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The human amygdala is involved in general behavioral relevance detection: Evidence from an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging Go-NoGo task
Open accessAbstract
The amygdala is classically regarded as a detector of potential threat and as a critical component of the neural circuitry mediating conditioned fear responses. However, it has been reported that the human amygdala responds to multiple expressions of emotions as well as emotionally neutral stimuli of a novel, uncertain or ambiguous nature. Thus, it has been proposed that the function of the amygdala may be of a more general art, i.e. as a detector of behaviorally relevant stimuli [Sander D, Grafman J, Zalla T (2003) The human amygdala: an evolved system for relevance detection. Rev Neurosci 14:303-316]. To investigate this putative function of the amygdala, we used event related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a modified Go-NoGo task composed of behaviorally relevant and irrelevant letter and number stimuli. Analyses revealed bilateral amygdala activation in response to letter stimuli that were behaviorally relevant as compared with letters with less behavioral relevance. Similar results were obtained for relatively infrequent NoGo relevant stimuli as compared with more frequent Go stimuli. Our findings support a role for the human amygdala in general detection of behaviorally relevant stimuli.
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“Converging evidence from this field suggests the amygdalaa key brain region for emotion regulation (LeDoux, 2003), processing (Seeley et al., 2007), detection (Ousdal et al., 2008), and vigilance for social cues across sensory modalities (Whalen, 2007) is an important target of OT administration.”
From Low dose intranasal oxytocin delivered with Breath Powered device dampens amygdala response to emotional stimuli: A peripheral effect-controlled within-subjects randomized dose-response fMRI trial (2016) · cites this paper as Ousdal et al., 2008
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Cites
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BackgroundResponse and Habituation of the Human Amygdala during Visual Processing of Facial Expression
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Background
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The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex
Shackman, A. J., Salomons, T. V., Slagter, H. A., Fox, A. S., Winter, J. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2994 · Cited by 2,082
Frontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: Meta-analytic evidence
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“Fourth, a central challenge will be to determine whether increased MCC control signals are a consequence of amplified punishment-related information arriving from distal brain regions, such as the extended amygdala (Brázdil et al., 2002; Nishijo et al., 2008; Ousdal et al., 2008), or instead reflect local changes in t…”
Implicit Trustworthiness Decisions: Automatic Coding of Face Properties in the Human Amygdala
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“Newer evidence, however, extended this concept to the extraction of biological significance from the environment [Sander et al., 2003] and the consequent shaping of behavioral responses [Ousdal et al., 2008].”
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Motivational Salience: Amygdala Tuning From Traits, Needs, Values, and Goals
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From high anxiety trait to depression: a neurocognitive hypothesis
Sandi, C., & Richter‐Levin, G. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.02.004 · Cited by 240
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ALE meta-analysis on facial judgments of trustworthiness and attractiveness
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“Yet, the valence hypothesis has been repeatedly challenged as a global description of AM function ( Ousdal et al. 2008; Cunningham et al. 2004; Herry et al. 2007; Bach et al. 2008; Schiller et al. 2009; Sergerie et al. 2008).”
BackgroundComputing the Social Brain Connectome Across Systems and States
Alcalá-López, D., Smallwood, J., Jefferies, E., Overwalle, F. V., Vogeley, K. T., Mars, R. B., Turetsky, B. I., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., Eickhoff, S. B., et al. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx121 · Cited by 183
“The present results thus supplement the conceptualization of the AI (Seeley et al. 2007; Craig 2009; Menon and Uddin 2010) as salience and relevance detectors, which can underlie not only social but also nonsocial behaviors (cf., Ousdal et al. 2008; Kurth et al. 2010).”
ResultAnosognosia for hemiplegia: a clinical-anatomical prospective study
Vocat, R., Staub, F., Stroppini, T., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq297 · Cited by 171
“, 2005) as well as an incapacity to take into account various forms of feedback that are relevant for subsequent behavioural adjustments (Ousdal et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDoes it make a difference if I have an eye contact with you or with your picture? An ERP study
Pönkänen, L. M., Alhoniemi, A., Leppänen, J. M., & Hietanen, J. K. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq068 · Cited by 179
“…the early encoding and selection of behaviourally relevant social and emotional information (Fitzgerald et al., 2006; Kleinhans et al., 2007; Ousdal et al., 2008), and the amygdala has been shown to be activated more by direct than averted gaze (Kawashima et al., 1999; Calder et al., 2002).”
