changes in functional brain activity, which occurrs alongside emerging social cognitive proficiency and neuroanatomical development.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 5. Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
In the paper
“A conceptual framework that accommodates these potentially bidirectional causal relationships is provided within the Interactive Specialisation account (Johnson et al., 2009).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 5. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnson et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neuroanatomical development, leading to enhanced local and interregional neural processing capacity, may be necessary for transitions between each stage of cognitive development.”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 5. Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional age differences in behavioural and fMRI measures reflect developmental change within individuals over time.
“Recent cross-sectional developmental fMRI studies suggest that the prolonged acquisition of face processing abilities is mirrored by protracted functional specialisation within the cortical face processing network”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences in fMRI activity between adolescent and adult groups within social brain regions can be interpreted as differences in social cognitive function or development.
“Functional MRI studies show differences between adolescence and adulthood in patterns of activity within these regions and, more recently, in their patterns of functional connectivity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The tasks used in the reviewed studies validly isolate the social cognitive processes they are intended to measure.
“This renders any age-associated improvement in performance difficult to attribute to improved mentalising ability per se.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI.
“Implicit in these models is the reasonable assumption that adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI, and that the changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.
“Implicit in these models is the reasonable assumption that adolescent behavioural and cognitive development is causally related to changes in functional brain activity measured in fMRI, and that the changes in functional brain activity are related to neuroanatomical development.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is also a critical time period for neuroanatomical change and maturation, which translates into behavioral development, including cognitive function, social cognition, and executive function (285, 286).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [286]
In the citing paper
“Also falling within our medial cluster of activation, ventromedial PFC and medial OFC activation likely reflects engagement in social cognitive processes, consistent with past research that has associated these regions with social and self-relevant evaluative processes (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer et al., 2013; 2011).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“For example, mentalizing and self-evaluative processes, as well as their associated midline structures are thought to continue to mature throughout the adolescent period (Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer and Peake, 2012).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“While much behavioral research shows that adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened sensitivity to social experiences in particular (e.g., peer interactions), recent reviews of neuroimaging-based evidence corroborate this characteristic of adolescence”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Burnett et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > 4. Structure–function relationships in the adolescent social brain > 4.1. Structural MRI findings
“Increases in white matter volume are accompanied by progressive changes in MRI measures of white matter integrity, such as the magnetisation-transfer ratio (MTR) in MRI, and fractional anisotropy (FA) in diffusion-tensor MRI (Macchi et al., 2004; Giorgio et al., 2010; Paus et al., 2008a,b; Fornari et al., 2007).”
§ The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies > References
“62. Macchi C Turati C Simion F Can a nonspecific bias toward top-heavy patterns explain newborns’ face preference? Psychological Science 2004 15 6 379 383 15147490”
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Cohen Kadosh, K., Heathcote, L. C., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00111 · Cited by 45
Rebelling against the brain: Public engagement with the ‘neurological adolescent’
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Flores, L. E., Eckstrand, K., Silk, J. S., Allen, N. B., Ambrosia, M., Healey, K. L., & Forbes, E. E. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0598-0 · Cited by 52
“…temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), temporal poles, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); those associated with emotion regulation in social interactions include the mPFC and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC; Burnett et al., 2011; Frith & Frith, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBecht, A., Wierenga, L. M., Mills, K. L., Meuwese, R., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Blakemore, S., Güroğlu, B., & Crone, E. A. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa166 · Cited by 54
Self-citationContributions of emotion understanding to narrative comprehension in children and adults
Mouw, J. M., Leijenhorst, L. V., Saab, N., Danel, M. S., & van den Broek, P. (2017) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2017.1334548 · Cited by 43
Hamilton, J. L., Biernesser, C., Moreno, M. A., Porta, G., Hamilton, E., Johnson, K., Poling, K. D., Sakolsky, D., Brent, D. A., & Goldstein, T. G. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12801 · Cited by 39
Doumas, D. M., Esp, S. M., Turrisi, R., Hausheer, R., & Cuffee, C. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.011 · Cited by 42
Paranoid thinking, suspicion, and risk for aggression: A neurodevelopmental perspective
Tone, E. B., & Davis, J. S. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000521 · Cited by 43
“These brain regions appear to grow steadily, undergoing changes in structure and function at the onset of puberty (Brenhouse & Andersen, 2011; Burnett et al., 2011; Giedd, Castellanos, Rajapakse, Vaituzis, & Rapoport, 1997; Giedd et al., 1999).”
