The genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease: beyond APP, PSENs and APOE
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disorder with a clear genetic component. Three genes have been identified as the cause of early onset familial AD (EOAD). The most common form of the disease, late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), is, however, a sporadic one presenting itself in later stages of life. The genetic component of this late onset form of AD has been the target of a large number of studies, because only one genetic risk factor (APOE4) has been consistently associated with the disease. However, technological advances allow new approaches in the study of complex disorders. In this review, we discuss the new results produced by genome wide association studies, in light of the current knowledge of the complexity of AD genetics.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The genetic architecture of AD is more complex than that suggested by the "common disease, common variant" hypothesis GWAS is designed to test.
“suggesting the genetic architecture of AD is more complex than that suggested by the “common disease, common variant” hypothesis GWAS is designed to test [127].”
From Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (2020) · cites this paper as [127]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Harold, D., Abraham, R., Hollingworth, P., Sims, R., Gerrish, A., Hamshere, M. L., Pahwa, J. S., Moskvina, V., Dowzell, K., Williams, A., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.440 · Cited by 3,326 · see citing works
Self-citationCandidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer’s disease locus
Levy-Lahad, E., Wasco, W., Poorkaj, P., Romano, D. M., Oshima, J., Pettingell, W. H., Yu, C.-E., Jondro, P. D., Schmidt, S. D., Wang, K., et al. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7638622 · Cited by 2,577 · see citing works
Amyloid β-peptide is produced by cultured cells during normal metabolism
Haass, C., Schlossmacher, M. G., Hung, A. Y., Vigo-Pelfrey, C., Mellon, A., Ostaszewski, B. L., Lieberburg, I., Koo, E. H., Schenk, D., Teplow, D. B., et al. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/359322a0 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease
Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Risch, N. J., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Rimmler, J. B., Locke, P. A., Conneally, P. M., Schmader, K. E., et al. (1994) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0694-180 · Cited by 1,920 · see citing works
Production of the Alzheimer Amyloid β Protein by Normal Proteolytic Processing
Shoji, M., Golde, T. E., Ghiso, J., Cheung, T. T., Estus, S., Shaffer, L. M., Cai, X.-D., McKay, D. M., Tintner, R., Frangione, B., et al. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1439760 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Obesity and Vascular Risk Factors at Midlife and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease
Kivipelto, M., Ngandu, T., Fratiglioni, L., Viitanen, M., Kåreholt, I., Winblad, B., Helkala, E.-L., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H., & Nissinen, A. (2005) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.62.10.1556 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Structure-Function Relationships
Weisgraber, K. H. (1994) · Advances in Protein Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60642-7 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Yoshitake, T., Kiyohara, Y., Kato, I., Ohmura, T., Iwamoto, H., Nakayama, K., Ohmori, S., Nomiyama, K., Kawano, H., Ueda, K., et al. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.6.1161 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Midlife and Late-Life Obesity and the Risk of Dementia: Cardiovascular Health Study
Fitzpatrick, A. L., Kuller, L. H., Lopez, O. L., Diehr, P., O’Meara, E. S., Longstreth, W. T., & Luchsinger, J. A. (2009) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2008.582 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Thirty years of Alzheimer's disease genetics: the implications of systematic meta-analyses
Bertram, L., & Tanzi, R. E. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2494 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Coon, K. D., Myers, A. J., Craig, D. W., Webster, J. A., Pearson, J. V., Lince, D. H., Zismann, V. L., Beach, T. G., Leung, D., Bryden, L., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v68n0419 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Self-citationBody Mass Index in Midlife and Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia
Whitmer, R., Gunderson, E., Quesenberry, C., Zhou, J., & Yaffe, K. (2007) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720507780362047 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Kalmijn, S., Foley, D., White, L., Burchfiel, C. M., Curb, J. D., Petrovitch, H., Ross, G. W., Havlik, R. J., & Launer, L. J. (2000) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.20.10.2255 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia
Mielke, M. M., Zandi, P. P., Sjögren, M., Gustafson, D., Östling, S., Steen, B., & Skoog, I. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000161870.78572.a5 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Self-citationRelation of Plasma Lipids to Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia
Reitz, C., Tang, M.-X., Luchsinger, J., & Mayeux, R. (2004) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.61.5.705 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Activation of the classical complement pathway in brain tissue of Alzheimer patients
McGeer, P. L., Akiyama, H., Itagaki, S., & McGeer, E. G. (1989) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(89)90843-4 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Complement activation and inhibition: a delicate balance
Sjöberg, A. P., Trouw, L. A., & Blom, A. M. (2009) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2008.11.003 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Oda, T., Wals, P., Osterburg, H. H., Johnson, S. A., Pasinetti, G. M., Morgan, T. E., Rozovsky, I., Stine, W. B., Snyder, S. W., Holzman, T. F., et al. (1995) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1995.1080 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
May, P. C., Lampert-Etchells, M., Johnson, S. A., Poirier, J., Masters, J. N., & Finch, C. E. (1990) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(90)90342-d · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Age at Onset in Two Common Neurodegenerative Diseases Is Genetically Controlled
Li, Y.-J., Scott, W. K., Hedges, D. J., Zhang, F., Gaskell, P. C., Nance, M. A., Watts, R. L., Hubble, J. P., Koller, W. C., Pahwa, R., et al. (2002) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/339815 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Distribution of clusterin in Alzheimer brain tissue
