Neural circuit changes mediating lasting brain and behavioral response to predator stress
Abstract
This paper reviews recent work which points to critical neural circuitry involved in lasting changes in anxiety like behavior following unprotected exposure of rats to cats (predator stress). Predator stress may increase anxiety like behavior in a variety of behavioral tests including: elevated plus maze, light dark box, acoustic startle, and social interaction. Studies of neural transmission in two limbic pathways, combined with path and covariance analysis relating physiology to behavior, suggest long term potentiation like changes in one or both of these pathways in the right hemisphere accounts for stress induced changes in all behaviors changed by predator stress except light dark box and social interaction. Findings will be discussed within the context of what is known about neural substrates activated by predator odor.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Stress-induced amygdala morphology and volume changes seem to persist.
“In contrast, stress-induced amygdala morphology and volume changes seem to persist (Vyas et al., 2002, Adamec et al., 2005, Tottenham et al., 2010).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Adamec et al., 2005
Cites
The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates
Palkovits, M. (1983) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/0143-4179(83)90049-5 · Cited by 28,959 · see citing works
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585 · see citing works
EQS : structural equations program manual
Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,669 · see citing works
An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis
Kline, P. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315788135 · Cited by 3,328 · see citing works
Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & Le Doux, J. E. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35021052 · Cited by 2,706 · see citing works
An easy guide to factor analysis
Gudjonsson, G. H. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90040-x · Cited by 1,945 · see citing works
Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York City
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Bucuvalas, M. J., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa013404 · Cited by 1,905 · see citing works
Neuronal signalling of fear memory
Maren, S., & Quirk, G. J. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1535 · Cited by 1,428 · see citing works
Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala
Rogan, M. T., Stäubli, U. V., & LeDoux, J. E. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/37601 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
Psychological Reactions to Terrorist Attacks
Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Batts, K. R., WILSON, D. H., Thalji, L., Dennis, J., Fairbank, J. A., & Kulka, R. A. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.5.581 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Yehuda, R. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra012941 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
Structural Equation Modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows
Franke, G. R., & Byrne, B. M. (1995) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3151989 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Rauch, S. L. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830050014003 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Following Trauma
Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahar, T., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.5.630 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol
Pitman, R. K., Sanders, K. M., Zusman, R. M., Healy, A. R., Cheema, F., Lasko, N. B., Cahill, L., & Orr, S. P. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01279-3 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Quirk, G. J., Likhtik, E., Pelletier, J. G., & Paré, D. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-25-08800.2003 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Behavioral and Neural Analysis of Extinction
Myers, K. M., & Davis, M. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01064-4 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Stress and memory: opposing effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation and memory retrieval
Roozendaal, B. (2002) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1006/nlme.2002.4080 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
File, S. E. (1980) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(80)90012-6 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Role of adrenal stress hormones in forming lasting memories in the brain
McGaugh, J. L., & Roozendaal, B. (2002) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00306-9 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Carson, M. A., Rauch, S. L., Macklin, M. L., Lasko, N. B., Peters, P. M., Metzger, L. J., Dougherty, D. D., Cannistraro, P. A., et al. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.2.168 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Schafe, G. E., Atkins, C. M., Swank, M. W., Bauer, E. P., Sweatt, J. D., & LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-21-08177.2000 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Validity of head-dipping as a measure of exploration in a modified hole-board
File, S. E., & Wardill, A. G. (1975) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00421184 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Antipredator defensive behaviors in a visible burrow system
Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1989) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.103.1.70 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Shin, L. M., McNally, R. J., Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Rauch, S. L., Alpert, N. M., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.575 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-18-j0003.2000 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Synaptic plasticity in the lateral amygdala: a cellular hypothesis of fear conditioning
Blair, H. T., Schafe, G. E., Bauer, E. P., Rodrigues, S. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (2001) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.30901 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: implicatons for therapy