BackgroundFour Mechanistic Models of Peer Influence on Adolescent Cannabis Use
Caouette, J. D., & Feldstein Ewing, S. W. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0144-0 · Cited by 42
Müller, C. P. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112672 · Cited by 45
“These effects are most likely mediated by alcohol’s action in higher cortical areas [38,323].”
Assessment of joint attention in school-age children and adolescents
Bean, J. L., & Eigsti, I. (2012) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.04.003 · Cited by 40
Ronconi, L., Molteni, M., & Casartelli, L. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00144 · Cited by 39
Safety behaviours in social anxiety: An examination across adolescence
Evans, R. C., Chiu, K., Clark, D. M., Waite, P., & Leigh, E. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103931 · Cited by 51
“…support the development of key social and cognitive capabilities such as perspective taking, self-awareness, the processing of emotional expressions, emotion regulation, peer influence and sensitivity to social rejection (Blakemore & Choudhury, 2006; Burnett et al., 2011; Haller et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMemory and Self–Neuroscientific Landscapes
Markowitsch, H. J. (2013) · ISRN Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2013/176027 · Cited by 43
“However, even then there are of course concepts of the self that are only established later during adolescence [41–45].”
BackgroundLongitudinal Changes in Social Brain Development: Processing Outcomes for Friend and Self
Braams, B. R., & Crone, E. A. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12665 · Cited by 40
Developmental trajectory of social influence integration into perceptual decisions in children
Large, I., Pellicano, E., Mojzisch, A., & Krug, K. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1808153116 · Cited by 39
“Changes have been attributed to hormonal factors, especially with regard to puberty influencing both brain structure and function (67, 68).”
BackgroundWeed, K. A., & Nicholson, J. S. (2014) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2014.963630 · Cited by 38
“…research suggests that teens may be particularly sensitive to social evaluation of others and may even integrate other people’s perception into their self-concept (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011; Eisenberger et al., 2003; Fulford & Ford-Gilboe, 2004; Masten et al., 2009; Somerville, 2013).”
BackgroundLinking family structure to impulse‐control and obsessive–compulsive buying
Baker, A. M., Moschis, G. P., Rigdon, E. E., & Fatt, C. K. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1579 · Cited by 38
Developmental Differences in the Control of Action Selection by Social Information
Dumontheil, I., Hillebrandt, H., Apperly, I. A., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00268 · Cited by 44
“Regarding the second and third comparisons, the social brain has shown more reliable decreases between adolescence and adulthood in MPFC activations (Blakemore, 2008) and increases in temporal cortex activations (Burnett et al., 2011; Blakemore, 2008) in a variety of social cognition tasks.”
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“Social and emotional development spans the entirety of childhood and adolescence [9], extending into emerging adulthood of the late teens through the twenties [10].”
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Developing developmental cognitive neuroscience: From agenda setting to hypothesis testing
van den Bos, W., & Eppinger, B. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.011 · Cited by 38
“, 2013), and this social brain region is also known to show significant development across adolescence (Burnett et al., 2011; Güroğlu et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAutism and emotional face‐viewing
Johnels, J. Å., Hovey, D., Zürcher, N. R., Hippolyte, L., Lemonnier, É., Gillberg, C., & Hadjikhani, N. K. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1730 · Cited by 39
Tin, L. N. W., Lui, S. S. Y., Ho, K. K. Y., Hung, K. S. Y., Wang, Y., Yeung, H. K. H., Wong, T. Y., Lam, S. M., Chan, R. C. K., & Cheung, E. F. C. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717002690 · Cited by 36
“During adolescence, the social brain demonstrates structural and functional developments (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMarciano, L., Viswanath, K., Morese, R., & Camerini, A.-L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.981881 · Cited by 36
A Longitudinal Person-Centered Examination of Affinity for Aloneness Among Children and Adolescents
Daly, O. M., & Willoughby, T. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13411 · Cited by 38
Pavias, M., van den Broek, P., Hickendorff, M., Beker, K., & Leijenhorst, L. V. (2016) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2016.1171070 · Cited by 36
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Peer rejection cues induce cardiac slowing after transition into adolescence.
