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The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: Replication from DCM
Open accessAbstract
With the advent of new analysis methods in neuroimaging that involve independent component analysis (ICA) and dynamic causal modelling (DCM), investigations have focused on measuring both the activity and connectivity of specific brain networks. In this study we combined DCM with spatial ICA to investigate network switching in the brain. Using time courses determined by ICA in our dynamic causal models, we focused on the dynamics of switching between the default mode network (DMN), the network which is active when the brain is not engaging in a specific task, and the central executive network (CEN), which is active when the brain is engaging in a task requiring attention. Previous work using Granger causality methods has shown that regions of the brain which respond to the degree of subjective salience of a stimulus, the salience network, are responsible for switching between the DMN and the CEN (Sridharan et al., 2008). In this work we apply DCM to ICA time courses representing these networks in resting state data. In order to test the repeatability of our work we applied this to two independent datasets. This work confirms that the salience network drives the switching between default mode and central executive networks and that our novel technique is repeatable.
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“The SN has been implicated in switching between these networks and in processing self-relevant emotional information (Goulden et al., 2014; Kaiser et al., 2015b).”
From Understanding and predicting future relapse in depression from resting state functional connectivity and self-referential processing (2023) · cites this paper as Goulden et al., 2014
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“Together, the VLPFC-anterior insula have been shown to form a fronto-insular functional node implicated in switching between salience and executive control networks (Goulden et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2008).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance vs worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goulden et al., 2014
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“Furthermore, the authors summarize studies that describe how a special set of neurons, the von Economo, are found only in the SN, and that the structural and functional connections between these regions is strengthened by age, which thereby result in flexible and adaptive behavior [Goulden et al., 2014].”
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“Salience-driven attention shifts may relate to AINS importance for switching between large-scale brain networks (Sridharan et al., 2008; Goulden et al., 2014) (see also Corbetta et al., 2008), especially between the default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network, which support…”
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“Recent research has provided evidence of the anterior insula’s role as a major hub implicated in predicting changing regulatory control demands and facilitating switching between default mode and executive control networks (45, 50, 52).”
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“It underpins the mechanism of effort, making decisions about the direction and the intensity of the behavioral response in a specific situation (i.e., fight, flight, submission to a higher-ranking individual, resignation, computation of the amount of invested effort, etc.), and switching between the DMN and the CEN.15…”
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“As the anterior insula is involved in the control of the DMN/CEN switch [Goulden et al., 2014; Uddin, 2015], some authors have hypothesized that impairments in the processing of salient stimuli may Abbreviations AHRS Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale CEN Central executive network CGI Clinical…”
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“Recent studies have postulated that the salience network drives switching between the frontoparietal control and the default mode networks [Goulden et al., 2014; Jilka et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2008], allowing for the engagement of the brain’s attentional and higher order control processes…”
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“Recent studies have consistently demonstrated that the rAI of the SN drives the DMN and CEN for different tasks (Goulden et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2008).”
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“Effects on the DMN (PCC+) and SAL (AI+) networks are extensive, while effects on the ECN (PCC−) network appear relatively minor.”
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“Combination of ICA and DCM was used to confirm the finding of Sridharan et al. (2008) that the Salience Network (SN) is a key for switching between the Central Executive Network (CEN) and the DMN (Goulden et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodBrain functional connectivity correlates of coping styles
Santarnecchi, E., Sprugnoli, G., Tatti, E., Mencarelli, L., Neri, F., Momi, D., Di Lorenzo, G., Pascual-Leone, A., Rossi, S., & Rossi, A. (2018) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0583-7 · Cited by 85
“FDR = false discovery rate; NBS = network-based statistics; FWE = family-wise error the consequent engagement of different other resting-state networks for processing such information, has been recently postulated (Goulden et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCognitive Vulnerability to Major Depression
Wang, X., Öngür, D., Auerbach, R. P., & Yao, S. (2016) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000081 · Cited by 96
“fronto-insular cortex, is responsible for switching DMNCEN interactions.(40,41,50,51) Briefly, during the externally oriented processing there is typically anti-correlated relationship between the DMN and CEN, which is regulated by the SN (see Figure 2).”
BackgroundTinnitus and the Triple Network Model: A Perspective
Ridder, D. D., Vanneste, S., Song, J., & Adhia, D. B. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.21053/ceo.2022.00815 · Cited by 91
“and the central executive network [42-44].”