Holsboer, F. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00352-9 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: a cellular and molecular perspective
Schafe, G. E., Nader, K., Blair, H. T., & LeDoux, J. E. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01969-x · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Rizvi, T. A., Ennis, M., Behbehani, M. M., & Shipley, M. T. (1991) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903030111 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Immediate treatment with propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress disorder two months after trauma
Vaiva, G., Ducrocq, F., Jezequel, K., Averland, B., Lestavel, P., Brunet, A., & Marmar, C. R. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00412-8 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala induced by hippocampal formation stimulation in vivo
Maren, S., & Fanselow (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-11-07548.1995 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Dielenberg, R. A., Hunt, G. E., & McGregor, I. S. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00150-6 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Elzinga, B. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00351-2 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Bauer, E. P., Schafe, G. E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-12-05239.2002 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Maren, S., De, B. M., & Fanselow, M. S. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91176-2 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
The role of the amygdala in fear-potentiated startle: implications for animal models of anxiety
Davis, M. (1992) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0165-6147(92)90014-w · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Griebel, G., Belzung, C., Perrault, G., & Sanger, D. J. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050038 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Rauch, S. L., Savage, C. R., Alpert, N. M., Fischman, A. J., & Jenike, M. A. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00145-5 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
GABA and mood disorders: a brief review and hypothesis
Petty, F. (1995) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00025-i · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Lasting effects on rodent anxiety of a single exposure to a cat
Adamec, R. E., & Shallow, T. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90050-p · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Self-citationTsvetkov, E., Carlezon, W. A., Benes, F. M., Kandel, E. R., & Bolshakov, V. Y. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00645-1 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Shepard, J. D., Barron, K. W., & Myers, D. A. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02019-9 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Amygdalar NMDA Receptors are Critical for New Fear Learning in Previously Fear-Conditioned Rats
Lee, H. J., & Kim, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-20-08444.1998 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Behavioral and Endocrine Change Following Chronic Predatory Stress
Blanchard, R. J., Nikulina, J., Sakai, R. R., McKittrick, C. R., McEwen, B. S., & Blanchard, D. C. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00508-8 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Kim, J. J., DeCola, J. P., Landeira-Fernández, J., & Fanselow, M. S. (1991) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.105.1.126 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Neurochemical mechanisms of the defensive behavior in the dorsal midbrain
Brandão, M. L., Anseloni, V. Z., Pandóssio, J. E., De Araújo, J. E., & Castilho, V. M. (1999) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00038-x · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Roozendaal, B., Quirarte, G. L., & McGaugh, J. L. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01876.x · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Campeau, S., Miserendino, M. J. D., & Davis, M. (1992) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.106.3.569 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
McGregor, I. S., Schrama, L., Ambermoon, P., & Dielenberg, R. A. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00324-2 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
McGregor, I. S., Hargreaves, G. A., Apfelbach, R., & Hunt, G. E. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0187-04.2004 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E. (1997) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00055-3 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationThe reliability of the hole-board apparatus
File, S. E., & Wardill, A. G. (1975) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00421183 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Royer, S., & Paré, D. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00455-4 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Fos-like immunoreactivity in the periaqueductal gray of rats exposed to a natural predator
Canteras, N. S., & Goto, M. (1999) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199902050-00037 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Keck, M. E., & Holsboer, F. (2001) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00398-9 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Amygdalar NMDA Receptors Are Critical for the Expression of Multiple Conditioned Fear Responses
Lee, H. J., Choi, J.-S., Brown, T. H., & Kim, J. J. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-11-04116.2001 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Davis, M. E. (1990) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(90)90084-f · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The NMDA antagonist MK-801 blocks the extinction of Pavlovian fear conditioning.
Baker, J. D., & Azorlosa, J. L. (1996) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.110.3.618 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The NMDA antagonist MK-801 blocks the extinction of Pavlovian fear conditioning.
