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Cited by 102Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorOlfactory and Sensory Function StudiesFace Recognition and Perception

Low dose intranasal oxytocin delivered with Breath Powered device dampens amygdala response to emotional stimuli: A peripheral effect-controlled within-subjects randomized dose-response fMRI trial

Open access
Quintana, Daniel S., Westlye, Lars T., Alnæs, Dag, Rustan, Øyvind G., Kaufmann, Tobias, Smerud, Knut T., Mahmoud, Ramy A., Djupesland, Per G. +1 more·2016·Psychoneuroendocrinology
DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.010
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Abstract

UNLABELLED: It is unclear if and how exogenous oxytocin (OT) reaches the brain to improve social behavior and cognition and what is the optimal dose for OT response. To better understand the delivery routes of intranasal OT administration to the brain and the dose-response, we compared amygdala response to facial stimuli by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in four treatment conditions, including two different doses of intranasal OT using a novel Breath Powered device, intravenous (IV) OT, which provided similar concentrations of blood plasma OT, and placebo. We adopted a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, crossover design, with 16 healthy male adults administering a single-dose of these four treatments. We observed a treatment effect on right amygdala activation during the processing of angry and happy face stimuli, with pairwise comparisons revealing reduced activation after the 8IU low dose intranasal treatment compared to placebo. These data suggest the dampening of amygdala activity in response to emotional stimuli occurs via direct intranasal delivery pathways rather than across the blood-brain barrier via systemically circulating OT. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial is registered at the U.S. National Institutes of Health clinical trial registry (www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01983514) and as EudraCT no. 2013-001608-12.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, four-way crossover fMRI trial in 16 healthy men, 8 IU intranasal oxytocin delivered by a Breath Powered device reduced right amygdala activation to angry faces compared with placebo. Intravenous oxytocin producing comparable peripheral levels did not, suggesting nose-to-brain rather than systemic blood-brain-barrier delivery.

Key findings

  • Right amygdala activation during angry faces showed a significant main effect of treatment [F(3,15.1)=4.54, p=.019]; pairwise comparison showed reduced activation after 8 IU OPN-OT versus placebo (p=.002; FDR threshold p=.008).
  • Happy faces showed a main effect of treatment on right amygdala activity [F(3,15)=3.44, p=.04], but the 8 IU OPN-OT versus placebo reduction (p=.01) did not survive the FDR-corrected threshold (p=.008). Ambiguous faces showed no main effect [F(3,14.6)=3.15, p=.057].
  • Left amygdala showed no main effects of treatment for angry (p=.32), ambiguous (p=.37), happy (p=.14), or shape stimuli (p=.18). Right amygdala shape stimuli showed a main effect [F(3,15)=3.56, p=.04], but no post hoc comparisons survived FDR correction.
  • Plasma OT concentration increased in all active treatment conditions, with no pairwise comparisons between active conditions reaching significance; adverse events were equivalent across groups (8 IU OPN-OT, three reports; 24 IU OPN-OT, two; IV OT, three; placebo, two).

Methods

  • Fifty-seven male volunteers were assessed; 18 healthy males aged 20–30 years (M=23.81, SD=3.33) were randomized, and 16 were analyzed after two withdrawals. Treatments were 8 IU OPN-OT, 24 IU OPN-OT, IV OT 1 IU, and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, four-period crossover Latin-square design.
  • An event-related fMRI social cognition task began 40 min after treatment and lasted 21 min, presenting angry, happy, and ambiguous faces plus geometric shapes. Imaging used a 3T GE scanner; preprocessing used FSL/FEAT, amygdala contrast estimates were extracted from Harvard-Oxford masks, and linear mixed models in SPSS tested treatment effects with FDR correction and Bayes factors.
  • Blood plasma OT, AVP, and cortisol were collected at baseline and 0, 10, 30, 60, and 120 min after treatment and analyzed by ELISA.

Limitations

  • Stated: the sample size was relatively small; the study did not compare the Breath Powered device with a traditional nasal spray device; and generalizability is limited to healthy males, with future work needed in females and psychiatric populations.
  • Stated: individual differences and context can influence OT response, although the within-subjects design in a homogenous sample minimized variation from the endogenous OT system.
  • Evident from the text: only 16 participants contributed imaging data after withdrawals, the design tested a single acute dose, and resting-state MRI was acquired but not analyzed for this paper.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.010

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 56 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Pairwise comparisons revealed reduced right amygdala activation after the 8IU low dose intranasal treatment compared to placebo.