Uncertainty and Cognitive Control
Mushtaq, F., Bland, A. R., & Schaefer, A. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00249 · Cited by 174
“More recent studies have found similar evidence of a relationship between the amygdala and cognitive control processes (Nishijo et al., 2008; Ousdal et al., 2008;Yun et al., 2010; Chiew and Braver, 2011), which adds to earlier evidence in both human and animal research (for a review, see Schaefer…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAttentional capture by signals of threat
Schmidt, L. J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2015) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.924484 · Cited by 173
“Indeed, it has been suggested that the amygdala’s role is more general than previously assumed, and it may act as a detector of behaviourally relevant stimuli, such as stimuli that are novel, surprising or sad (Ousdal et al., 2008).”
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“Taken together, these results point to a specific involvement of the human amygdala in the rapid appraisal of performance during “simple” motor actions, beyond its well-established role in emotion or threat processing (see Davis & Whalen, 2001; Ousdal et al., 2008; Sander, Grafman, & Zalla, 2003; Whalen, 2007; Zald, 2…”
Evidence for a general face salience signal in human amygdala
Santos, A., Mier, D. U., Kirsch, P., & Meyer‐Lindenberg, A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.024 · Cited by 120
“…line with this idea, it has been shown that the amygdala is involved in the detection of behaviourally relevant simple visual non-emotional stimuli (Ousdal et al., 2008), as well as of social and emotional stimuli, indiscriminately, and independently of the stimulus modality (Scharpf et al., 2010).”
BackgroundFriederich, H.-C., Walther, S., Bendszus, M., Biller, A., Thomann, P., Zeigermann, S., Katus, T., Brunner, R., Zastrow, A., & Herzog, W. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.042 · Cited by 119
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“This has been demonstrated via iLFP (Halgren et al., 1994, 1980; Stapleton & Halgren, 1987) and time-frequency (Oya et al., 2002) analyses.”
InfluentialQuintana, D. S., Westlye, L. T., Alnæs, D., Rustan, Ø. G., Kaufmann, T., Smerud, K. T., Mahmoud, R. A., Djupesland, P. G., & Andreassen, O. A. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.010 · Cited by 102
Self-citationIndiscriminate Amygdala Response to Mothers and Strangers After Early Maternal Deprivation
Olsavsky, A. K., Telzer, E. H., Shapiro, M., Humphreys, K. L., Flannery, J., Goff, B., & Tottenham, N. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.025 · Cited by 99
Tottenham, N., Shapiro, M., Telzer, E. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01128.x · Cited by 91
CACNA1C Risk Variant and Amygdala Activity in Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls
Tesli, M., Skåtun, K. C., Ousdal, O. T., Brown, A. A., Thoresen, C., Agartz, I., Melle, I. S., Djurovic, S., Jensen, J., & Andreassen, O. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056970 · Cited by 92
Self-citationThe amygdala and the relevance detection theory of autism: an evolutionary perspective
Zalla, T., & Sperduti, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00894 · Cited by 98
“Ousdal et al. (2008) reported increased amygdala activation toward letter stimuli, which are non-emotional and non-social, when the letters were targets in a go/no-go task and thus behaviorally relevant to participants’ performance with respect to one’s ongoing motivational state.”
BackgroundNeural networks related to dysfunctional face processing in autism spectrum disorder
Nickl‐Jockschat, T., Rottschy, C., Thommes, J., Schneider, F. W., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0791-z · Cited by 85
“…the processing of unpleasant and fearful stimuli (Morris et al. 1996), while newer evidence supports an extended role of this brain region as a hub for the extraction of biological significance from the environment (Sander et al. 2003) and the shaping of behavioral responses (Ousdal et al. 2008).”
BackgroundAutonomic reactions indicating positive affect during acoustic reward learning in domestic pigs
Zebunke, M., Langbein, J., Manteuffel, G., & Puppe, B. (2010) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.11.023 · Cited by 82
Amygdala involvement in human avoidance, escape and approach behavior
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Mueller, S. C. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00327 · Cited by 92
A Multidimensional Approach to Apathy after Traumatic Brain Injury
Arnould, A., Rochat, L., Azouvi, P., & der Linden, M. V. (2013) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-013-9236-3 · Cited by 94
“More specifically, the amygdala is considered as a system for relevance detection, i.e., necessary for detecting the extent to which stimulus events are relevant for the current needs, goals and values of the individual (Sander et al. 2003; Ousdal et al. 2008).”