Baker, J. D., & Azorlosa, J. L. (1996) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.110.3.618 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Burton, P., Shallow, T., & Budgell, J. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00226-1 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationMakino, S., Shibasaki, T., Yamauchi, N., Nishioka, T., Mimoto, T., Wakabayashi, I., Gold, P. W., & Hashimoto, K. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02114-9 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Davis, M. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02138.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Adamec, R., Kent, P., Anisman, H., Shallow, T., & Merali, Z. (1998) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(98)00032-3 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationDielenberg, R. A., Carrive, P., & McGregor, I. S. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02227-2 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Burton, P., Shallow, T., & Budgell, J. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00225-x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationmCPP-induced anxiety in the light-dark box in rats - a new method for screening anxiolytic activity
Bilkei‐Gorzó, A., Gyertyán, I., & Lévay, G. I. (1998) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050568 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Malkani, S., & Rosen, J. B. (2000) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00058-0 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Effects of lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala on anxiety-like behaviors in the rat
Kopchia, K. L., Altman, H. J., & Commissaris, R. L. (1992) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90176-g · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Fear conditioning and LTP in the lateral amygdala are sensitive to the same stimulus contingencies
Bauer, E. P., LeDoux, J. E., & Nader, K. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89465 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Malkani, S., Wallace, K. J., Donley, M. P., & Rosen, J. (2004) · Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · doi:10.1101/lm.73104 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Anxiogenic-Like Action of Galanin after Intra-Amygdala Administration in the Rat
Möller, C. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00102-x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
A Positron Emission Tomographic Study of Symptom Provocation in PTSD
Shin, L. M., McNally, R. J., Kosslyn, S. M., THOMPSON, W. L., Rauch, S. L., Alpert, N. M., Metzger, L. J., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48320.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Goosens, K. A., & Maren, S. (2002) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.10099 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Stiedl, O., Birkenfeld, K., Palve, M., & Spiess, J. (2000) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00269-2 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF SEPTEMBER 11 ON TRAUMATIZED REFUGEES: REACTIVATION OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
KINZIE, J. D., BOEHNLEIN, J. K., RILEY, C., & SPARR, L. (2002) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200207000-00003 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Blundell, J. J., & Burton, P. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural plasticity and stress induced changes in defense in the rat
Adamec, R. E., Blundell, J. J., & Collins, A. (2001) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00053-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationGomez, T. M. D. C., & Behbehani, M. M. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00525-u · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Rauch, S. L., & Shin, L. M. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48271.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Richter, R. M., Zorrilla, E. P., Basso, A. M., Koob, G. F., & Weiss, F. (2000) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb01979.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Amygdala kindling and anxiety in the rat
Adamec, R. E. (1990) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199011000-00022 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationAdamec, R. E., Blundell, J. J., & Burton, P. (2003) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.017 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationAdamec, R. E. (1998) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119801200301 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationAdamec, R. E. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01731-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationAdamec, R. E., Blundell, J. J., & Burton, P. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.026 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationOverview of Biological Themes in PTSDa
Pitman, R. K. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48264.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E. (1998) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119801200203 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationAdamec, R. E. (2001) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00366-1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationKemble, E. D., Blanchard, D. C., & Blanchard, R. J. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90251-x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Enhancement of electrically elicited startle by amygdaloid stimulation
Rosen, J. B., & Davis, M. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90325-x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Carrive, P., Lee, J., & Su, A. J. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00488-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The development of predatory aggression and defense in the domestic cat (Felis catus)
Adamec, R. E., Stark-Adamec, C. I., & Livingston, K. E. (1980) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(80)91265-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, O. K., Lee, C.-J., & Choi, S. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200204160-00030 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E. (1998) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119801200202 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationRosen, J. B., Adamec, R. E., & Thompson, B. L. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.04.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationLasting effects of FG-7142 on anxiety, aggression and limbic physiology in the cat
Adamec, R. E. (1993) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119300700302 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe development of predatory aggression and defense in the domestic cat (Felis catus)
Adamec, R. E., Stark-Adamec, C. I., & Livingston, K. E. (1980) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(80)91274-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroanatomical substrates regulating rat conflict behavior evidenced by brain lesioning
Yamashita, K., Kataoka, Y., Shibata, K., Ozaki, T., Miyazaki, A., Kagoshima, M., & Ueki, S. (1989) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(89)90354-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stress effects on limbic function and behavior
Adamec, R. E. (2003) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.011 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Vyas, A., Kim, S.-K., Giacomini, N., Boothroyd, J. C., & Sapolsky, R. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608310104 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Allostasis and the human brain: Integrating models of stress from the social and life sciences
Ganzel, B., Morris, P. A., & Wethington, E. (2010) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/a0017773 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Roth, T. L., Zoladz, P. R., Sweatt, J. D., & Diamond, D. M. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.013 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
The journal of developmental processes
Disorders, L., & Milton (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Goehler, L. E., Park, S. M., Opitz, N., Lyte, M., & Gaykema, R. P. A. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.009 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Relevance of brain and behavioural lateralization to animal welfare
Rogers, L. J. (2010) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.06.008 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery
Gee, D. G., & Casey, B. J. (2015) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.02.001 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“In contrast, stress-induced amygdala morphology and volume changes seem to persist (Vyas et al., 2002; Adamec et al., 2005; Tottenham et al., 2010).”
BackgroundChronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system: animal models and clinical outcomes
Golbidi, S., Frisbee, J. C., & Laher, I. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00859.2014 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Hemispheric Lateralization of Pain Processing by Amygdala Neurons
Ji, G., & Neugebauer, V. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00166.2009 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Toward an Animal Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Siegmund, A., & Wotjak, C. T. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1364.025 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Understanding stress: Insights from rodent models
Atrooz, F., Alkadhi, K. A., & Salim, S. (2021) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2021.100013 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Evolution and ontogeny of stress response to social challenges in the human child
FLINN, M. (2006) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.003 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Long-term neuroendocrine and behavioural effects of a single exposure to stress in adult animals
Armario, A., Escorihuela, R. M., & Nadal, R. A. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.04.003 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Toxoplasma gondii-altered host behaviour: clues as to mechanism of action
Webster, J. P., & McConkey, G. A. (2010) · Folia Parasitologica · doi:10.14411/fp.2010.012 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Campos, A. C., Ferreira, F. R., & Guimarães, F. S. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.012 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Flinn, M. V., Nepomnaschy, P. A., Muehlenbein, M. P., & Ponzi, D. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.01.005 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A review on animal models for screening potential anti-stress agents
Jaggi, A. S., Bhatia, N., Kumar, N., Singh, N., Anand, P., & Dhawan, R. K. (2011) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-011-0770-6 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Reviews: Mechanisms Mediating Brain Plasticity: IGF1 and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Llorens-Martı́n, M., Torres‐Alemán, I., & Trejo, J. L. (2009) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858408331371 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Ganzel, B. L., Kim, P., Glover, G. H., & Temple, E. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.010 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Zoladz, P. R., Fleshner, M., & Diamond, D. M. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.007 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Muir, C. A., Grimes, M. T., & Pearcey, K. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.02.001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationPTSD and stress sensitisation: A tale of brain and body Part 2: Animal models
Stam, R. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.01.001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cullen, C. L., Burne, T. H. J., Lavidis, N. A., & Moritz, K. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054924 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Lamberton, P. H. L., Donnelly, C. A., & Webster, J. P. (2008) · Parasitology · doi:10.1017/s0031182008004666 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The effects of toxoplasma infection on rodent behavior are dependent on dose of the stimulus
Vyas, A., Kim, S.-K., & Sapolsky, R. M. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.021 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Blundell, J. J., & Burton, P. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationAllostasis and the developing human brain: Explicit consideration of implicit models
Ganzel, B. L., & Morris, P. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000447 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Kappa opioid receptor antagonists: A possible new class of therapeutics for migraine prevention
Xie, J. Y., Felice, M. D., Kopruszinski, C. M., Eyde, N., LaVigne, J. E., Remeniuk, B., Hernandez, P., Yue, X., Goshima, N., Ossipov, M. H., et al. (2017) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102417702120 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Bustos, S. G., Giachero, M., Maldonado, H., & Molina, V. A. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.215 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Holmes, A., & Blundell, J. J. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.005 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationPost-traumatic stress disorder: evolutionary perspectives
Cantor, C. (2009) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670903270407 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Resilience against predator stress and dendritic morphology of amygdala neurons
Mitra, R., Adamec, R., & Sapolsky, R. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.014 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationZoladz, P. R., Park, C. R., Halonen, J. D., Salim, S., Alzoubi, K. H., Srivareerat, M., Fleshner, M., Alkadhi, K. A., & Diamond, D. M. (2011) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20922 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Patchev, V. K., & Patchev, A. V. (2006) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2006.8.4/vpatchev · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Adamec, R., Hebert, M., Blundell, J., & Mervis, R. F. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.009 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationThe aftermath of 9/11: Effect of intensity and recency of trauma on outcome.