    “with pairwise comparisons revealing reduced activation after the 8IU low dose intranasal treatment compared to placebo.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There was a treatment effect on right amygdala activation during the processing of angry and happy face stimuli.

    “We observed a treatment effect on right amygdala activation during the processing of angry and happy face stimuli”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There was no main effect of treatment for right amygdala activity during the presentation of ambiguous faces.

    “There was no main effect of treatment for right amygdala activity during the presentation of ambiguous faces [F(3,14.6)= 3.15, p = .057;Figs.3C and Fig. 4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There was a main effect of treatment on right amygdala activity in response to happy faces.

    “There was a main effect of treatment on right amygdala activity in response to the presentation of happy faces [F(3,15) = 3.44, p = .04;Figs.3B and Fig. 4]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There was a main effect of treatment on right amygdala activation during the presentation of geometric shapes.

    “There was also a main effect of treatment on right amygdala activation during the presentation of geometric shapes [F(3,15) = 3.56, p = .04;Figs.3D and Fig. 4]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19
  • May combine two claims. 18
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were no significant relationships between nasal valve dimensions and right amygdala activation after any of the treatments.

    “or between nasal valve dimensions and right amygdala activation after any of the treatments (Supplementary Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There was a main effect for the happy faces > angry faces contrast for the right amygdala.

    “There was a main effect for the happy faces > angry faces contrast for the right amygdala [F(3,14.7)= 4.46, p = .02]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    No post hoc comparisons for the left amygdala happy faces > angry faces contrast survived FDR corrected thresholds.

    “but no posthoc comparisons survived FDR corrected thresholds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were no significant relationships between intensity of anger ratings and right amygdala activations after any of the treatments.

    “Finally, there were no significant relationships between intensity of anger ratings and right amygdala activations after any of the treatments (Supplementary Table 2)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    IV-OT treatment produced comparable levels of systemic OT exposure with IN-OT administration and did not modulate amygdala activity compared to placebo.

    “As IV-OT treatment, which produced comparable levels of systemic OT exposure with IN-OT administration, did not modulate amygdala activity compared to placebo, this study demonstrates that nose-to-brain pathways produce neural effects, suggesting facilitated entry to, or activity in, the brain with at least this form of intranasal delivery.”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
      “We found no evidence that 1 IU of peripherally administered OT influences amygdala activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Posthoc comparisons revealed a reduction of right amygdala activity after 8IU OPN-OT treatment compared to placebo for happy faces, but this difference fell short of significance after multiple comparison threshold adjustment.

    “with subsequent posthoc comparisons revealing a reduction of activity after 8IU OPN-OT treatment compared to placebo (however this difference fell short of significance after multiple comparison threshold adjustment).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Dose-dependent effects of OT on social behavior in animals and humans indicate that lower doses of OT may be more efficacious.

    “Dose-dependent effects of OT on social behavior in animals (Benelli et al., 1995;Popik et al., 1992) and humans (Cardoso et al., 2013;Hall et al., 2012;Quintana et al., 2015b) that indicate that lower doses of OT may be more efficacious warrants further research.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Benelli et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Popik et al., 1992 source

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    • cites Cardoso et al., 2013 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Participants were randomized to one of four treatment sequences using a four-period four-treatment Latin square method.

    “Participants were randomized to one of four treatment sequences, using a four-period four-treatment Latin square method (ACDB-BDCA-CBAD-DABC in a 4:4:4:4 ratio).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The trial used a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, four-period crossover design.

    “Participants received 8IU OPN-OT intranasally, 24IU OPN-OT intranasally, OT delivered intravenously (1IU), and placebo in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, four-period crossover design.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    There is both animal and human research to suggest systemic OT can influence social behavior and cognition.

    “There is both animal (Popik et al., 1992) and human (Hollander et al., 2007(Hollander et al., , 2003) ) research to suggest systemic OT can influence social behavior and cognition”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Popik et al., 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Hollander et al., 2007 source

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    • cites Hollander et al., 2003 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The mechanisms underlying nose-to-brain OT activity are poorly understood, particularly regarding potential peripheral effects, required dosage, and the origin of observed increases in CSF OT after intranasal administration.