BackgroundResponse of neural reward regions to food cues in autism spectrum disorders
Cascio, C. J., Foss-Feig, J. H., Heacock, J. L., Newsom, C. R., Cowan, R. L., Benningfield, M. M., Rogers, B. P., & Cao, A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-9 · Cited by 76
“The insula is important for monitoring and evaluating the impact of external stimuli on internal states [15,16] and the amygdala is involved in evaluating emotional stimuli for their novelty [17], affective significance [18,19], and biological or behavioral relevance [20,21].”
Liu, C., Dai, Z., Zhang, R., Zhang, M., Hou, Y., Qi, Z., Huang, Z., Lin, Y., Zhan, S., Yong He, A., et al. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.029 · Cited by 64
Potential threat attracts attention and interferes with voluntary saccades.
Schmidt, L. J., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000041 · Cited by 63
“Therefore, it can be argued that the amygdala may act as a general detector of behavioral relevant stimuli, such as stimuli that are novel, surprising, or sad (Ousdal et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe amygdala, top-down effects, and selective attention to features
Jacobs, R. H. A. H., Renken, R. J., Aleman, A., & Cornelissen, F. W. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.011 · Cited by 61
Altered inhibition-related frontolimbic connectivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder
van Velzen, L. S., de Wit, S. J., Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., Cath, D. C., de Vries, F. E., Veltman, D. J., van der Werf, Y. D., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22898 · Cited by 50
“Studies in healthy samples showed that the amygdala plays a role in motor inhibition in response to threat [Sagaspe et al., 2011] and in the detection of behaviorally relevant or salient stimuli in other cognitive tasks [Kiehl et al., 2005; Ousdal et al., 2008].”
BackgroundTemporal dynamics of amygdala response to emotion- and action-relevance
Guex, R., Méndez‐Bértolo, C., Moratti, S., Strange, B. A., Spinelli, L., Murray, R. J., Sander, D., Seeck, M., Vuilleumier, P. O., & Domínguez‐Borràs, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67862-1 · Cited by 53
Wendt, J., Weike, A. I., Lotze, M., & Hamm, A. O. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.11.009 · Cited by 47
Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: the role(s) of the amygdala
Armony, J. L. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912457208 · Cited by 44
“For instance, the amygdala was shown to respond to infrequent, emotionally neutral task-relevant visual (Ousdal et al., 2008) and auditory (Kiehl et al.”
BackgroundEffect of relevance on amygdala activation and association with the ventral striatum
Ousdal, O. T., Reckless, G. E., Server, A., Andreassen, O. A., & Jensen, J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.035 · Cited by 45
“The relevance theory has recently been indirectly supported by neuroimaging studies in humans (Hindi Attar et al., 2010; Ousdal et al., 2008; Santos et al., 2011), but there is still a need for a direct operationalization of this hypothesis separating relevancy from other task qualities that…”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe Perception of Musical Spontaneity in Improvised and Imitated Jazz Performances
Engel, A., & Keller, P. E. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00083 · Cited by 44
“These accounts range from those postulating general functions, such as the detection and appraisal of stimuli that are relevant to an individual’s basic, as well as social, goals and needs (Sander et al., 2003; Ousdal et al., 2008), to those identifying more specific functions.”
BackgroundOusdal, O. T., Andreassen, O. A., Server, A., & Jensen, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096146 · Cited by 48
Self-citationStimulus arousal drives amygdalar responses to emotional expressions across sensory modalities
Lin, H., Müller-Bardorff, M., Gathmann, B., Brieke, J., Mothes‐Lasch, M., Bruchmann, M., Miltner, W. H. R., & Straube, T. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58839-1 · Cited by 49
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Self-citationLong‐term cognitive enrichment affects opioid receptor expression in the amygdala of domestic pigs
Kalbe, C., & Puppe, B. (2009) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00536.x · Cited by 36
“Based on studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) it was published that the human amygdala responds more vigorously to stimuli that are behaviourally relevant compared to irrelevant ones (Ousdal et al. 2008).”