Ganzel, B., Casey, B. J., Glover, G., Voss, H. U., & Temple, E. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.227 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Fougere, J. D., & Risbrough, V. B. (2009) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145709990496 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationAdamec, R. E., Blundell, J. J., & Burton, P. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.026 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationProtein synthesis and the mechanisms of lasting change in anxiety induced by severe stress
Adamec, R. E., Strasser, K. J., BLUNDELL, J., Burton, P., & MCKAY, D. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.09.019 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationAnimal models of post-traumatic stress disorder and novel treatment targets
Aspesi, D., & Pinna, G. (2019) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000467 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Vyas, A., & Sapolsky, R. M. (2010) · Folia Parasitologica · doi:10.14411/fp.2010.011 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Stress and the healthy adolescent brain: Evidence for the neural embedding of life events
Ganzel, B. L., Kim, P., Gilmore, H. M., Tottenham, N., & Temple, E. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000242 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Zoladz, P. R., & Diamond, D. M. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.003 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Wilson, M. A., Grillo, C. A., Fadel, J. R., & Reagan, L. P. (2015) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.06.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Varman, D. R., & Rajan, K. E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127945 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Acute and chronic effects of ferret odor exposure in Sprague–Dawley rats
Campeau, S., Nyhuis, T. J., Sasse, S. K., Day, H. E. W., & Masini, C. V. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.014 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Kozlovsky, N., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., Zohar, J., & Cohen, H. (2009) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.04.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Animal Models of PTSD: The Socially Isolated Mouse and the Biomarker Role of Allopregnanolone
Pinna, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00114 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kendig, M. D., Bowen, M. T., Kemp, A. H., & McGregor, I. S. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.058 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Modulation of Aversive Memory by Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Drew, M. R., & Huckleberry, K. A. (2017) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0528-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Glucocorticoids are required for extinction of predator stress-induced hyperarousal
Clay, R., Hebert, M. A., Gill, G., Stapleton, L. A., Pridham, A., Coady, M., Bishop, J., Adamec, R. E., & Blundell, J. J. (2011) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.06.012 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationRojas‐Carvajal, M., Sequeira‐Cordero, A., & Brenes, J. C. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15160 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gilboa-Geffen, A., Hartmann, G., & Soreq, H. (2012) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2012.00030 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Bhattacharya, S., Fontaine, A., MacCallum, P. E., Drover, J., & Blundell, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00113 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationTransitional and translational studies of risk for anxiety
Casey, B. J., Ruberry, E. J., Libby, V., Glatt, C. E., Hare, T. A., Soliman, F., Duhoux, S., Frielingsdorf, H., & Tottenham, N. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20783 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Barreto, R. A., Walker, F. R., Dunkley, P. R., Day, T. A., & Smith, D. W. (2012) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-125 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Stringham, N. T., Holmes, P. V., & Stringham, J. M. (2017) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2017.1286445 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Muñoz-Abellán, C., Daviu, N., Rabasa, C., Nadal, R. A., & Armario, A. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.08.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Blundell, J. J., & Adamec, R. E. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.078 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationZanoveli, J. M., Netto, C. F., & Brandão, M. L. (2007) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Reis, F. M., Albrechet‐Souza, L., Franci, C. R., & Brandão, M. L. (2011) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2011.623740 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Principles for developing animal models of military PTSD
Daskalakis, N. P., & Yehuda, R. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23825 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mejía-Carmona, G. E., Gosselink, K. L., Pérez-Ishiwara, G., & Martı́nez-Martı́nez, A. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-015-2430-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Long-lasting FosB/ΔFosB immunoreactivity in the rat brain after repeated cat odor exposure
Staples, L., McGregor, I. S., & Hunt, G. E. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.069 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., HEAD, D. W., Soreq, H., & Blundell, J. J. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic predisposition to anxiety-related behavior predicts predator odor response
Sotnikov, S., Markt, P. O., Umriukhin, A., & Landgraf, R. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.07.022 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chourbaji, S., Vogt, M. A., & Gass, P. (2007) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)67005-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Late glucocorticoid receptor antagonism changes the outcome of adult life stress
Ding, J., da Silva, M. S., Lingeman, J., Chen, X., Shi, Y., Han, F., & Meijer, O. C. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.014 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Corticosterone mitigates the stress response in an animal model of PTSD
Jia, M., Smerin, S. E., Zhang, L., Xing, G., Li, X., Benedek, D. M., Ursano, R. J., & Li, H. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.09.020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bignante, E. A., Paglini, M. G., & Molina, V. A. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.02.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Silva, M. A. D. S., Topic, B., Lamounier‐Zepter, V., Huston, J. P., Tomaz, C. A. B., & Barros, M. (2007) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.07.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Involvement of septal Cdk5 in the emergence of excessive anxiety induced by stress
