Cited by 810Functional Brain Connectivity StudiesNeural dynamics and brain functionAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications

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The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: Replication from DCM

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Goulden, Nia, Khusnulina, Aygul, Davis, Nicholas J., Bracewell, Robert M., Bokde, Arun L., McNulty, Jonathan P., Mullins, Paul G.·2014·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.052

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Abstract

With the advent of new analysis methods in neuroimaging that involve independent component analysis (ICA) and dynamic causal modelling (DCM), investigations have focused on measuring both the activity and connectivity of specific brain networks. In this study we combined DCM with spatial ICA to investigate network switching in the brain. Using time courses determined by ICA in our dynamic causal models, we focused on the dynamics of switching between the default mode network (DMN), the network which is active when the brain is not engaging in a specific task, and the central executive network (CEN), which is active when the brain is engaging in a task requiring attention. Previous work using Granger causality methods has shown that regions of the brain which respond to the degree of subjective salience of a stimulus, the salience network, are responsible for switching between the DMN and the CEN (Sridharan et al., 2008). In this work we apply DCM to ICA time courses representing these networks in resting state data. In order to test the repeatability of our work we applied this to two independent datasets. This work confirms that the salience network drives the switching between default mode and central executive networks and that our novel technique is repeatable.

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Task-based functional connectivity reveals aberrance with the salience network during emotional interference in late-life depression
Almdahl, I. S., Martinussen, L. J., Ousdal, O. T., Kraus, M., Sowa, P., Agartz, I., & Korsnes, M. S. (2023) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2023.2179972 · Cited by 12
“The salience network is the network driving the shifts in the dynamic balance between the DMN and the FPN (Goulden et al., 2014).”
Background
How past trauma impacts emotional intelligence: Examining the connection
Gottfredson, R. K., & Becker, W. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1067509 · Cited by 24
“Table 1 presents the objective of each network and the areas of the brain involved in each network (Sridharan et al., 2008; Menon and Uddin, 2010; Goulden et al., 2014; Yuen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Modulation of resting-state networks following repetitive transcranial alternating current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Khan, A., Mosbacher, J. A., Vogel, S., Binder, M., Wehovz, M., Moshammer, A., Halverscheid, S., Pustelnik, K., Nitsche, M. A., Tong, R. K., et al. (2023) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-023-02667-2 · Cited by 12
“2008; Menon 2015; Marek and Dosenbach 2018), and the salience network acts as a switch between DMN and FPN networks (Goulden et al. 2014).”
Background
A pilot investigation on the effects of combination transcranial direct current stimulation and speed of processing cognitive remediation therapy on simulated driving behavior in older adults with HIV
Pope, C. N., Stavrinos, D., Vance, D. E., Woods, A. J., Bell, T. R., Ball, K., & Fazeli, P. L. (2018) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.08.002 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, the salience network has been associated with mediating the switching between the central executive and the default mode network by detecting relevant salient events and initiating a sequence of signals, engaging the central executive and suppressing the default mode network (Goulden et al., 2014; Menon,…”
Background
Creativity and the Social Brain
Abraham, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95498-1_33 · Cited by 11
Arousal and salience network connectivity alterations in surgical temporal lobe epilepsy
González, H. F. J., Narasimhan, S., Goodale, S. E., Johnson, G. W., Doss, D. J., Paulo, D. L., Morgan, V. L., Chang, C., & Englot, D. J. (2022) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2022.5.jns22837 · Cited by 11
Exploration of static functional connectivity and dynamic functional connectivity alterations in the primary visual cortex among patients with high myopia via seed-based functional connectivity analysis
Ji, Y., Huang, S.-Q., Cheng, Q., Fu, W.-W., Zhong, P.-P., Chen, X., Shu, B.-L., Wei, B., Huang, Q.-Y., & Wu, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1126262 · Cited by 11
“Previous studies have shown that the salience network is primarily responsible for regulating the switch between the default mode network and the central execution network, avoiding simultaneous excitation of both networks (Goulden et al., 2014).”
Background
Symptom-circuit mappings of the schizophrenia connectome
Wang, Y., Wang, J., Su, W., Hu, H., Xia, M., Zhang, T., Xu, L., Zhang, X., Taylor, H. M., Osipowicz, K. Z., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115122 · Cited by 11
Non-traditional cognitive brain network involvement in insulo-Sylvian gliomas: a case series study and clinical experience using Quicktome
Wu, Z., Hu, G., Cao, B., Liu, X., Zhang, Z., Dadario, N. B., Shi, Q., Fan, X., Tang, Y., Cheng, Z., et al. (2023) · Chinese Neurosurgical Journal · doi:10.1186/s41016-023-00325-4 · Cited by 11
Altered cortical myelin in the salience and default mode networks in major depressive disorder patients: A surface-based analysis
Zhang, S., She, S., Qiu, Y., Li, Z., Mao, D., Zheng, W., Wu, H., & Huang, R. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.068 · Cited by 11
