Single-Cell Profiles of Retinal Ganglion Cells Differing in Resilience to Injury Reveal Neuroprotective Genes
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Abstract
Neuronal types in the central nervous system differ dramatically in their resilience to injury or other insults. Here we studied the selective resilience of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve crush (ONC), which severs their axons and leads to death of ∼80% of RGCs within 2 weeks. To identify expression programs associated with differential resilience, we first used single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to generate a comprehensive molecular atlas of 46 RGC types in adult retina. We then tracked their survival after ONC; characterized transcriptomic, physiological, and morphological changes that preceded degeneration; and identified genes selectively expressed by each type. Finally, using loss- and gain-of-function assays in vivo, we showed that manipulating some of these genes improved neuronal survival and axon regeneration following ONC. This study provides a systematic framework for parsing type-specific responses to injury and demonstrates that differential gene expression can be used to reveal molecular targets for intervention.
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Prkaa1 expression is found in many RGC subtypes including αON sustained and transient, αOFF sustained and transient, melanopsin-positive (M1, M2 and M5), and ON-OFF direction selective RGCs (oo-DS).
“a comprehensive molecular atlas of 46 RGC subtypes in the adult retina generated by single-cell RNA-seq [58] shows that Prkaa1 expression is found in many RGC subtypes including αON sustained and transient, αOFF sustained and transient, melanopsin-positive (M1, M2 and M5), and ON-OFF direction selective RGCs (oo-DS).”
From AMPK hyperactivation promotes dendrite retraction, synaptic loss, and neuronal dysfunction in glaucoma (2021) · cites this paper as [58]
The Results section, “An atlas of molecularly defined RGC types,” confirms that the authors used single-cell RNA-seq to identify 46 RGC types in adult mouse retina. The subclass Results passages describe αRGCs, melanopsin-positive RGCs and ooDSGCs, but do not report Prkaa1 expression in the listed subtypes; searches for Prkaa1 and AMPK did not find that expression claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Liu, J., Reggiani, J. D. S., Laboulaye, M. A., Pandey, S., Chen, B., Rubenstein, J. L. R., Krishnaswamy, A., & Sanes, J. R. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0127-z · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationHicks, D. (2011) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-011-1631-y · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ambidextrous binding of cell and membrane bilayers by soluble matrix metalloproteinase-12
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Laboulaye, M. A., Duan, X., Qiao, M., Whitney, I. E., & Sanes, J. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00385 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Transcriptomic Signatures of Postnatal and Adult Intrinsically Photosensitive Ganglion Cells
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Confronting false discoveries in single-cell differential expression
Squair, J. W., Gautier, M., Kathe, C., Anderson, M. A., James, N. D., Hutson, T. H., Hudelle, R., Qaiser, T., Matson, K. J. E., Barraud, Q., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.12.435024 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes Drive Neuronal Death after Retinal Injury
Guttenplan, K. A., Stafford, B. K., El-Danaf, R. N., Adler, D. I., Münch, A. E., Weigel, M. K., Huberman, A. D., & Liddelow, S. A. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107776 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Analytic Pearson residuals for normalization of single-cell RNA-seq UMI data
Lause, J., Berens, P., & Kobak, D. (2021) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-021-02451-7 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the human retina
Mure, L. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.636330 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Belforte, N., Agostinone, J., Alarcon-Martinez, L., Villafranca-Baughman, D., Dotigny, F., Cueva Vargas, J. L., & Di Polo, A. (2021) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-021-00466-z · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Of interest, a comprehensive molecular atlas of 46 RGC subtypes in the adult retina generated by single-cell RNA-seq [58] shows that Prkaa1 expression is found in many RGC subtypes including αON sustained and transient, αOFF sustained and transient, melanopsin-positive (M1, M2 and M5), and ON-OFF direction selective R…”
BackgroundShekhar, K., Whitney, I. E., Butrus, S., Peng, Y.-R., & Sanes, J. R. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.73809 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Human retinal model systems: Strengths, weaknesses, and future directions
Eldred, K. C., & Reh, T. A. (2021) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.09.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Violet Light Modulates the Central Nervous System to Regulate Memory and Mood
Sasaki, N., Gusain, P., Hayano, M., Sugaya, T., Tonegawa, N., Hatanaka, Y., Tamura, R., Okuyama, K., Osada, H., Ban, N., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.466604 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Progress in single-cell sequencing of retinal vein occlusion or ischemic hypoxic retinopathy
Feng, Y., Wu, Y., Zhu, Y., He, Y., & Weng, W. (2025) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2025.110436 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tran, N. M., Shekhar, K., Whitney, I. E., Jacobi, A., Benhar, I., Hong, G., Yan, W., Adiconis, X., Arnold, M. E., Lee, J. M., Levin, J. Z., Lin, D., Wang, C., Lieber, C. M., Regev, A., He, Z., & Sanes, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sanes, Joshua R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1039-1055.e12
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6923571
- OpenAlex
- W2990382732
- Cited by
- 627
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 79 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 62.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biogen
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Glaucoma and retinal disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Keywords
- retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve crush, neuroprotection, axon regeneration, single-cell transcriptomics, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Neuroprotection, Animals, Cell Survival, Female, Male, Nerve Crush, Nerve Regeneration, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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