The DOI matches its Crossref record; 455 of the 459 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Is serotonin an upper or a downer? The evolution of the serotonergic system and its role in depression and the antidepressant response.
Abstract
The role of serotonin in depression and antidepressant treatment remains unresolved despite decades of research. In this paper, we make three major claims. First, serotonin transmission is elevated in multiple depressive phenotypes, including melancholia, a subtype associated with sustained cognition. The primary challenge to this first claim is that the direct pharmacological effect of most symptom-reducing medications, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), is to increase synaptic serotonin. The second claim, which is crucial to resolving this paradox, is that the serotonergic system evolved to regulate energy. By increasing extracellular serotonin, SSRIs disrupt energy homeostasis and often worsen symptoms during acute treatment. Our third claim is that symptom reduction is not achieved by the direct pharmacological properties of SSRIs, but by the brain's compensatory responses that attempt to restore energy homeostasis. These responses take several weeks to develop, which explains why SSRIs have a therapeutic delay. We demonstrate the utility of our claims by examining what happens in animal models of melancholia and during acute and chronic SSRI treatment.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“‘depression’ (a disorder characterized by cognitive rumination) confers specific social advantages to help keep social problems in mental focus”
From Hypernatural Monitoring: A Social Rehearsal Account of Smartphone Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as Andrews et al., 2015
Citations
Cites
Items 201–400 of 455
The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders
DeRubeis, R. J., & Strunk, D. R. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199973965.001.0001 · Cited by 161
Stress-induced glucocorticoids as a neuroendocrine alarm signal of danger
Frank, M. G., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2013) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.02.004 · Cited by 160
Are We Getting Closer to Valid Translational Models for Major Depression?
Berton, O., Hahn, C.-G., & Thase, M. E. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1222940 · Cited by 160
Amat, J., Matus-Amat, P., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00368-0 · Cited by 158
Wilson, A. A., Ginovart, N., Hussey, D. F., Meyer, J., & Houle, S. (2002) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(02)00316-5 · Cited by 157
Branchi, I. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.011 · Cited by 156
Monti, J. M. (2010) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.003 · Cited by 155
Bland, S. T., Hargrave, D., Pepin, J. L., Amat, J., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300206 · Cited by 155
5‐HT radioligands for human brain imaging with PET and SPECT
Paterson, L. M., Kornum, B. R., Nutt, D., Pike, V. W., & Knudsen, G. M. (2011) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.20245 · Cited by 154
Regulation of feeding behaviour and locomotor activity bytakeoutinDrosophila
Meunier, N., Belgacem, Y. H., & Martin, J. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.02755 · Cited by 154
Wager‐Smith, K., & Markou, A. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.010 · Cited by 153
Braun, K., Lange, E., Metzger, M., & Poeggel, G. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00420-0 · Cited by 152
Serotonin and Brain: Evolution, Neuroplasticity, and Homeostasis
Azmitia, E. C. (2006) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(06)77002-7 · Cited by 150
Harvey, P. J., Li, X., Li, Y., & Bennett, D. J. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00341.2006 · Cited by 150
Serotonin and the regulation of mammalian energy balance
Donovan, M. H., & Tecott, L. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00036 · Cited by 150
Loss of Antidepressant Efficacy During Maintenance Therapy: Possible Mechanisms and Treatments
Byrne, S. E., & Rothschild, A. J. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v59n0602 · Cited by 149
Acute uptake inhibition increases extracellular serotonin in the rat forebrain.