Gunther Moor, B., Bos, M. G. N., Crone, E. A., & van der Molen, M. W. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033842 · Cited by 37
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“Importantly, mPFC is still undergoing structural and functional development during adolescence (Burnett et al., 2011; Mills et al., 2012).”
Developmental changes in effective connectivity associated with relational reasoning
Bazargani, N., Hillebrandt, H. F., Kalina Christoff, A., & Dumontheil, I. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22400 · Cited by 32
“Adolescence is a period of mental change both in the social cognition [Burnett et al., 2011] and the cognitive control and reasoning domains [Ferrer et al., 2009; Luna et al., 2010].”
Hamilton, J. L., Dalack, M. N., Boyd, S. I., Jorgensen, S. L., Dreier, M. J., Sarna, J., & Brent, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13996 · Cited by 35
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“…sensitivity to rewarding and emotional cues and context (Bos et al. 2020, Cauffman et al. 2010, Defoe et al. 2015, Figner et al. 2009, Pattwell et al. 2012, Somerville et al. 2011) and peer influences (Burnett et al. 2011, Gardner & Steinberg 2005, Steinberg &Monahan 2007, van Hoorn et al. 2019).”
BackgroundComparing the ability of cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in adolescent onset schizophrenia
Li, D., Li, X., Yu, F., Chen, X., Zhang, L., Li, D., Wei, Q., Zhang, Q., Zhu, C., & Wang, K. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s128116 · Cited by 34
“32,33 Importantly, an elaborated ToM continues beyond the beginning of puberty until early adulthood.”
Cultural neurobiology and the family: Evidence from the daily lives of Latino adolescents
Doane, L. D., Sladek, M. R., Breitenstein, R. S., Park, H. J., Castro, S. A., & Kennedy, J. L. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001104 · Cited by 31
A gut (microbiome) feeling about addiction: Interactions with stress and social systems
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“This initial colonization continues to evolve in adolescence, a critical period characterized by shifts in neuronal structure and function facilitating the development of behavioral and social skills (Burnett et al., 2011; Kilford et al., 2016; Lamblin et al., 2017; Spear, 2000).”
Cohn, M. D., Viding, E. M., McCrory, E. J. P., Pape, L. E., van den Brink, W., DORELEIJERS, T. A. H., Veltman, D. J., & Popma, A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.003 · Cited by 29
Emergent Emotions in Adolescence
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Keifer, C. M., Day, T. C., Hauschild, K. M., & Lerner, M. D. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01247-7 · Cited by 31
Neural Correlates of Self and Its Interaction With Memory in Healthy Adolescents
Dégeilh, F., Guillery‐Girard, B., Dayan, J., Gaubert, M., Chételat, G., Egler, P., Baleyte, J., Eustache, F., & Viard, A. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12440 · Cited by 29
“We showed that appraisal of Others was associated with greater activation in the PCC, the temporal pole and the right dorsal mPFC, regions of the social cognition network in adults and adolescents (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011; Mitchell et al., 2005, 2004).”
BackgroundBasso, M., Johnstone, N., Knytl, P., Nauta, A., Groeneveld, A., & Cohen Kadosh, K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030614 · Cited by 28
The adolescent mind in school: theory of mind and self-concept in Canadian and Polish youth
Bosacki, S., Białecka‐Pikul, M., & Szpak, M. (2013) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2013.804423 · Cited by 28
Marciano, L., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A.-L. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106731 · Cited by 33
Liu, T., Xiao, T., & Shi, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00462 · Cited by 27
“…matter density (Giedd et al., 1999) reflect alterations in the neural plasticity of regions supporting social and cognitive functions (Steinberg, 2005; Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006; Casey et al., 2010, 2011; Somerville et al., 2010; Burnett et al., 2011; Pfeifer et al., 2011; Kadosh et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAdolescence, the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, and the Emergence of Psychiatric Disorders
Neufeld, S. M., Ahn, M., Kunze, W., & Neufeld, K. M. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.10.006 · Cited by 27
Altered neural function to happy faces in adolescents with and at risk for depression
Kerestes, R., Segreti, A. M., Pan, L. A., Phillips, M. L., Birmaher, B. B., Brent, D. A., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.013 · Cited by 25
“This suggests that alterations in social-affective processing and their neural correlates may be crucial to understanding vulnerability to mood disorders in adolescents (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011; Crone and Dahl, 2012).”
