Retrieval as a fast route to memory consolidation
Open accessAbstract
Retrieval-mediated learning is a powerful way to make memories last, but its neurocognitive mechanisms remain unclear. We propose that retrieval acts as a rapid consolidation event, supporting the creation of adaptive hippocampal-neocortical representations via the 'online' reactivation of associative information. We describe parallels between online retrieval and offline consolidation and offer testable predictions for future research.
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Reactivations in extrahippocampal/cortical areas tend to coincide with oscillatory hallmarks of memory consolidation during sleep, such as SOs and spindles, and with hippocampal SPW-Rs.
“Reactivations in extrahippocampal/cortical areas tend to coincide with oscillatory hallmarks of memory consolidation during sleep, such as SOs and spindles, 65,88,90,96 but also with hippocampal SPW-Rs, 96,99,101,103”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [103]
In “Retrieval as a rapid consolidation event” (page not provided), the paper describes sleep reactivation in hippocampal-neocortical circuits facilitated by coordinated oscillatory interactions. It does not specify slow oscillations, spindles, or hippocampal sharp-wave ripples, or state that cortical reactivations tend to coincide with those events. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRetrieval practice may prompt a rapid consolidation of newly learned information into long-term memory, potentially via similar mechanisms to those underpinning sleep-associated memory processing.
“It has thus been suggested that retrieval practice may prompt a rapid consolidation of newly learned information into long-term memory, potentially via similar mechanisms to those underpinning sleep-associated memory processing [26].”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
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Time-dependent consolidation mechanisms of durable memory in spaced learning
Yang, Y., Huang, Z., Yang, Y., Fan, M., & Yin, D. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07964-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nicolas, J., Carrier, J., Swinnen, S. P., Doyon, J., Albouy, G., & King, B. R. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A complementary learning systems model of how sleep moderates retrieval practice effects
Liu, X. L., Charan Ranganath, A., & O’Reilly, R. C. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02489-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Falker‐Gieske, C., Mott, A., Franzenburg, S., & Tetens, J. (2021) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-021-07451-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Qu, J., Hu, L., Liu, X., Dong, J., Yang, R., & Mei, L. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13834 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A scoping review of research on individual differences in the testing effect paradigm
Smith-Peirce, R. N., & Butler, A. C. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102602 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Baena, D., Cantero, J. L., & Atienza, M. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107529 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The testing effect for visual materials depends on preexisting knowledge.
Ferreira, C. S., & Wimber, M. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0001248 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationMinimal impact of consolidation on learned switch-readiness.
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Twisted memories: Addiction-related engrams are strengthened by desire thinking
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Post-encoding task engagement not attentional load is detrimental to awake consolidation
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- Authors
- Antony, J. W., Ferreira, C. S., Norman, K. A., & Wimber, M.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Antony, James W.
- Wimber, Maria
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 573-576
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5912918
- OpenAlex
- W2621042205
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 10.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- NIMH (R01MH069456)
- ESRC (ES/M001644/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- memory consolidation, retrieval, hippocampus, neocortex, associative memory, offline consolidation
- MeSH terms
- Memory Consolidation, Hippocampus, Humans, Learning, Memory, Sleep
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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