BackgroundQuintana, D. S., Westlye, L. T., Alnæs, D., Kaufmann, T., Mahmoud, R. A., Smerud, K. T., Djupesland, P. G., & Andreassen, O. A. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0241-3 · Cited by 34
Self-citationBasal forebrain moderates the magnitude of task-dependent amygdala functional connectivity
Gorka, A. X., Knodt, A. R., & Hariri, A. R. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu080 · Cited by 35
Self-citationFunctionally distinct amygdala subregions identified using DTI and high-resolution fMRI
Balderston, N. L., Schultz, D. H., Hopkins, L. S., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv055 · Cited by 35
“Support for these theories comes from studies showing that the amygdala responds to psychological features independent of perceptual features (Schwartz et al., 2003; Herry et al., 2007; Whalen, 2007; Ousdal et al., 2008; Weierich et al., 2010; Blackford et al., 2010; Balderston et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSicorello, M., Thome, J., Herzog, J., & Schmahl, C. G. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.10.009 · Cited by 39
Neuroanatomical substrates involved in true and false memories for face
Iidaka, T., Harada, T., Kawaguchi, J., & Sadato, N. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.044 · Cited by 32
Neural Circuitry of Emotional and Cognitive Conflict Revealed through Facial Expressions
Chiew, K. S., & Braver, T. S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017635 · Cited by 36
“This finding, and others [54,55,56], supports alternative theoretical views of amygdala function, in which this regions is postulated to mediate general vigilance/goal-relevance-detection processes that contribute to enhanced cognitive performance as well as processing of emotional demands [57,58].”
ResultJames, C. E., Michel, C. M., Britz, J., Vuilleumier, P. O., & Hauert, C.-A. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21397 · Cited by 31
“Likewise, the enhanced amygdala activation in response to r 2764 r musical anomalies (meter and harmony) in experts is consistent with a key role for this region in ‘‘relevance detection’’ [Ousdal et al., 2008; Sander et al., 2003].”
ResultThe influence of directed covert attention on emotional face processing
Brassen, S., Gamer, M., Rose, M., & Büchel, C. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.073 · Cited by 29
“It has been discussed previously whether the amygdala represents a more general relevance detector or a detector of potential threat (Ousdal et al., 2008; Sander et al., 2003).”
BackgroundKim, H., Nanavaty, N., Ahmed, H., Mathur, V. A., & Anderson, B. A. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01769 · Cited by 30
“This makes the amygdala an ideal candidate for encoding motivational salience (Metereau & Dreher, 2013; Ousdal et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDopamine-induced changes in neural network patterns supporting aversive conditioning
Diaconescu, A. O., Menon, M., Jensen, J., Kapur, S., & McIntosh, A. R. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.064 · Cited by 28
Self-citationAmygdala response to faces parallels social behavior in Williams syndrome
Paul, B. M., Snyder, A. Z., Haist, F., Raichle, M. E., Bellugi, U., & Stiles, J. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp023 · Cited by 28
Ousdal, O. T., Brown, A. A., Jensen, J., Nakstad, P., Melle, I. S., Agartz, I., Djurovic, S., Bogdan, R., Hariri, A. R., & Andreassen, O. A. (2012) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2012.5 · Cited by 25
Self-citationAttar, C. H., Müller, M. M., Andersen, . K., Büchel, C., & Rose, M. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5029-09.2010 · Cited by 25
de Borst, A. W., & de Gelder, B. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12030391 · Cited by 21
“The AMG has been proposed to fulfill an integrative signaling function for stimuli that incite action [19,34,36].”
BackgroundAmygdala Activation in Cognitive Task fMRI Varies with Individual Differences in Cognitive Traits
West, H. V., Burgess, G. C., Dust, J., Kandala, S., & Barch, D. M. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00863-3 · Cited by 21
Haas, I. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800935-2.00019-1 · Cited by 21
“Historically, the amygdala was thought to respond primarily to negative or fear-inducing stimuli, 28-30 but more recent work has shown that the amygdala also responds to positive, 31-33 arousing, 34 uncertain, 35 or motivationally relevant 20,36,37 stimuli.”
BackgroundDiscrimination of personally significant from nonsignificant sounds: A training study
Roye, A., Jacobsen, T., & Schröger, E. (2013) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0173-7 · Cited by 18
The role of the amygdala in incongruity resolution: the case of humor comprehension
Nakamura, T., Matsui, T., Utsumi, A., Yamazaki, M. L., Makita, K., Harada, T., Tanabe, H. C., & Sadato, N. (2017) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2017.1365760 · Cited by 17
“Thus, the view that the amygdala is a relevance detector, which plays a role in prioritizing both positive and negative information, has been supported by a number of studies (Bach, Talmi, Hurlemann, Patin, & Dolan, 2011; Ousdal et al., 2008; Sergerie, Chochol, & Armony, 2008).”