BackgroundAldaqre, I., Schuwerk, T., Daum, M. M., Sodian, B., & Paulus, M. (2016) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4656-y · Cited by 26
“Accumulating evidence suggests that social cognition undergoes substantial developmental changes beyond childhood (Burnett et al. 2011).”
BackgroundThe development of adolescent trust behavior
Sijtsma, H., Lee, N. C., Braams, B. R., Hollarek, M., Walsh, R. J., van Buuren, M., & Krabbendam, L. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105653 · Cited by 33
“These include social learning processes, the ability to take the perspective of others into account, and inferring the intentions, goals, and desires of others (Blakemore, 2012; Burnett et al., 2011; Kilford et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLin, L. N., Chang, L., Hurng, B., Wu, C.-C., Yen, L.-L., & Chang, H. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx211 · Cited by 27
High trait anxiety during adolescence interferes with discriminatory context learning
Kadosh, K. C., Haddad, A. D. M., Heathcote, L. C., Murphy, R. A., Pine, D. S., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.05.002 · Cited by 25
“…adolescence, such a response pattern in high anxious individuals may well help shape the use of behavioural or cognitive strategies in a way that differs to that low anxious adolescents (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011; Cohen Kadosh, Heathcote, & Lau, 2014; Cohen Kadosh, Linden, & Lau, 2013).”
BackgroundEffects of Family Structure on Materialism and Compulsive Consumption: A Life Course Study in Brazil
Moschis, G. P., Bernhardt, A., Mathur, A., Zarb, F. G., Fatt, C. K., & dos Santos, C. P. (2013) · Cited by 24
Krockow, E., Riviere, E., & Frosch, C. A. (2018) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2018.11.017 · Cited by 24
Lee, J. E., Walton, D. M., O’Connor, C. P., Wammes, M., Burton, J. P., & Osuch, E. A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23126643 · Cited by 27
“In the brain, changes in synaptic connectivity and axonal myelination in the frontal cortex and other regions result in changes in a sense of identity, self-consciousness, and cognitive flexibility [1,3].”
BackgroundKwak, Y., Chen, X., McDonald, K. R., & Boutin, B. (2019) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2019.1653963 · Cited by 23
Schaefer, M., Kühnel, A., Rumpel, F., & Gärtner, M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070863 · Cited by 22
“For example, studies addressing theory-ofmind approaches highlighted the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the anterior temporal poles, the right temporoparietal junction area (rTPJ)/posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) [25,27].”
BackgroundGiovanni Laviola, A., & Marco, E. M. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.011 · Cited by 22
Tashjian, S. M., Weissman, D. G., Guyer, A. E., & Galván, A. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0573-9 · Cited by 23
Perkins, A. E., Varlinskaya, E. I., & Deak, T. (2019) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2019.08.001 · Cited by 23
Emotional reactions of peers influence decisions about fairness in adolescence
Klapwijk, E. T., Peters, S., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., & Lelieveld, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00745 · Cited by 23
The influence of physical exercise on negative emotions in adolescents: a meta-analysis
Wang, T., Li, W., Deng, J., Zhang, Q., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1457931 · Cited by 28
Targeting Cognitive Resilience through Prebiotics: A Focused Perspective
Dalile, B., Boyle, N. B., Ruiz, F. T., Chakrabarti, A., Respondek, F., Dodd, G. F., Kadosh, K. C., Hepsomali, P., Brummer, R. J., McArthur, S., et al. (2024) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100343 · Cited by 21
Li, M., Xu, H., & Wang, W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00688 · Cited by 21
“80), nor of stress × housing condition interaction (F(2,37) = 0.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTraumatic Injury to the Developing Brain: Emerging Relationship to Early Life Stress
Parker, K. N., Donovan, M. H., Smith, K., & Noble‐Haeusslein, L. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.708800 · Cited by 21
“As sociability continues to develop into adolescence [(48, 49) and see review, Blakemore (50)], a disruption in the toddler aged child may interfere with the proper sequence of age-appropriate social behaviors and increase the risk of psychiatric disorders (51).”