Rutter, J. J., & Auerbach, S. B. (1993) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)38227-3 · Cited by 148
Dunn, A. J., Powell, M. L., Meitin, C. A., & Small, P. A. (1989) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(89)90078-4 · Cited by 145
Measuring Endogenous 5-HT Release by Emission Tomography: Promises and Pitfalls
Paterson, L. M., Tyacke, R. J., Nutt, D., & Knudsen, G. M. (2010) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.104 · Cited by 145
Bonsi, P., Cuomo, D., Ding, J., Sciamanna, G., Ulrich, S., Tscherter, A., Bernardi, G., Surmeier, D. J., & Pisani, A. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301294 · Cited by 144
Mouse interleukin-6 stimulates the HPA axis and increases brain tryptophan and serotonin metabolism
Wang, J., & Dunn, A. J. (1998) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(98)00016-3 · Cited by 144
Alcaro, A., Panksepp, J., Witczak, J., Hayes, D. J., & Northoff, G. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.023 · Cited by 144
Cheer, J. F., Heien, M. L. A. V., Garris, P. A., Carelli, R. M., & Wightman, R. M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509607102 · Cited by 143
Mood and carbohydrate cravings
Christensen, L., & Pettijohn, L. (2001) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.2001.0390 · Cited by 138
THE UPTAKE AND BINDING OF CIRCULATING SEROTONIN AND THE EFFECT OF DRUGS
Axelrod, J., & Inscoe, J. K. (1963) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26593-4 · Cited by 134
Funahashi, S., Inoue, M., & Kubota, K. (1997) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(96)00151-9 · Cited by 131
Gerdelat-Mas, A., Loubinoux, I., Tombari, D., Rascol, O., Chollet, F., & Simonetta-Moreau, M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.009 · Cited by 131
Merali, Z., Lacosta, S., & Anisman, H. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00312-0 · Cited by 130
Interactions between endocrine and circadian systems
Tsang, A. H. K., Barclay, J. L., & Oster, H. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-13-0118 · Cited by 130
Brain glycogen supercompensation following exhaustive exercise
Matsui, T., Ishikawa, T., Ito, H., Okamoto, M., Inoue, K., Lee, M. C., Fujikawa, T., Ichitani, Y., Kawanaka, K., & Soya, H. (2011) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.217919 · Cited by 129
Molteni, R., Cattaneo, A., Calabrese, F., Macchi, F., Olivier, J. D. A., Racagni, G., Ellenbroek, B. A., Gennarelli, M., & Riva, M. A. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.014 · Cited by 129
Keeney, A. J., Hogg, S., & Marsden, C. A. (2001) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00541-8 · Cited by 128
Evidence that brief stress may induce the acute phase response in rats
Deak, T., Meriwether, J. L., Fleshner, M., Spencer, R. L., Abouhamze, A. S., Moldawer, L. L., Grahn, R. E., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.6.r1998 · Cited by 127
Lorrain, D. S., Matuszewich, L., Friedman, R. D., & Hull, E. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-23-09361.1997 · Cited by 126
Leibenluft, E., Fiero, P. L., Bartko, J. J., Moul, D. E., & Rosenthal, N. E. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.2.294 · Cited by 125
Lactate efflux and the neuroenergetic basis of brain function
Shulman, R. G., Hyder, F., & Rothman, D. L. (2001) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.741 · Cited by 123
Subregional analysis of mnemonic functions of the prefrontal cortex in the rat
Kesner, R. P. (2000) · Psychobiology · doi:10.3758/bf03331980 · Cited by 121
Continuation and Maintenance Use of Antidepressants in Recurrent Depression
Bockting, C. L. H., ten Doesschate, M. C., Spijker, J., Spinhoven, P., Koeter, M. W. J., & Schene, A. H. (2008) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000110056 · Cited by 121
Baumeister, A. A., Hawkins, M. F., & Uzelac, S. (2003) · Journal of the History of the Neurosciences · doi:10.1076/jhin.12.2.207.15535 · Cited by 121
O’Mahony, C. M., Clarke, G. A., Gibney, S. M., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2010) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.11.012 · Cited by 121
Functional crosstalk and heteromerization of serotonin 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors
Albizu, L., Holloway, T., González-Maeso, J., & Sealfon, S. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.05.023 · Cited by 121
Starvation and human slow-wave sleep
MacFadyen, U. M., Oswald, I. P., & LEWIS, S. A. (1973) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.35.3.391 · Cited by 120
Hellweg, R., Zueger, M., Fink, K., Hörtnagl, H., & Gass, P. (2006) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2006.07.017 · Cited by 120
GABAergic modulation of learned helplessness
Petty, F., & Sherman, A. D. (1981) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(81)90210-0 · Cited by 117
Insel, T. R., & Charney, D. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3167 · Cited by 117