Functional Territories of Human Dentate Nucleus
Guell, X., D’Mello, A. M., Hubbard, N. A., Romeo, R. R., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Whitfield, S., Schmahmann, J. D., & Anteraper, S. A. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz247 · Cited by 80
An Integrative Model of Effortful Control
André, N., Audiffren, M. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (2019) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2019.00079 · Cited by 96
The Altered Triple Networks Interaction in Depression under Resting State Based on Graph Theory
Zheng, H., Xu, L., Xie, F., Guo, X., Zhang, J., Li, Y., & Wu, X. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/386326 · Cited by 90
“SN consists of dorsolateral anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI) [7].”
BackgroundRyali, S., Supekar, K., Chen, T., Kochalka, J., Cai, W., Nicholas, J., Padmanabhan, A., & Menon, V. (2016) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005138 · Cited by 82
Working memory training mostly engages general-purpose large-scale networks for learning
Salmi, J., Nyberg, L., & Laine, M. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.019 · Cited by 70
“However, due to the domain-general role of this region, at least three different alternatives are worth noting here: the direct contribution of IFG on WM (Crottaz-Herbette et al., 2004; Goulden et al., 2014; Manelis and Reder, 2014) and memory encoding (Badre and Wagner, 2007), its role in language processing (see Lia…”
A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum—Chapter 1: Introduction, Methods, and Significance
Baker, C. M., Burks, J. D., Briggs, R. G., Conner, A. K., Glenn, C. A., Sali, G., McCoy, T. M., Battiste, J. D., OʼDonoghue, D. L., & Sughrue, M. E. (2018) · Operative Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/ons/opy253 · Cited by 84
Han, S., Cui, Q., Wang, X., Li, L., Li, D., He, Z., Guo, X., Fan, Y., Guo, J., Sheng, W., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25017 · Cited by 81
“SN plays a vital role in emotional control, processing of interoceptive states and modulating network switching between DMN and central executive network (CEN) (Devarajan, Levitin, & Vinod, 2008; Goulden et al., 2014; Terasawa, Fukushima, & Umeda, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat Executive Function Network is that? An Image-Based Meta-Analysis of Network Labels
Witt, S. T., van Ettinger-Veenstra, H., Salo, T., Riedel, M. C., & Laird, A. R. (2021) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-021-00847-z · Cited by 75
“Both sets of labels have been previously used by numerous studies to describe visually similar bilateral and unilateral networks comprised of lateral prefrontal cortical and inferior parietal regions (e.g., Chen et al. 2013; Goulden et al. 2014; Allen et al. 2011; Smith et al. 2009).”
BackgroundRabellino, D., Tursich, M., Frewen, P. A., Daniels, J. K., Densmore, M., Théberge, J., & Lanius, R. A. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12418 · Cited by 78
Altered resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Xu, T., Zhao, Q., Wang, P., Fan, Q., Chen, J., Zhang, H., Yang, Z., Stein, D. J., & Wang, Z. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001915 · Cited by 79
“Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies detecting intrinsic activity fluctuations have identified a number of well-defined networks, including the defaultmode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), salience network (SN; Goulden et al., 2014), and etc.”
BackgroundShi, L., Sun, J., Wu, X., Wei, D., Chen, Q., Yang, W., Chen, H., & Qiu, J. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy059 · Cited by 81
“Furthermore, the salience network (SN), which plays an important role in switching the executive network and the default network (Goulden et al., 2014), is also involved in wellbeing.”
BackgroundNam, B., Bae, S., Kim, S. M., Hong, J. S., & Han, D. H. (2017) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2017.15.4.361 · Cited by 76
Functional neural correlates of psychopathy: a meta-analysis of MRI data
Deming, P., & Koenigs, M. R. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0816-8 · Cited by 81
Briand, M., Gosseries, O., Staumont, B., Laureys, S., & Thibaut, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00933 · Cited by 79
Ge, R., Blumberger, D. M., Downar, J. H., Daskalakis, Z. J., Dipinto, A. A., Tham, J. C. W., Lam, R. W. M., & Vila‐Rodriguez, F. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.060 · Cited by 75
Shen, X., Cox, S. R., Adams, M. J., Howard, D. M., Lawrie, S. M., Ritchie, S. J., Bastin, M. E., Deary, I. J., McIntosh, A. M., & Whalley, H. C. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.06.007 · Cited by 74
“The role of the CON was related to maintaining task-engaging status (37,41) and flexibly switching between the DMN and central executive network based on experimental context (42,43).”
BackgroundThe role of acetylcholine in negative encoding bias: Too much of a good thing?
Mineur, Y. S., & Picciotto, M. R. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14641 · Cited by 78
“This balance is primarily controlled by the salience network (SN), involved in attention and the response to acute stressors (Goulden et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWu, X., He, H. G., Shi, L., Xia, Y., Zuang, K., Feng, Q., Zhang, Y., Ren, Z., Wei, D., & Qiu, J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.002 · Cited by 74
Wang, L., Wei, Q., Wang, C., Xu, J., Wang, K., Tian, Y., & Wang, J. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-0013-z · Cited by 72
“From a neural network view,decreased functional connectivity within- and across-networks support cognitive control and salience or emotion processing might relate to dysfunction in regulating mood (Ellard et al. 2018; Goulden et al. 2014).”