McGeer, P. L., Kawamata, T., & Walker, D. G. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90071-g · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Examination of the current top candidate genes for AD in a genome-wide association study
Feulner, T. M., Laws, S. M., Friedrich, P., Wagenpfeil, S., Wurst, S. H. R., Riehle, C., Kuhn, K. A., Krawczak, M., Schreiber, S., Nikolaus, S., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.141 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Kauwe, J. S. K., Jacquart, S., Chakraverty, S., Wang, J., Mayo, K., Fagan, A. M., Holtzman, D. M., Morris, J. C., & Goate, A. M. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21099 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Complement in Alzheimer's disease: opportunities for modulating protective and pathogenic events
Tenner, A. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00301-3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Kida, E., Choi-Miura, N.-H., & Wisniewski, K. E. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00482-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Evidence for parent of origin effect in late-onset Alzheimer disease
Bassett, S. S., Avramopoulos, D., & Fallin, D. (2002) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.10648 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Amyloid Beta: Structure, Biology and Structure-Based Therapeutic Development
Chen, G.-F., Xu, T.-H., Yan, Y., Zhou, Y.-R., Jiang, Y., Melcher, K., & Xu, H. E. (2017) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/aps.2017.28 · Cited by 1,965 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Genes and Mechanisms of Disease Pathogenesis
Karch, C. M., & Goate, A. M. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.006 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Defects and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease
Yan, M. H., Wang, X., & Zhu, X. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.014 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Gordon, B. A., Blazey, T. M., Su, Y., Hari-Raj, A., Dincer, A., Flores, S., Christensen, J., McDade, E., Wang, G., Xiong, C., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30028-0 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Late onset Alzheimer’s disease genetics implicates microglial pathways in disease risk
Efthymiou, A. G., & Goate, A. M. (2017) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0184-x · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics: From the Bench to the Clinic
Karch, C. M., Cruchaga, C., & Goate, A. M. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.041 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Genes associated with Alzheimer's disease: an overview and current status
Giri, M., Lü, Y., & Zhang, M. (2016) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s105769 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Beyond Activation: Characterizing Microglial Functional Phenotypes
Lier, J., Streit, W. J., & Bechmann, I. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10092236 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2 serves as a binding partner for apolipoprotein E (APOE, [29]), and especially the ε4 allele has been shown to act as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease [30,31].”
BackgroundUntangling Genetic Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease
Pimenova, A. A., Raj, T., & Goate, A. M. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.05.014 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Park, J. S., Lee, J., Jung, E. S., Kim, M.-H., Kim, I. B., Son, H., Kim, S., Kim, S., Park, Y. M., Mook-Jung, I., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11000-7 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Is Alzheimer’s Disease a Liver Disease of the Brain?
Bassendine, M. F., Taylor-Robinson, S. D., Fertleman, M., Khan, M., & Neely, D. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190848 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease
Neuner, S. M., TCW, J., & Goate, A. M. (2020) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104976 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Besides mutations in SORL1 described above, mutations in NOTCH3 were identified in a Turkish family with AD (Guerreiro et al., 2012b).”
BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease risk polymorphisms regulate gene expression in the ZCWPW1 and the CELF1 loci
Karch, C. M., Ezerskiy, L. A., Bertelsen, S., Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC), & Goate, A. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148717 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease
Ferrari, G., Avila, M., Medina, M., Perez-Palma, E., Bustos, B., & Alarcon, M. (2014) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527312666131223113900 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Blockage of CR1 prevents activation of rodent microglia
Crehan, H., Hardy, J., & Pocock, J. (2013) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2013.02.003 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationRoses, A., Sundseth, S., Saunders, A., Gottschalk, W., Burns, D., & Lutz, M. (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.015 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Paranjpe, M. D., Belonwu, S., Wang, J. K., Oskotsky, T., Gupta, A., Taubes, A., Zalocusky, K. A., Paranjpe, I., Glicksberg, B. S., Huang, Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.735611 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Ciuculete, D. M., Boström, A. E., Voisin, S., Philipps, H., Titova, O. E., Bandstein, M., Nikontovic, L., Williams, M. J., Mwinyi, J., & Schiöth, H. B. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.275 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Guerreiro, R. J., Gustafson, D. R., & Hardy, J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Guerreiro, Rita J.
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 437-456
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2980860
- OpenAlex
- W2108292688
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Neurobiology of Disease
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (Z01 AG000950-06)
- Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/27,442/2006)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, genetic architecture, late-onset Alzheimer's disease, early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, APP, presenilin 1, presenilin 2, APOE ε4, genetic risk factors, genome-wide association study, complex genetic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Apolipoproteins E, Humans, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Presenilin-1, Presenilin-2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review