Differential efferent projections of GABAergic neurons in the basolateral and central nucleus of amygdala in mice
Abstract
The Basolateral amygdala (BLA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) have been proved to play a key role in the control of anxiety, stress and fear-related behaviors. BLA is a cortex-like complex consisting of both γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons and glutamatergic neurons. The CEA is a striatum-like output of the amygdala, consisting almost exclusively of GABAergic medium spiny neurons. In this study, we explored the morphology and axonal projections of the GABAergic neurons in BLA and CEA, using conditional anterograde axonal tracing, immunohistochemistry, and VGAT-Cre transgenic mice to further understand their functional roles. We found that the axonal projections of GABAergic neurons from the BLA mainly distributed to the forebrain, whilst GABAergic neurons from the CEA distributed to the forebrain, midbrain and brainstem. In the forebrain, the axonal projections of GABAergic neurons from the BLA projected to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the cerebral cortex, the septum, the striatum, the thalamus, the amygdala and the hippocampus. The axonal projections of GABAergic neurons from the CEA distributed to the nuclei of the prefrontal cortex, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hypothalamus and the thalamus. In the midbrain and brainstem, the axonal projections of GABAergic neurons from the CEA were found in the periaqueductal gray, the substantia nigra, and the locus coeruleus. These data reveal the neuroanatomical basis for exploring the function of GABAergic neurons in the BLA and CEA, particularly during the processing of fear-related behavior.
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The CeA can work indirectly via the midbrain with the dorsolateral striatum to regulate habit formation.
“The CeA can also work indirectly, likely via the midbrain67,68, with the dorsolateral striatum to regulate habit formation32,66.”
From A dual-pathway architecture for stress to disrupt agency and promote habit (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
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Wei, C., & Yao, W. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders · doi:10.29328/journal.jnnd.1001105
Holmes, N. M., Talaron, M. M., Killcross, A. S., Laurent, V., Lingawi, N. W., & Westbrook, F. R. (2026) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106705 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amygdala: Function and neural basis
Chen, G.-D. (2026) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2026.109839
- Authors
- Liu, J., Hu, T., Zhang, M.-Q., Xu, C.-Y., Yuan, M.-Y., & Li, R.-X.
- Affiliations
- Xuzhou Medical College (CN)
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Jing
- Venue
- Neuroscience Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 745
- Pages
- 135621
- ISSN
- 0304-3940 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3119584880
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 4.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- GABAergic neurons, basolateral amygdala, central amygdala, axonal projections, efferent projections, neuroanatomy, fear processing, anxiety, stress, anterior olfactory nucleus, periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, thalamus, hippocampus, striatum, septum
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Efferent Pathways, Humans, Mice, Transgenic, Mice, HEK293 Cells, GABAergic Neurons, Basolateral Nuclear Complex, Central Amygdaloid Nucleus
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