ResultNeurocognitive dynamics of near-threshold voice signal detection and affective voice evaluation
Swanborough, H., Staib, M., & Frühholz, S. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb3884 · Cited by 11
False memory for face in short-term memory and neural activity in human amygdala
Iidaka, T., Harada, T., & Sadato, N. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.003 · Cited by 11
“These results suggest that the amygdala activity tracked the saliency (Phan et al., 2002) or relevance (Ousdal et al., 2008) of a stimulus, because both old and new correct conditions are salient and relevant to subjects in terms of mnemonic processing.”
Wu, T., Fan, J., Chen, Y., Xiang, J., Zhu, D., Zhang, J., Shi, J., & Jiang, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00169 · Cited by 11
Trust and valence processing in the amygdala*
Vuilleumier, P. O., & Sander, D. (2008) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn045 · Cited by 10
“…why low arousal (e.g. sad faces) and so-called ‘emotionally neutral’ facial (e.g. Fitzgerald et al., 2006; Wright and Liu, 2006) or non-facial (e.g. Ousdal et al., 2008; Schaefer et al., 2006) stimuli can activate the amygdala as they still have a particular affective impact on the individual.”
Context-prosody interaction in sarcasm comprehension: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Nakamura, T., Matsui, T., Utsumi, A., Sumiya, M., Nakagawa, E., & Sadato, N. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108213 · Cited by 11
Reisch, L. M., Wegrzyn, M., Mielke, M., Mehlmann, A., Woermann, F. G., Kissler, J. M., & Bien, C. G. (2022) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25852 · Cited by 8
“Several other studies also demonstrated amygdala response to neutral stimuli, especially when behaviorally relevant (Ousdal et al., 2008), novel (Schwartz et al., 2003), or unpredictable in timing (Herry et al., 2007).”
Arousal Modulates Activity in the Medial Temporal Lobe during a Short-Term Relational Memory Task
Thoresen, C., Jensen, J., Sigvartsen, N. P. B., Bolstad, I., Server, A., Nakstad, P., Andreassen, O. A., & Endestad, T. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00177 · Cited by 7
“It has been proposed that amygdala might serve a more general cognitive function such as relevance detection (Davis and Whalen, 2001; Sander et al., 2003; Ousdal et al., 2008), processing novel stimuli, and signaling importance (Weierich et al., 2010).”
Self-citationCarranza-Pinedo, V., Krohs, U., & Richter, S. H. (2025) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106127 · Cited by 5
“For instance, the appraisal of stimuli in terms of rewards and punishments may be explained in terms of associative learning (Ousdal et al., 2008), variations in hormone levels may be viewed as indicators of arousal rather than valence (Dawkins, 2021), and postulated neuronal circuits of emotions…”
Baltezarević, R., & Baltezarević, V. (2022) · Megatrend revija · doi:10.5937/megrev2202013b · Cited by 6
Towards a neuroimaging biomarker of depression vulnerability
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2011) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-011-0033-2 · Cited by 6
Sicorello, M., Herzog, J., Wager, T. D., Ende, G., Müller‐Engelmann, M., Herpertz, S. C., Bohus, M., Schmahl, C. G., Paret, C., & Niedtfeld, I. (2021) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2021.100019 · Cited by 8
“Still, amygdala hyperactivity does not warrant reverse inference to heightened emotional reactivity, as it is not specific to negative emotions, but rather involved in a large spectrum of both valence-independent emotional and non-emotional processes (Cunningham & Brosch, 2012; Lindquist et al., 2016; Ousdal et al., 2…”
BackgroundBounoua, N., Spielberg, J. M., & Sadeh, N. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111507 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, the amygdala is critically-involved in emotional salience detection and has been previously linked to behavioral inhibition (e.g., Etkin et al., 2015; Ochsner et al., 2012; Ousdal et al., 2008).”
Impulsivity in amphetamine use disorder: Examination of sex differences
Stewart, J. L., Burrows, K., Davis, C. B., Wilhelm, R. A., McNaughton, B. A., Kuplicki, R., Paulus, M. P., Khalsa, S. S., & White, E. J. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16225 · Cited by 5
Changing role of the amygdala in affective and cognitive traits between early and late adulthood
Doucet, G. E., Kruse, J. A., Hamlin, N., Oleson, J., & White, S. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1033543 · Cited by 6
Political neuroscience: Understanding how the brain makes political decisionsPreprint
Haas, I. J., Warren, C., & Lauf, S. J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kvzcf · Cited by 4
“…& Damasio, 1998; Adolphs, Tranel, Damasio, & Damasio, 1995; Davis, 1992; Hamann, Ely, Hoffman, & Kilts, 2002; Whalen, 1998, 2007) and information that is motivationally relevant (Cunningham & Brosch, 2012; Cunningham, Van Bavel, & Johnsen, 2008; Ousdal et al., 2008; Sander, Grafman, & Zalla, 2003).”