Bignante, E. A., Manzanares, P. A. R., Mlewski, E. C., Bertotto, M. E., Bussolino, D. F., Paglini, M. G., & Molina, V. A. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.02.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Tóth, M., Haller, J., Halász, J., & Blundell, J. J. (2010) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationTupal, S., & Faingold, C. L. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.044 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Behavioural characteristics of dogs removed from hoarding situations
McMillan, F. D., Vanderstichel, R. V., Stryhn, H., Yu, J., & Serpell, J. A. (2016) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2016.02.006 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hasegawa, T. (2007) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.02.034 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Knowledge of lateralized brain function can contribute to animal welfare
Rogers, L. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1242906 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Blundell, J. J., & Adamec, R. E. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.08.029 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationGenovese, R. F., & Dobre, S. (2017) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000329 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hartley, C. A., & Casey, B. J. (2013) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12287 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Hebert, M. A., & Blundell, J. J. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationSt-Cyr, S., & McGowan, P. O. (2017) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2017.12.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lima, K. R., de Vargas, L. D. S., Ramborger, B. P., Roehrs, R., Sevenster, D., Izquierdo, I., D’Hooge, R., & Mello‐Carpes, P. B. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111991 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Elmer, G. I., Tapocik, J. D., Mayo, C. L., Zanos, P., & Gould, T. D. (2020) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172973 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Lasting Change in Anxiety Induced by Severe Stress
Adamec, R. E., Blundell, J. J., Strasser, K. J., & Burton, P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/4-431-29567-4_7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationBrachetta, V., Schleich, C. E., Cutrera, A., Merlo, J. L., Kittlein, M. J., & Zenuto, R. R. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21635 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Absence of neurogenic response following robust predator-induced stress response
Lau, C., Hebert, M. A., Vani, M. A., WALLING, S., Hayley, S. P., Lagace, D. C., & Blundell, J. J. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional cerebral asymmetry in dogs living under different environmental conditions
Demirbaş, Y. S., Isparta, S., Öztürk, H., Şafak, C. E., Emre, B., Pişkin, İ., Kaya, U., Sağmanlıgil, V., Akgul, B., & Pereira, G. G. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.023 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Adamec, R. E., Berton, O., & Razek, W. A. (2009) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2009/904568 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationZhdanov, A. V., Khatsko, S. L., Zabegalov, K. N., Bytov, M. V., Demin, K. A., Galstyan, D. S., de Abreu, M. S., Amstislavskaya, T. G., & Kalueff, A. V. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.70048 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Impact of Acute Loud Noise on the Behavior of Laboratory Birds
Corbani, T. L., Martin, J., & Healy, S. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.607632 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Blanchard, D. C., Litvin, Y., Pentkowski, N. S., & Blanchard, R. J. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb002049 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Behavior Genetics of the Horse (Equus caballus)
Deesing, M. J., & Grandin, T. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394586-0.00007-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Multiple presentations reduce the behavioral impact of protected predator exposure in rats
Genovese, R. F., Johnson, C. C., Tobin, C. A., & Gauchan, S. (2014) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.09.032 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Differential modulation of hippocampal plasticity in a non-noxious conflict model for anxiety
Collins, D. R. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.020 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sun, J. Y., Yan, C., Niu, J., Pan, M., Luo, Z., Duan, W., Li, W., Wu, Y., Sun, W., Huang, F., et al. (2022) · Acta Materia Medica · doi:10.15212/amm-2022-0043 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Schork, N. J., Baker, D. G., & Risbrough, V. B. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420071788.ch8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ontogeny of Stress Reactivity in the Human Child: Phenotypic Flexibility, Trade-Offs, and Pathology
Flinn, M. V., Ponzi, D., Nepomnaschy, P. A., & Noone, R. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5605-6_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thangaleela, S., Varman, D. R., Sivasangari, K., & Rajan, K. E. (2020) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108873 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evolution of stress response to social threat
Flinn, M. V. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0020 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Adamec, R. E., Blundell, J., & Burton, P.
- Affiliations
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Adamec, Robert E.
- ORCID
- Burton, Paul
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1225-1241
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042734298
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- predator stress, anxiety-like behavior, neural circuits, long-term potentiation, right hemisphere, predator odor, acoustic startle response, social interaction, elevated plus maze, light-dark box, rats
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Amygdala, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Cats, Electric Stimulation, Exploratory Behavior, Functional Laterality, Male, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Periaqueductal Gray, Random Allocation, Reaction Time, Reflex, Startle, Stress, Psychological, Maze Learning, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review