Wu, K. M., Aoki, C. J., Elste, A. M., Rogalski, A. A., & Siekevitz, P. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.24.13273 · Cited by 116
Differential modulation of Ih by 5‐HT receptors in mouse CA1 hippocampal neurons
Bickmeyer, U., Heine, M., Manzke, T., & Richter, D. W. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02072.x · Cited by 116
Castro, E., Díaz, Á., del Olmo, E., & Pazos, Á. (2003) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00340-4 · Cited by 115
Loubinoux, I., Pariente, J., Boulanouar, K., Carel, C., MANELFE, C., Rascol, O., Celsis, P., & Chollet, F. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0957 · Cited by 115
Gisquet-Verrier, P., & Delatour, B. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.009 · Cited by 115
Severity of depressive symptoms and response to antidepressants and placebo in antidepressant trials
Khan, A., Brodhead, A. E., Kolts, R. L., & Brown, W. A. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.06.005 · Cited by 115
Psychosocial stress affects energy balance in mice: Modulation by social status
Moles, A., Bartolomucci, A., Garbugino, L., Conti, R., Caprioli, A., Coccurello, R., Rizzi, R., Ciani, B., & D'Amato, F. R. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.01.004 · Cited by 114
Hansen, H. H., Sánchez, C., & Meier, E. (1997) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37125-3 · Cited by 112
Exposure to inescapable shock produces both activity and associative deficits in the rat
Jackson, R. L., Maier, S. F., & Rapaport, P. M. (1978) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(78)90027-9 · Cited by 111
Predictors of Relapse in a Prospective Study of Fluoxetine Treatment of Major Depression
McGrath, P. J., Stewart, J. W., Quitkin, F. M., Chen, Y., Alpert, J. E., Nierenberg, A. A., Fava, M., Cheng, J., & Petkova, E. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1542 · Cited by 111
Vollmayr, B., & Henn, F. A. (2003) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s1566-2772(03)00086-0 · Cited by 110
Dolcos, F., Miller, B., Kragel, P. A., Jha, A. P., & McCarthy, G. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.059 · Cited by 108
Branchi, I., Santarelli, S., Capoccia, S., Poggini, S., D’Andrea, I., Cirulli, F., & Alleva, E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062226 · Cited by 108
Garraway, S. M., & Hochman, S. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2183 · Cited by 107
Minor, T. R., Jackson, R. L., & Maier, S. F. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.10.4.543 · Cited by 106
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Benazzi, F., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., & Wulf Rössler, A. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00965.x · Cited by 105
Behavioral control over shock blocks behavioral and neurochemical effects of later social defeat
Amat, J., Aleksejev, R. M., Paul, E., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.005 · Cited by 101
Craig, S. P., Boularand, S., Darmon, M. C., Mallet, J. J., & Craig, I. (2008) · Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics · doi:10.1159/000133075 · Cited by 100
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor blocks long-term depression in rat visual cortex
Akaneya, Y., Tsumoto, T., & Hatanaka, H. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.4198 · Cited by 99
Ase, A. R., Reader, T. A., Hen, R., Riad, M., & Descarries, L. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0752415.x · Cited by 98
5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (SEROTONIN, ENTERAMINE) CONTENT OF STRUCTURES OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM*
Paasonen, M. K., MacLean, P. D., & Giarman, N. J. (1957) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1957.tb12089.x · Cited by 97
Effect of fluoxetine on rat liver mitochondria
Souza, M. E. J., Polizello, A. C. M., Uyemura, S. A., Castro-Silva, O., & Curti, C. (1994) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(94)90283-6 · Cited by 95 · cited 1×
“, 2013), inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in liver and brain mitochondria (Curti et al., 1999; Souza et al., 1994), and inhibit the consumption of blood-borne glucose throughout the brain (Freo et al.”
Li, M., Yan, Q., Coffey, L. L., & Reith, M. E. A. (1996) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66020559.x · Cited by 95
Sumi‐Ichinose, C., Ichinose, H., Takahashi, E., Hori, T.-A., & Nagatsu, T. (1992) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00123a004 · Cited by 94
Linthorst, A. C. E., Flachskamm, C., Holsboer, F., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (1995) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01040.x · Cited by 93
An alternative taxonomic study of personality-descriptive adjectives in the Italian language
Blas, L. D., & Forzi, M. (1998) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199803/04)12:2 · Cited by 92
Cellular pathways of energy metabolism in the brain: Is glucose used by neurons or astrocytes?