Functional states of prelimbic and related circuits during the acquisition of a GO/noGO task in rats
Muñoz-Redondo, C., Parras, G. G., Andreu-Sánchez, C., Martín-Pascual, M. Á., Delgado-Garcia, J. M., & Gruart, A. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae271 · Cited by 2
Constructing a Neuroscientific Pastoral Theology of Fear and Hope
Whitehead, J. C. (2012) · Process Studies · doi:10.5840/process201241129 · Cited by 2
“There is some indication now that the amygdala may perform a broader function of recognizing general behaviorally relevant stimuli in the environment (Ousdal et al., 2008; Sergerie, Chochol & Armony, 2008).”
BackgroundA Cognitive Neuroscience View on Pointing: What is Special About Pointing with the Eyes and Hands?
Ulloa, J. L., & George, N. (2013) · Cited by 2
The functional neuro-anatomy of the human response to fear: A brief review
CASALE, A. D., Ferracuti, S., Kotzalidis, G. D., Rapinesi, C., Serata, D., Ambrosi, E., Simonetti, A., Savoja, V., Pompili, M., Angeletti, G., et al. (2011) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v17i1.270 · Cited by 1
Kim, H., Nanavaty, N., Ahmed, H., Mathur, V. A., & Anderson, B. A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/adxwy · Cited by 1
Shekara, A., Ross, A., Soper, D. J., Paulk, A. C., Cash, S. S., Widge, A. S., Shear, P. K., Sheehy, J. P., & Basu, I. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617540 · Cited by 1
On the influence of dopamine-related genetic variation on dopamine-related disorders
Bergman, O. (2009) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Emotional instability in borderline personality disorder
Schulze, L. (2012) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-18153
Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology of Decision Making
Long, A. (2009)
On the role of the human amygdala : Mapping functions and individual variations using fMRI
Ousdal, O. T. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Self-citationEvidence for Disturbances in the Processing and Regulation of Emotions
Schulze, L. (2011)
Exploring the Brain Mechanisms Involved in Reward Prediction Errors Using Conditioned Inhibition
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The fearful face and beyond: fMRI studies of the human amygdala
Hardee, J. E. (2009) · doi:10.33915/etd.2933
Current Awareness in NMR in Biomedicine
(2009) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.1333
Dynamic Analysis of Emotional Causal Brain Network Based on Directed Transfer Function: 1
Wang, L. Z., Han, L., & Li, D. (2023) · International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Technology (ICBBT) · doi:10.1145/3608164.3608190
“Dataset for emotion analysis using physiological signals (DEAP dataset) was used in this experiment to construct an emotional brain network [5].”
MethodJoshi, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00077-2 · Cited by 1
Li, C., Peng, Y., Wang, R., He, X., Cai, Y. L., Ma, Y., Wu, D., Wang, M., & Zhang, S. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.30.596374
Stohr, G. M., Harrewijn, A., Morales, S., Zeytinoglu, S., Laky, Z. E., Khosravi, P., Cardinale, E. M., Lorenzo, N. E., Stoddard, J., Pine, D. S., et al. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01293-1
“The amygdala has been more commonly implicated in tasks requiring threat detection and broad negative emotional processing; however, more recent work suggests a much broader role of this structure in salience processing (Ousdal et al., 2008).”
Étude de la contribution des processus non conscients dans l’orientation attentionnelle émotionnelle
Zerbib, V. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/749c62bcza20fz4447z9760z0af2ec613b99
Metadata
- Authors
- Ousdal, O. T., Jensen, J., Server, A., Hariri, A. R., Nakstad, P. H., & Andreassen, O. A.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Andreassen, O.A.
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 156
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 450-455
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2755288
- OpenAlex
- W2004180312
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Universitetet i Oslo
- Norges Forskningsråd (#167153/V50, #163070/V50, 167153)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH072837)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- amygdala, go/no-go task, emotional salience, threat detection, stimulation frequency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Signal Detection, Psychological, Young Adult
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