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Neural correlates of retrieval-based memory enhancement: An fMRI study of the testing effect
Open accessAbstract
Restudying material is a common method for learning new information, but not necessarily an effective one. Research on the testing effect shows that practice involving retrieval from memory can facilitate later memory in contrast to passive restudy. Despite extensive behavioral work, the brain processes that make retrieval an effective learning strategy remain unclear. In the present experiment, we explored how initially retrieving items affected memory a day later as compared to a condition involving traditional restudy. In contrast to restudy, initial testing that contributed to future memory success was associated with engagement of several regions including the anterior hippocampus, lateral temporal cortices, and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC). Additionally, testing enhanced hippocampal connectivity with ventrolateral PFC and midline regions. These findings indicate that the testing effect may be contingent on processes that are typically thought to support memory success at encoding (e.g. relational binding, selection and elaboration of semantically-related information) in addition to those more often associated with retrieval (e.g. memory search).
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“Studies examining the encoding phase of test-effect paradigms have demonstrated that the long-term retention advantage attributed to retrieval practice is based on the enhancement of cognitive processes that involve both memory successes at encoding (i.e., strengthening associations between cues and responses) and at retrieval (i.e., memory search processes).”
From Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice (2021) · cites this paper as Wing et al., 2013
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“Posterior parietal cortex activations have consistently been observed during similar studies of the testing effect during encoding (Eriksson et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2013; Wing et al., 2013; Van den Broek et al., 2013; Keresztes et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014; Vestergren and Nyberg, 2014; Wirebring et al., 2015) and retrieval (Keresztes et al., 2014; Wirebring et al., 2015).”
From Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice (2021) · cites this paper as Wing et al., 2013
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“Activations in the anterior cingulate cortex (Eriksson et al., 2011), middle temporal gyri (Van den Broek et al., 2013), anterior hippocampus, lateral temporal neocortex, and medial prefrontal cortex (Wing et al., 2013) have all been related to encoding differences in individuals who practiced both study and retrieval vs. repeated study only.”
From Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice (2021) · cites this paper as Wing et al., 2013
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BackgroundPracticing Retrieval Facilitates Learning
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BackgroundRetrieval practice protects memory against acute stress
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Retrieval aids the creation of a generalised memory trace and strengthens episode-unique information
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Bai, C.-H., Bridger, E. K., Zimmer, H. D., & Mecklinger, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00248 · Cited by 25
“Encoded information consequently becomes easier to access during the final test (Bjork, 1975; McDaniel and Masson, 1985).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTesting alters brain activity during subsequent restudy: Evidence for test-potentiated encoding
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ResultPedagogical Strategies for the Enhancement of Medical Education
Azzam, M. B., & Easteal, R. A. (2021) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-021-01385-w · Cited by 25
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“…early RPE in the young, and on the proposed link between the RPE and brain regions, such as the medial temporal lobe and PFC (van den Broek et al., 2013; Wing et al., 2013; Herweg et al., 2018), which typically show age-related degeneration leading to impaired behavior (Hedden and Gabrieli, 2004).”
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Science of Learning Strategy Series: Article 2, Retrieval Practice
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“Testing effects seem to be contingent on processes that support memory success at encoding (Liu and Reder, 2016; Wing et al., 2013).”
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Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice
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“The Test Group also showed greater activation for successful recall in bilateral putamen, which is consistent with a study examining successful recall for studied and tested word pairs (Wirebring et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNeural activations associated with feedback and retrieval success.
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InfluentialSystems Consolidation, Transformation, and Reorganization
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Neural correlates of retrieval practice on the learning and memory retention of L3 French vocabulary
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“The hippocampus is also necessary in word learning; in fact, in fMRI studies, the hippocampus results to be activated during the process of learning new vocabularies [42] and during encoding processes related to words [43].”
BackgroundPerformance feedback enhances test-potentiated encoding
Ludowicy, P., Paz‐Alonso, P. M., Lachmann, T., & Czernochowski, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1100497 · Cited by 3
Predictive learning as the basis of the testing effect
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Functional underpinnings of feedback-enhanced test-potentiated encoding
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wing, E. A., Marsh, E. J., & Cabeza, R.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wing, Erik A.
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2360-2370
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3932674
- OpenAlex
- W2112760334
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R56AG023770, R56 AG23770)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- testing effect, retrieval practice, restudy, memory enhancement, neural correlates, anterior hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampal connectivity, memory search, relational binding, semantic elaboration
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Hippocampus, Humans, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Neural Pathways, Mental Recall, Temporal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex
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