Nehlig, A., & Coles, J. A. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20376 · Cited by 91
Concomitant interindividual variation in body temperature and metabolic rate
Rising, R., Keys, A. B., Ravussin, É., & Bogardus, C. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.4.e730 · Cited by 90
The Biology of Human Starvation
Tobey, J. A. (1951) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.41.2.236-b · Cited by 89
Chung, K. K. K., Martı́nez, M., & Herbert, J. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00028-7 · Cited by 89
Reconfirming the role of life events for the timing of depressive episodes
Mundt, C., Reck, C., Backenstrass, M., Kronmüller, K., & Fiedler, P. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00127-5 · Cited by 88
RESERPINE IN THE TREATMENT OF ANXIOUS AND DEPRESSED PATIENTS
Davies, D. L., & Shepherd, M. (1955) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92118-8 · Cited by 88
Grillon, C., Chavis, C., Covington, M. F., & Pine, D. S. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.141 · Cited by 88
Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.189 · Cited by 87
Effects of serotonergic agents on food-restriction-induced hyperactivity
Altemus, M. (1996) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(95)02003-9 · Cited by 86
Harkness, K. L., & Monroe, S. M. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.387 · Cited by 86
Torres, I. L. D. S., Gamaro, G. D., de Vasconcellos, A. P. S., Silveira, R., & Dalmaz, C. (2002) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1019856821430 · Cited by 84
Fulford, A. J., & Marsden, C. A. (1998) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00423-5 · Cited by 83
Characterization of ATP Transport into Chromaffin Granule Ghosts
Bankston, L. A., & Guidotti, G. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.29.17132 · Cited by 83
Bland, S. T., Tamlyn, J. P., Barrientos, R. M., Greenwood, B. N., Watkins, L. R., Campeau, S., Day, H. E. W., & Maier, S. F. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.026 · Cited by 82
Jayatissa, M. N., Henningsen, K., West, M. J., & Wiborg, O. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.001 · Cited by 81
Tannenbaum, B. M., Tannenbaum, G. S., Sudom, K., & Anisman, H. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03273-0 · Cited by 80
Shen, C., Li, H., & Meller, E. (2002) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00064-3 · Cited by 80
Moret, C., & Briley, M. (1996) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00646-x · Cited by 80
Popa, D., Cerdan, J., Repérant, C., Guiard, B. P., Guilloux, J., David, D. J. P., & Gardier, A. M. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.037 · Cited by 77
Restoring melancholia in the classification of mood disorders
Taylor, M. A., & Fink, M. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.05.023 · Cited by 77
Mefford, I. N., & Heyes, M. P. (1990) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(90)90136-b · Cited by 77
EFFECT OF SEROTONIN ON GLYCOLYSIS IN HOMOGENATES FROM THE LIVER FLUKE FASCIOLA HEPATICA
Mansour, T. E. (1962) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26199-7 · Cited by 76
Curti, C., Mingattao, F. E., Polizello, A. C. M., Galastri, L. O., Uyemura, S. A., & Santos, A. C. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1006912010550 · Cited by 74
Effects of chronic exercise and imipramine on mRNA for BDNF after olfactory bulbectomy in rat
Van Hoomissen, J. D., Chambliss, H. O., Holmes, P. V., & Dishman, R. K. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02584-8 · Cited by 74
Influence of Fluoxetine on Regional Serotonin Synthesis in the Rat Brain
Mück‐Šeler, D., Jevrić-Čaušević, A., & Dikšić, M. (1996) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67062434.x · Cited by 74
Steffens, D. C., Taylor, W. D., Denny, K. L., Bergman, S. R., & Wang, L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022697 · Cited by 73
Ikegaya, Y., Ishizaka, Y., & Matsuki, N. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02051.x · Cited by 73
Freitas, A. E., Machado, D. G., Budni, J., Neis, V. B., Balen, G. O., Lopes, M. W., de Souza, L. F., Dafré, A. L., Leal, R. B., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.035 · Cited by 72
Bhagwagar, Z., Murthy, N. V., Selvaraj, S., Hinz, R., Taylor, M. J., Fancy, S., Grasby, P. M., & Cowen, P. J. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111933 · Cited by 72
Kanarik, M., O’Leary, A., Matrov, D., Kõiv, K., Sharp, T., Panksepp, J., & Harro, J. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.06.015 · Cited by 71
In vivo Serotonin release and learned helplessness
Petty, F., Kramer, G. L., Wilson, L. B., & Jordan, S. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90074-4 · Cited by 71