Effective resting-state connectivity in severe unipolar depression before and after electroconvulsive therapy
ten Doesschate, F., Bruin, W. B., Zeidman, P., Abbott, C., Árgyelán, M., Dols, A., Emsell, L., van Eijndhoven, P., van Exel, E. R., Mulders, P. C. R., et al. (2023) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.07.054 · Cited by 11
“The SN, and the right insula in particular, has been put forward as a critical system for switching between the CEN and DMN [35,36].”
Connectomics as a prognostic tool of functional outcome in glioma surgery of the supplementary motor area: illustrative case
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Randomized controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions for healthy seniors: Effects on cognitive decline, brain plasticity and activities of daily living—A 23-year scoping review
James, C. E., Müller, D., Müller, C. A. H., van de Looij, Y., ALTENMÜLLER, E. O., Kliegel, M., Ville, D. V. D., & Marié, D. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26674 · Cited by 15
NeuroDots: From Single-Target to Brain-Network Modulation: Why and What Is Needed?
Ridder, D. D., Siddiqi, M. A., Dauwels, J., Serdijn, W. A., & Strydis, C. (2024) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2024.01.003 · Cited by 12
The functional connectivity between right insula and anterior cingulate cortex underlying the association between future self-continuity and delay discounting
Zhao, H., Sun, J., Zhang, R., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Y., Feng, T., & Feng, P. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae296 · Cited by 12
Mapping the neurodevelopmental predictors of psychopathology
Jirsaraie, R. J., Gataviņš, M. M., Pines, A. R., Kandala, S., Bijsterbosch, J. D., Marek, S. A., Bogdan, R., Barch, D. M., & Sotiras, A. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02682-7 · Cited by 14
Modulation of electroencephalogram brain activity dynamics by 10 Hz parietal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Implications for recovery of the minimally conscious state
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Methylphenidate differentially alters corticostriatal connectivity after traumatic brain injury
Mallas, E., Simoni, S. D., Jenkins, P. O., David, M., Bourke, N., & Sharp, D. J. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae334 · Cited by 11
“23,88,89 Following TBI, connectivity between caudate and corticostriatal networks, including insular cortex, is reduced, and this is associated with executive function impairments.”
Functional connectivity profiles in remitted depression and their relation to ruminative thinking
Fang, Z., Lynn, E., Knott, V., & Jaworska, N. (2024) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103716 · Cited by 13
“As outlined, previous work has demonstrated the SN facilitates switching between the DMN and CEN (Doll et al., 2013; Goulden et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2008), and tends to co-activate with the CEN across various cognitive tasks (Menon, 2011).”
Salience and default networks predict borderline personality traits and affective symptoms: a dynamic functional connectivity analysis
Grecucci, A., Langerbeck, M., Bakiaj, R., Ghomroudi, P. A., Rivolta, D., Yi, X., & Messina, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1589440 · Cited by 11
Low working memory capacity in euthymic bipolar I disorder: No relation to reappraisal on emotion regulation
Oh, D. H., Lee, S., Kim, S. H., Ryu, V., & Cho, H. S. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.042 · Cited by 10
Time-Delay Latency of Resting-State Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Signal Related to the Level of Consciousness in Patients with Severe Consciousness Impairment
Rudas, J., Martínez, D., Castellanos, G., Athena Demertzi, A., Martial, C., Carrière, M., Aubinet, C., Soddu, A., Laureys, S., & Gómez, F. A. (2020) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2019.0716 · Cited by 11
“The SN integrates external sensory stimuli with internal states, and it also has a role in coordinating network dynamics and possibly in switching between the central executive network and the DMN in response to salient stimuli (Goulden et al., 2014).”
Concussion Risk and Resilience: Relationships with Pre-Injury Salience Network Connectivity
Churchill, N. W., Hutchison, M. G., Graham, S. J., & Schweizer, T. A. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0123 · Cited by 11
“16,17 Hence, SN-mediated toggling between the DMN and the ECN is thought to modulate attentional orienting, adaptability, and interoception.”
Dissociative-Traumatic Dimension and Triple Network: An EEG Functional Connectivity Study in a Sample of University Students
Carbone, G. A., Imperatori, C., Bersani, F. S., Massullo, C., Orlando, E. M., & Farina, B. (2021) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000519563 · Cited by 10
Early childhood bilingualism: effects on brain structure and function
Goksan, S., Argyri, F., Clayden, J. D., Liegeois, F. J., & Wei, L. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.23216.1 · Cited by 12
Same salience, different consequences: Disturbed inter-network connectivity during a social oddball paradigm in major depressive disorder
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Sex-related Difference in Mental Rotation Performance is Mediated by the special Functional Connectivity Between the Default Mode and Salience Networks
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Grey matter connectome abnormalities and age-related effects in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia
Yang, B., Zhang, W., Lencer, R., Bo, T., Tang, B., Yang, J., Li, S., Zeng, J., Cao, H., Sweeney, J. A., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103749 · Cited by 12
Impaired olfactory identification in dementia-free individuals is associated with the functional abnormality of the precuneus