BackgroundDynamic Default Mode Network across Different Brain States
Lin, P., Yang, Y., Gao, J., Pisapia, N. D., Ge, S., Wang, X., Zuo, C. S., Levitt, J. J., & Niu, C. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46088 · Cited by 68
“…interactions between DMN, central executive network (CEN) and salience network (SN) play an important role in the shift between resting and focusing attention, which involves the re-allocation of resources within the brain for supporting stimulus-related cognitive processing 2,5,21,63,72–74 .”
Kazemi, R., Rostami, R., Khomami, S., Baghdadi, G., Rezaei, M., Hata, M., Aoki, Y., Ishii, R., Iwase, M., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00356 · Cited by 71
Lois, G., & Wessa, M. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw085 · Cited by 66
“We used constrained ICA incorporating prior information about spatial patterns into standard blind ICA (Lin et al., 2010; Goulden et al., 2014).”
MethodCommon and distinct brain activity associated with risky and ambiguous decision-making
Poudel, R., Riedel, M. C., Salo, T., Flannery, J. S., Hill-Bowen, L. D., Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., & Sutherland, M. T. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107884 · Cited by 69
The salience of self, not social pain, is encoded by dorsal anterior cingulate and insula
Perini, I., Gustafsson, P. A., Hamilton, J. P., Kämpe, R., Zetterqvist, M., & Heilig, M. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24658-8 · Cited by 78
Miranda, L. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149226 · Cited by 66
“This ability to effectively switch between task-positive and task-negative states is necessary for attentional shifting (Goulden et al., 2014).”
BackgroundReineberg, A. E., Gustavson, D. E., Benca‐Bachman, C. E., Banich, M. T., & Friedman, N. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01600 · Cited by 73
Hunyadi, B., Woolrich, M. W., Quinn, A. J., Vidaurre, D., & Vos, M. D. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.082 · Cited by 66
“It has been hypothesized that the anterior salience network drives this switch [Sridharan2008, Goulden2014].”
Owens, M. M., Yuan, D., Hahn, S., Albaugh, M. D., Allgaier, N. A., Chaarani, B., Potter, A., & Garavan, H. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa143 · Cited by 67
Alluri, V., Brattico, E., Toiviainen, P., Burunat, I., Bogert, B., Numminen, J., & Kliuchko, M. (2015) · Psychomusicology Music Mind and Brain · doi:10.1037/pmu0000124 · Cited by 70
Chabran, E., Noblet, V., de Sousa, P. L., Demuynck, C., Philippi, N., Schmidt‐Mutter, C., Anthony, P., Martin‐Hunyadi, C., Cretin, B., & Blanc, F. (2020) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0575-z · Cited by 61
Rabellino, D., Densmore, M., Harricharan, S., Théberge, J., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23925 · Cited by 66
“…Toni, Passingham, & Dolan, 1999; Craig, 2009) and represents a core region of the salience network (Menon & Uddin, 2010; Seeley et al., 2007), where it has been thought to modulate switching between the central executive and the default mode network (Goulden et al., 2014; Menon & Uddin, 2010).”
BackgroundNeural correlates of emotion acceptance vs worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder
Ellard, K. K., Barlow, D. H., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Deckersbach, T. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx025 · Cited by 59
“Together, the VLPFC-anterior insula have been shown to form a fronto-insular functional node implicated in switching between salience and executive control networks (Goulden et al., 2014; Sridharan et al., 2008).”
BackgroundNicotine and networks: Potential for enhancement of mood and cognition in late-life depression
Gandelman, J. A., NEWHOUSE, P. A., & Taylor, W. D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.018 · Cited by 61
“Switching between the DMN and CEN is mediated by the Salience Network (SN) which has the role of monitoring and responding to environmental stimuli (Goulden et al., 2014).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Goulden, N., Khusnulina, A., Davis, N. J., Bracewell, R. M., Bokde, A. L., McNulty, J. P., & Mullins, P. G.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Goulden, Nia
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 99
- Pages
- 180-190
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066208486
- Cited by
- 810
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 18.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- e-space.mmu.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Regional Development Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- salience network, default mode network, frontoparietal network, network switching, dynamic causal modeling, independent component analysis, resting state, Granger causality, reproducibility, brain connectivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bayes Theorem, Brain Mapping, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Rest, Stochastic Processes, Executive Function
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