Impact of chronic intermittent challenges in stressor-susceptible and resilient strains of mice
Tannenbaum, B. M., & Anisman, H. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01487-7 · Cited by 71
Bhagya, V. R., Srikumar, B. N., Raju, T. R., & Rao, B. S. S. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2054-x · Cited by 71
Sex differences in serotonergic activity in dorsal and median raphe nucleus
DOMINGUEZ, R., Cruz-Morales, S. E., de Carvalho, M. C., Xavier, M., & Brandão, M. L. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.07.012 · Cited by 70
Long-term effects of provided low and high glycemic load low energy diets on mood and cognition
Cheatham, R. A., Roberts, S. B., Das, S. K., Gilhooly, C. H., Golden, J. K., Hyatt, R. R., Lerner, D., Saltzman, E. J., & Lieberman, H. R. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.06.015 · Cited by 70
Adell, A., Trullás, R., & Gelpı́, E. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90285-5 · Cited by 70
Huether, G., Zhou, D., Schmidt, S., Wiltfang, J., & Rüther, E. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00265-x · Cited by 69
Dietary self-selection by animals.
Overmann, S. R. (1976) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.83.2.218 · Cited by 69
Functional significance of serotonin receptor dimerization
Herrick‐Davis, K. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3622-1 · Cited by 69
Esteban, S., Lladó, J., Sastre-Coll, A., & García‐Sevilla, J. A. (1999) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002109900045 · Cited by 69
Divergent responses to saccharin vs. sucrose availability after stress in rats
Dess, N. K. (1992) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(92)90440-d · Cited by 68
Malagié, I., Deslandes, A., & Gardier, A. M. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00486-6 · Cited by 68
Zanoveli, J. M., Nogueira, R. L., & Zangrossi, H. (2005) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.fbp.0000179280.05654.5a · Cited by 68
Zhang, J., Terreni, L., Simoni, M. G. D., & Dunn, A. J. (2001) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(00)00099-1 · Cited by 67
Khundakar, A. A., & Zetterström, T. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.063 · Cited by 67
Depressed Patients Have Higher Body Temperature: 5-HT Transporter Long Promoter Region Effects
Rausch, J. L., Johnson, M. E., Corley, K. M., Hobby, H. M., Shendarkar, N., Fei, Y. J., Ganapathy, V., & Leibach, F. H. (2003) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000070579 · Cited by 66
Congenital helpless rats as a genetic model for cortex metabolism in depression
Shumake, J., Poremba, A., Edwards, E., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2000) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200011270-00040 · Cited by 65
The significance of tryptophan in human nutrition
Heine, W. E., Radke, M. H., & Wutzke, K. D. (1995) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/bf00805951 · Cited by 64
Antidepressant treatment and rodent aggressive behaviour
Mitchell, P. J. (2005) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.09.029 · Cited by 64
de Bortoli, V. C., Nogueira, R. L., & Zangrossi, H. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0189-y · Cited by 64
Atypical depression: current status and relevance to melancholia
Stewart, J. W., McGrath, P. J., Quitkin, F. M., & Klein, D. F. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00964.x · Cited by 64
Quantification of noradrenaline iontophoresis
Armstrong‐James, M., Millar, J., & Kruk, Z. L. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/288181a0 · Cited by 64
Dowling, D. K., & Simmons, L. W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030172 · Cited by 63
Changing Food Preference as a Function of Mood
Christensen, L., & Brooks, A. (2006) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.3200/jrlp.140.4.293-306 · Cited by 63
Patients' experiences of medication for anxiety and depression: Effects on working life
Haslam, C. (2004) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmh218 · Cited by 63
The effect of food intake on mood
Christensen, L. (2001) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1054/clnu.2001.0420 · Cited by 62
Beitia, G., Garmendia, L., Azpiroz, A., Vegas, Ó., Brain, P. F., & Arregi, A. (2005) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2004.11.002 · Cited by 61
Synchronized release of dopamine and serotonin in the medial and lateral hypothalamus of rats
Fetissov, S. O., Meguid, M. M., Chen, C., & Miyata, G. (2000) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00374-2 · Cited by 61
Decreased hypothalamic serotonin levels in adult rats treated neonatally with clomipramine