BackgroundGraupensperger, S. A., Jaffe, A. E., Hultgren, B. A., Rhew, I. C., Lee, C. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2020) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000647 · Cited by 21
Vijayakumar, N., Allen, N. B., Dennison, M., Byrne, M. L., Simmons, J. G., & Whittle, S. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.051 · Cited by 20
“, dorsolateral, dorsomedial and ventromedial PFC (dlPFC, dmPFC, vmPFC), OFC, and inferior parietal cortices; (Arnsten and Rubia, 2012; Burnett et al., 2011; Rempel-Clower, 2007).”
BackgroundZoratto, F., Altabella, L., Tistarelli, N., Laviola, G., Adriani, W., & Canese, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00208 · Cited by 21
Deng, X., Gao, Q., Hu, L., Zhang, L., Li, Y., & Bu, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189603 · Cited by 23
“FRN was evaluated at FCz as the highest amplitude between 200 ms and 300 ms following stimulus onset [50].”
MethodSocial context induces two unique patterns of c‐Fos expression in adolescent and adult rats
Varlinskaya, E. I., Vogt, B. A., & SPEAR, L. P. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21064 · Cited by 20
Social and Non-social Reward Processing and Depressive Symptoms Among Sexual Minority Adolescents
Eckstrand, K., Flores, L. E., Cross, M., Silk, J. S., Allen, N. B., Healey, K. L., Marshal, M. P., & Forbes, E. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00209 · Cited by 22
Evolution of Human Sex-Specific Cognitive Vulnerabilities
Geary, D. C. (2017) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/694934 · Cited by 19
Yahfoufi, N., Ah-Yen, E. G., Chandrasegaram, R., Aly, S., Murack, M., Kadamani, A. K., Matar, C., & Ismail, N. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100063 · Cited by 19
“This period is marked by brain remodeling and reorganizing which subsequently impact social cognitive behavior [2].”
BackgroundSchacter, H. L., Marusak, H. A., Borg, B. A., & Jovanović, T. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422001018 · Cited by 22
“For example, compared to adults, adolescents exhibit greater recruitment of “ social brain ” regions (e.g., MPFC) when asked to consider the thoughts or intentions of others (Burnett et al., 2011).”
Blos, J., Chatterjee, A. K., Kircher, T. T. J., & Straube, B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.028 · Cited by 19
“They concluded that animacy experiences activate this "social neural network" (SNN) (Brothers, 1990).”
BackgroundWallace, G. L., Dudley, K. M., Anthony, L. G., Pugliese, C. E., Orionzi, B., CLASEN, L. S., Lee, N., Giedd, J. N., Martin, A. D., Raznahan, A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2972-5 · Cited by 23
Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Social Inferences in Typical and Autistic Adolescents
Rosenblau, G., Korn, C. W., Dutton, A. J., Lee, D., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.002 · Cited by 26
Cloutier, J., Li, T., Mišić, B., Correll, J., & Berman, M. G. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw232 · Cited by 20
“Functional specialization of brain networks supporting face perception is believed to occur during development (Johnson 2011; for a review of age-related changes, see Burnett et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMorningstar, M. A., Grannis, C., Mattson, W. I., & Nelson, E. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00108 · Cited by 19
Neural basis of implicit cognitive reappraisal in panic disorder: an event-related fMRI study
Wang, H., Guo-qing, X., Ni, M.-F., Zhang, C., Li, X., Chang, Y., Sun, X.-P., & Zhang, B.-W. (2021) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-021-02968-2 · Cited by 19
“Considering the amygdala is the core neural substrate of emotion processing, involved in the automatic processing of unpleasant stimuli (especially the perception of anger and fear expressions) and the implicit cognitive reappraisal [23, 46], beta estimates were extracted from the amygdala to investigate the correlati…”
MethodKragel, P. A., Zucker, N. L., Covington, V. E., & LaBar, K. S. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu050 · Cited by 18
“Despite differing in complexity, these models commonly incorporate an affective limbic system and a regulatory prefrontal system (although the specific focus of models differ, see Burnett et al. , 2011 for a comparison and review).”