Xie, B., Yang, S., Hao, Y., Sun, Y., Li, L., Guo, C., & Yu, Y. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106483 · Cited by 10
“SN drives the switching between DMN and central executive network (Goulden et al., 2014) and is the characteristic network in the brain.”
Background
Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Resting-State EEG Microstate Study
Baldini, S., Sartori, A., Rossi, L., Favero, A., Pasquin, F., Dinoto, A., Bratina, A., Bosco, A., & Manganotti, P. (2024) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-024-01053-3 · Cited by 11
“…is involved in the neural process behind switching between DMN and the central executive network (CEN; Sridharan et al. 2008; Menon and Uddin 2010; Goulden et al. 2014) that is critical to segregate the most relevant internal and extrapersonal stimuli in order to guide behavior (Menon and Uddin…”
Background
Compensation versus deterioration across functional networks in amnestic mild cognitive impairment subtypes
Varela‐López, B., Zurrón, M., Lindı́n, M., Dı́az, F., & Galdo‐Álvarez, S. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01369-9 · Cited by 11
“These changes may affect the functional dynamics between the DMN and the FPCN [62, 65] and thus significantly contribute to cognitive decline in the aMCI participants in our study.”
Network Abnormalities in Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-analysis of Resting-State Functional Connectivity
Zhang, Z. (2025) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-024-01096-6 · Cited by 9
Acupuncture modulates group neural activity in patients with post stroke sensory impairment: An fMRI study based on inter-subject correlation and inter-subject functional connectivity
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Regional cerebral activity abnormality in pregnant women with antenatal depression
Cheng, B., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Xia, S., Zuo, Y., Meng, Y., Deng, W., Guo, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.107 · Cited by 10
Modeling the Effects of HIV and Aging on Resting-State Networks Using Machine Learning
Luckett, P. H., Paul, R. H., Hannon, K., Lee, J. J., Shimony, J. S., Meeker, K. L., Cooley, S. A., Boerwinkle, A. H., & Ances, B. M. (2021) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002783 · Cited by 10
“27 In contrast, the controls and PLWH CI comparison and PLWH CN/PLWH CI comparison also showed the FPN as a strong predictor.”
Result
Resting state functional connectivity subtypes predict discrete patterns of cognitive-affective functioning across levels of analysis among patients with treatment-resistant depression
Woody, M. L., Panny, B., Degutis, M., Griffo, A., & Price, R. B. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103960 · Cited by 10
Neuroscience for Clinicians: Translational Clinical Neuroscience to Inspire Clinical Practice and Research
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Internetwork Connectivity Predicts Cognitive Decline in Parkinson’s and Is Altered by Genetic Variants
Wei, X., Shen, Q., Litvan, I., Huang, M., Lee, R. R., & Harrington, D. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.853029 · Cited by 10
Neurobiological Dysfunctional Substrates for the Self-Medication Hypothesis in Adult Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Cocaine Use Disorder: A Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Study
Carli, G., Cavicchioli, M., Martini, A. L., Bruscoli, M., Manfredi, A., Presotto, L., Mazzeo, C., Sestini, S., & Perani, D. (2023) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2022.0076 · Cited by 10
Cortical and subcortical changes in patients with premenstrual syndrome
Liu, P., Wei, Y., Fan, Y., Liao, H., Wang, G., Li, R., Duan, G., Deng, D., & Qin, W. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.046 · Cited by 10
Elucidating the neural correlates of emotion recognition in children with sub-clinical anxiety
Kennedy, M. F., Simcock, G. P., Jamieson, D., Hermens, D. F., Lagopoulos, J., & Shan, Z. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.024 · Cited by 10
Incidental physical pain reduces brain activities associated with affective social feedback and increases aggression
Wang, Y., Li, L., Cai, J., Li, H., & Wang, C. (2022) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsac048 · Cited by 10
“Third, regarding the key brain regions associated with aggressive behavior, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the executive functioning network should be considered (Goulden et al., 2014).”
Background

Authors: Goulden, N., Khusnulina, A., Davis, N. J., Bracewell, R. M., Bokde, A. L., McNulty, J. P., & Mullins, P. G.
Affiliations: Bangor University (GB)
Trinity College Dublin (IE)
University College Dublin (IE)
Corresponding author: Goulden, Nia
ORCID: Goulden, Nia
Davis, Nicholas J.
Bracewell, Robert M.
Bokde, Arun L.
McNulty, Jonathan P.
Mullins, Paul G.
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-10
Volume: 99
Pages: 180-190
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.052
OpenAlex: W2066208486
Cited by: 810
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 65 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 6
FWCI: 18.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
e-space.mmu.ac.uk
Licence: other-oa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: European Regional Development Fund
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
Keywords: salience network, default mode network, frontoparietal network, network switching, dynamic causal modeling, independent component analysis, resting state, Granger causality, reproducibility, brain connectivity
MeSH terms: Adult, Bayes Theorem, Brain Mapping, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Rest, Stochastic Processes, Executive Function

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The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: Replication from DCM

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