Feenstra, M. G. P., van Galen, H., Riele, P. T., Botterblom, M. H. A., & Mirmiran, M. (1996) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00276-6 · Cited by 60
The influence of semistarvation-induced hyperactivity on hypothalamic serotonin metabolism
Broocks, A., Schweiger, A., & Pirke, K. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90082-y · Cited by 60
Depression, Control Motivation, and the Processing of Information about Others
Weary, G., Marsh, K. L., Gleicher, F., & Edwards, J. A. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8309-3_10 · Cited by 59
Garraway, S. M., & Hochman, S. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.5.1864 · Cited by 59
Coelho, W. S., Costa, K. C., & Sola‐Penna, M. (2007) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.07.010 · Cited by 58
Crespi, F., Wright, I. K., & M�bius, C. (1992) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00228179 · Cited by 58
Watanabe, A., Tohyama, Y., Nguyen, K. Q., Hasegawa, S., Debonnel, G., & Dikšić, M. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01702.x · Cited by 56
Allocortical afferent connections of the prefrontal cortex of the cat
Cavada, C., Llamas, A., & Reinoso‐Suárez, F. (1983) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90769-2 · Cited by 56
Fluoxetine administration modulates the cytoskeletal microtubular system in the rat hippocampus
Bianchi, M., Shah, A. J., Fone, K. C. F., Atkins, A. R., Dawson, L. A., Heidbreder, C. A., Hows, M. E., Hagan, J. J., & Marsden, C. A. (2009) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20614 · Cited by 56
Neurochemical correlates of sexual exhaustion and recovery as assessed by in vivo microdialysis
Mas, M., Fumero, B., Fernández-Vera, J. R., & González–Mora, J. L. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00029-p · Cited by 56
Varela, J. A., Wang, J., Christianson, J. P., Maier, S. F., & Cooper, D. C. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2669-12.2012 · Cited by 56
Correlations between Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Metabolic Indices in Adult Nonhuman Primates
Perera, T. D., Lu, D., Thirumangalakudi, L., Smith, E. L., Yaretskiy, A., Rosenblum, L. A., Kral, J. G., & Coplan, J. D. (2011) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2011/875307 · Cited by 55
Zanoveli, J. M., Pobbe, R. L. H., de Bortoli, V. C., de Carvalho, M. C., Brandão, M. L., & Zangrossi, H. (2009) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s146114570999099x · Cited by 55
Bland, S. T., Twining, C. M., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2003) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.10229 · Cited by 53
Basu, B., Desai, R., Balaji, J. M., Chaerkady, R., Sriram, V., Maiti, S., & Panicker, M. M. (2008) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-07-0577 · Cited by 53
Musazzi, L., Milanese, M., Farisello, P., Zappettini, S., Tardito, D., Barbiero, V. S., Bonifacino, T., Mallei, A., Baldelli, P., Racagni, G., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/annotation/101dd9d3-4e1b-4863-9473-bbfef49c9a1d · Cited by 53
USHIJIMA, K., MORIKAWA, T., To, H., Higuchi, S., & Ohdo, S. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.06.038 · Cited by 52
Park, J. W., Youn, Y. C., Kwon, O. S., Jang, Y.-Y., Han, E. S., & Lee, C. S. (2002) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(01)00072-9 · Cited by 52
Schilbach, L., Müller, V. I., Hoffstaedter, F., Clos, M., Goya‐Maldonado, R., Gruber, O., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094973 · Cited by 51
Basura, G. J., Zhou, S.-Y., Walker, P. D., & Goshgarian, H. G. (2001) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2001.7682 · Cited by 51
Li, L., Lu, J., Li, X.-M., Xu, C., Deng, J., Qu, R., & Ma, S. (2012) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.3706 · Cited by 51
Chronic SSRI Treatment Exacerbates Serotonin Deficiency in Humanized Tph2 Mutant Mice
Siesser, W. B., Sachs, B. D., Ramsey, A. J., Sotnikova, T. D., Beaulieu, J., Zhang, X., Caron, M. G., & Gainetdinov, R. R. (2012) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/cn300127h · Cited by 50
Esler, M., Lambert, É., Alvarenga, M. E., Socratous, F., Richards, J., Esler, M., Lambert, É., Alvarenga, M. E., Socratous, F., Richards, J., et al. (2007) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890701300904 · Cited by 50
Dunn, R. T., Willis, M. W., Benson, B. E., Repella, J. D., Kimbrell, T. A., Ketter, T. A., Speer, A. M., Osuch, E. A., & Post, R. M. (2005) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.07.005 · Cited by 50
Winberg, S., Nilsson, G., & Olsén, K. H. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.165.1.229 · Cited by 50