BackgroundNeuroscientific Methods With Children
de Haan, M. D. H. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy118 · Cited by 18
Levante, A., Petrocchi, S., & Lecciso, F. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10100729 · Cited by 18
Brain Responses to Peer Feedback in Social Media Are Modulated by Valence in Late Adolescence
Wikman, P. A., Moisala, M., Ylinen, A., Lindblom, J., Leikas, S., Salmela‐Aro, K., Lonka, K., Güroğlu, B., & Alho, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.790478 · Cited by 27
“For example, during adolescence the brain shows heightened sensitivity and responsivity to social feedback from peers (Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRyan, N. P., Mihaljevic, K., Beauchamp, M. H., Catroppa, C., Crossley, L. H., Hearps, S. J. C., Silk, T. J., Godfrey, C., Yeates, K. O., & Anderson, V. A. (2016) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1017/brimp.2016.20 · Cited by 17
Liu, M., Song, S., Chen, Q., Sun, J., Chu, W., Zhang, Y., & Ji, F. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203193 · Cited by 19
“For rodents, this critical neurodevelopmental process, also termed “the window of vulnerability”, is likely to occur during PND 7–30 when the neuronal architecture and brain function are dramatically trained and improved by environmental events, which may better equip an individual to cope with environmental challenge…”
BackgroundLiu, T., Xiao, T., Li, X., & Shi, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138199 · Cited by 19
Webber, T. A., Soder, H. E., Potts, G. F., Park, J. Y., & Bornovalova, M. A. (2017) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000105 · Cited by 17
The mentalizing network and theory of mind mediate adjustment after childhood traumatic brain injury
Hoskinson, K. R., Bigler, E. D., Abildskov, T. J., Dennis, M., Taylor, H. G., Rubin, K. H., Gerhardt, C. A., Vannatta, K. A., Stancin, T., & Yeates, K. O. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa006 · Cited by 17
“The social brain network includes components of the MN, but extends to other regions as well (e.g. insula, amygdala; Johnson et al., 2005; Burnett et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWatch and Learn: Vicarious Threat Learning across Human Development
Skversky‐Blocq, Y., Haaker, J., & Shechner, T. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11101345 · Cited by 21
Cosme, D., Flournoy, J. C., Livingston, J., Lieberman, M. D., Dapretto, M., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101089 · Cited by 17
“…incredibly generative and has inspired a vigorous program of research examining peer-related developmental changes in, for example, social cognition (Burnett et al., 2011), face processing (Scherf et al., 2012), reward processing (Richards et al., 2013), and social evaluation (Somerville, 2013).”
BackgroundEffects of adolescent sociocognitive development on the cortisol response to social evaluation.
van den Bos, E., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., & Westenberg, P. M. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000133 · Cited by 19
“The increase in sensitivity to social ev uation has mainly been ascribed to hormonal sensitization of the affective node and delayed maturation of (connections with) the cognitive-regulatory node (Burnett et al., 2011; Haller et al., 2014; Nelson et al., 2005; Somerville, 2013).”
InfluentialDavidson, C. A., Piškulić, D., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.001 · Cited by 16
“…with age-related improvement in inhibitory control (Burnett et al., 2011; Im-Bolter et al., 2016; Singer, 2006; Symeonidou et al., 2016) and EP abilities are influenced by age of puberty (Blakemore, 2008; Burnett et al., 2011; Grosbras et al., 2007; Scherf et al., 2007; Thomas et al., 2007).”
BackgroundCrone, E. A., & van Drunen, L. (2024) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000539844 · Cited by 17
“The exact functional role of the mPFC in neural responses to self is not yet fully understood (Burnett et al., 2011).”
Graupensperger, S. A., Lee, C. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2021) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14718 · Cited by 18
“Peers are a central influence on young adults’ health- risk behaviors such as alcohol use, especially because young adults have an increased drive for peer approval (Burnett et al., 2011) and are motivated to adhere to behaviors of others to gain social recognition (Helms et al., 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Burnett, S., Sebastian, C., Cohen Kadosh, K., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1654-1664
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4538788
- OpenAlex
- W2079522256
- Semantic Scholar
- db322dec758616ba4794e75d2fc0bb727ddabe9e
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (077539)
- Royal Society
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- social brain, social cognition, adolescence, cognitive development, face processing, mental state inference, peer influence, social evaluation, neurophysiological mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Psychology, Adolescent, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Critical Period, Psychological, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Adolescent Development, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging
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