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Resilience after 9/11: Multimodal neuroimaging evidence for stress-related change in the healthy adult brain
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to psychological trauma is common and predicts long-term physical and mental health problems, even in those who initially appear resilient. Here, we used multimodal neuroimaging in healthy adults who were at different distances from the World Trade Center on 9/11/01 to examine the neural mechanisms that may underlie this association. More than 3 years after 9/11/01, adults with closer proximity to the disaster had lower gray matter volume in amygdala, hippocampus, insula, anterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortex, with control for age, gender, and total gray matter volume. Further analysis showed a nonlinear (first-order quadratic) association between total number of traumas in lifetime and amygdala gray matter volume and function in the whole group. Post hoc analysis of subgroups with higher versus lower levels of lifetime trauma exposure revealed systematic associations between amygdala gray matter volume, amygdala functional reactivity, and anxiety that suggest a nonlinear trajectory in the neural response to accumulated trauma in healthy adults.
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“However, others have observed no difference between a group of subjects with PTSD and control groups consisting of subjects without the disorder (Clark et al., 2002;Ganzel et al., 2008;Shin et al., 2001).”
From Neuroimaging research in posttraumatic stress disorder – Focus on amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Ganzel et al., 2008
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“Parallel findings of increased amygdala volume and functional reactivity, smaller hippocampal volume, and altered prefrontal function and connectivity have been observed in humans following stress (Ganzel et al., 2007, Ganzel et al., 2008, Liston et al., 2006, Liston et al., 2009; Sheridan et al., 2012a, Sheridan et al., 2012b).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Ganzel et al., 2008
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“decreased grey matter volumes were associated with increased activation in the amygdala among trauma-exposed individuals (Ganzel et al., 2008).”
From The maternal brain and its plasticity in humans (2016) · cites this paper as Ganzel et al., 2008
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ganzel, B. L., Kim, P., Glover, G. H., & Temple, E.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ganzel, Barbara L.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 788-795
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2405811
- OpenAlex
- W1969289932
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH068139, MH68139)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- September 11 attacks, psychological trauma, resilience, gray matter volume, amygdala, hippocampus, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, anxiety, lifetime trauma exposure, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Amygdala, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size, Stress, Psychological, September 11 Terrorist Attacks
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