Rickettsiaceae, Rickettsia-Like Endosymbionts, and the Origin of Mitochondria
Emelyanov, V. V. (2001) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1023/a:1010409415723 · Cited by 49
Brain Serotonin Content: Physiological Regulation by Plasma Neutral Amino Acids
Fernstrom, J. D., & Wurtman, R. J. (1997) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00567.x · Cited by 49
Robert, G., Drapier, D., Bentué‐Ferrer, D., Renault, A., & Reymann, J. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.051 · Cited by 49
Webhofer, C., Gormanns, P., Reckow, S., Lebar, M., Maccarrone, G., Ludwig, T., Pütz, B., Asara, J. M., Holsboer, F., Sillaber, I., et al. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.003 · Cited by 49
Benca, R. M. (1996) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/0893-133x(95)00154-6 · Cited by 49
Dissociation of septo-hippocampal metabolism in the congenitally helpless rat
Shumake, J., Edwards, E., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00297-x · Cited by 48
Vicente, M. A., & Zangrossi, H. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.11.007 · Cited by 48
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases are homologous
Jackson, F. R. (1990) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02101126 · Cited by 48
Zanoveli, J. M., Nogueira, R. L., & Zangrossi, H. (2007) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.001 · Cited by 47
Yalçın, İ., Coubard, S., Bodard, S., Chalon, S., & Belzung, C. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1227-3 · Cited by 47
The Creation of Psychopharmacology
Beveridge, A. (2002) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.11.568 · Cited by 46
Freo, U., Ori, C., Dam, M., Merico, A., & Pizzolato, G. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02261-1 · Cited by 44
Mallei, A., Giambelli, R., Gass, P., Racagni, G., Mathé, A. A., Vollmayr, B., & Popoli, M. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.12.012 · Cited by 44
Shayit, M., Yadid, G., Overstreet, D. H., & Weller, A. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02944-5 · Cited by 43
A wheel of time: the circadian clock, nuclear receptors, and physiology: Figure 1.Preprint
Yang, X. (2010) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1920710 · Cited by 43
Stone, E. A., Lehmann, M. L., Lin, Y., & Quartermain, D. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.04.010 · Cited by 42
Long-term depression: a cell biological view
Sheng, M., & Ertürk, A. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0138 · Cited by 42
Evolution of serotonin: sunlight to suicide
Azmitia, E. C. (2020) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64125-0.00001-3 · Cited by 42
Hypermetabolism of paraventricular hypothalamus in the congenitally helpless rat
Shumake, J., Edwards, E., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2001) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02142-5 · Cited by 41
Energy utilization by the lung
Fisher, A. B., Steinberg, H. N., & Bassett, M. (1974) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(74)90137-5 · Cited by 40
Binding of tryptophan to plasma proteins in several species
Fuller, R. W., & Roush, B. W. (1973) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Comparative Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0305-0491(73)90318-0 · Cited by 40
Dietary treatment of depression
Christensen, L., & Burrows, R. (1990) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80276-x · Cited by 40
Lee, R. K., & Maier, S. F. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037//0097-7403.14.3.302 · Cited by 39
Yamada, J., Sugimoto, Y., Yoshikawa, T., Kimura, I., & Horisaka, K. (1995) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)02010-g · Cited by 39
Nonkes, L. J. P., de Pooter, M., & Homberg, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110116 · Cited by 38
The vectorial orientation of human monoamine oxidase in the mitochondrial outer membrane
Russell, S. M., Davey, J. F., & Mayer, R. J. (1979) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1810007 · Cited by 38
Certainty-Related Beliefs and Depressive Symptomatology: Concurrent and Longitudinal Relationships
Jacobson, J. A., Weary, G., & Edwards, J. A. (1999) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1999.17.1.19 · Cited by 37
Kellermann, O., Loric, S., Maroteaux, L., & Launay, J. (1996) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15519.x · Cited by 37
Bosker, F. J., Tanke, M. A. C., Jongsma, M. E., Cremers, T. I. F. H., Jagtman, E., Pietersen, C. Y., van der Hart, M. G. C., Gladkevich, A. V., Kema, I. P., & Westerink, B. H. C. (2010) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2010.10.001 · Cited by 37
Pierre, K., Chatton, J., Parent, A., Repond, C., Gardoni, F., Luca, M. D., & Pellerin, L. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06756.x · Cited by 36
Hilakivi, L. A., Stenberg, D., Sinclair, J. D., & Kiianmaa, K. (1987) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00216004 · Cited by 36
Irving, H. R., Tan, Y. Y., Tochon‐Danguy, N., Liu, H., Chetty, N., Desmond, P. V., Pouton, C. W., & Coupar, I. M. (2007) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.025 · Cited by 36
Lilling, G., & Beitner, R. (1990) · International Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0020-711x(90)90289-f · Cited by 35
Nelson, J. C., & Mazure, C. M. (1985) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(85)90008-4 · Cited by 34
Efficacy and Safety of Tianeptine in Major Depression
Waintraub, L., Septien, L., & Azoulay, P. (2002) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200216010-00005 · Cited by 33
Reserpine augmentation of desipramine in refractory depression: clinical and neurobiological effects
Price, L. H., Charney, D. S., & Heninger, G. R. (1987) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00176473 · Cited by 33
Orosco, M., & Nicolaı̈dis, S. (1994) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(94)90196-1 · Cited by 33
Honig, G., Jongsma, M. E., van der Hart, M. G. C., & Tecott, L. H. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006797 · Cited by 33
Beck, S. G., Birnstiel, S., CHOI, K., & Pouliot, W. A. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 32
Barbic, S. P., Durisko, Z., & Andrews, P. W. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112077 · Cited by 32
Serotonin modulates hepatic 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase in an insulin synergistic manner
Coelho, W. S., SILVA, D. N. N. D., Marinho, D. A., & Sola‐Penna, M. (2011) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.010 · Cited by 32
de Bortoli, V. C., Yamashita, P. S. D. M., & Zangrossi, H. (2013) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881113492900 · Cited by 31
Serotoninergic system blockage in the prepubertal rat inhibits spermatogenesis development
Aragón, M. A., Ayala, M. E., Marín, M., Avilés, A., Damián‐Matsumura, P., & Domı́nguez, R. (2005) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep.1.00598 · Cited by 31
5-Hydroxytryptamine-1 receptor activation inhibits endocrine pancreatic secretion in humans
Coulie, B. J., Tack, J. F., Bouillon, R., Peeters, T. L., & Janssens, J. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.2.e317 · Cited by 31
Kanarik, M., Matrov, D., Kõiv, K., Eller, M., Tõnissaar, M., & Harro, J. (2007) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2007.08.003 · Cited by 30
Rodrigues, T. M., Jerónimo-Santos, A., Sebastião, A. M., & Diógenes, M. J. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.12.010 · Cited by 30
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 459 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Ayd, 1958, Drug-induced depression: fact or fallacy?, N. Y. State J. Med., 58, 354
- Everett, 1959, Mode of action of Rauwolfia alkaloids and motor activity, Biol. Psychiatry, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience.
Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2016) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000033 · Cited by 1,031
Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: Why they are more than inflammatory biomarkers, and why it matters
Del Giudice, M., & Gangestad, S. W. (2018) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.013 · Cited by 779
Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors
Carhart-Harris, R., & Nutt, D. (2017) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117725915 · Cited by 739
Beck, A. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616628523 · Cited by 510
Prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kennis, M., Gerritsen, L., van Dalen, M., Williams, A., Cuijpers, P., & Bockting, C. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0585-z · Cited by 435
Metadata
- Authors
- Andrews, P. W., Bharwani, A., Lee, K. R., Fox, M., & Thomson, J. A.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Andrews, Paul W.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 51
- Pages
- 164-188
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2163250198
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 459
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- serotonin, depression, antidepressant response, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, melancholia, energy homeostasis, treatment delay, animal models of depression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Serotonin, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review