    “However, the mechanisms underlying nose-to-brain OT activity are poorly understood (Quintana et al., 2016), particularly in respect to potential peripheral effects, required dosage (Leng and Ludwig, 2016), and the origin (i.e., endogenous vs. exogenous) of observed increases in CSF OT concentrations after intranasal administration (Neumann et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Quintana et al., 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Leng and Ludwig, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Neumann et al., 2013 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intranasal administration of OT improves the accuracy of social information appraisal, the encoding of social memories, and the retrieval of social cues.

    “For example, intranasal administration of OT improves the accuracy of social information appraisal, the encoding of social memories, and the retrieval of social cues (Guastella and MacLeod, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guastella and MacLeod, 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the previous trial, no such effects were observed with the intravenous route despite equivalent peripheral OT concentrations, providing behavioral evidence that OT travels to the brain via nose-to-brain pathways and that a lower dose may be more optimal than the traditional dosage.

    “As no such effects were observed with the intravenous route, despite equivalent peripheral OT concentrations, this provided behavioral evidence that OT travels to the brain via nose-to-brain pathways and that a lower dose may be more optimal than the traditional dosage usually administered, at least when delivered with the novel device.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Quintana et al., 2015b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    An independent statistician provided the randomization code, and both participants and research team were blinded to treatment using visually matching devices and IV apparatus.

    “An independent statistician (Smerud Medical Research International AS, Oslo, Norway) provided the randomization code, and both the participants and research team were blinded to treatment using visually matching devices and IV apparatus during data collection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    A pragmatic approach guided by prior fMRI OT research was taken for sample size determination.

    “A pragmatic approach guided by prior fMRI OT research (Domes et al., 2007(Domes et al., , 2010;;Kirsch et al., 2005;Lischke et al., 2012) was taken for sample size determination reflecting the phase 1 status of OT administration using the Breath Powered device and the complex nature of the study design.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Domes et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kirsch et al., 2005 source

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    • cites Lischke et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Two participants withdrew after enrollment, and their data were not included in the analyses.

    “Two participants withdrew after enrollment [1 withdrew after the first session (Placebo) and the other withdrew after completing three sessions (8IU OPN-OT, IV-OT, Placebo)].Data from these participants are not included in the analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The data are consistent with recently reported results from the same experiment suggesting that a low dose of OT delivered by a Breath Powered device modulates the perception of anger in neutral facial stimuli.

    “The data are also consistent with recently reported results from the same experiment suggesting that a low dose of OT delivered by a Breath Powered device modulates the perception of anger in neutral facial stimuli (Quintana et al., 2015b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Quintana et al., 2015b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The tested type of intranasal OT delivery, but not peripherally delivered OT that produces similar blood levels, replicates prior findings of reduced right amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli after OT treatment.

    “Results indicate that the tested type of intranasal OT delivery -but not peripherally delivered OT that produces similar blood levels -replicates prior findings of reduced right amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli after OT treatment (Domes et al., 2007;Labuschagne et al., 2010;Petrovic et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Domes et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Labuschagne et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Petrovic et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The data are in line with animal research that has associated a lower OT dose with stronger increases in social recognition.

    “Furthermore, the data are in line with animal research that has associated a lower OT dose with stronger increases in social recognition (Benelli et al., 1995;Popik et al., 1992), which is pertinent given the crucial role of the amygdala in social cognition and behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Benelli et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Popik et al., 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The amygdala plays a crucial role in social cognition and behavior.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Post hoc tests were adjusted for multiple comparisons using a 5% false discovery rate.

    “Posthoc tests were performed to compare each treatment condition, with the adjustment of critical p values to correct for multiple comparisons using a 5% false discovery rate (FDR; Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    IV-OT administration can plausibly influence central activity through the stimulation of peripheral OT receptors or via small amounts of OT crossing the BBB.

    “IV-OT administration can plausibly influence central activity through the stimulation of peripheral OT receptors (Leng and Ludwig, 2016) or via small amounts of OT crossing the BBB (Neumann et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Leng and Ludwig, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Neumann et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The observed reductions in right amygdala activation during the presentation of both negatively and positively valenced stimuli after intranasal OT treatment and the additional main effect of treatment on amygdala reactivity to shapes are consistent with the hypothesis that intranasal OT delivery has two levels of action: a bottom-up effect that facilitates approach-related behaviors and a top-dow

    “The observed reductions in right amygdala activation during the presentation of both negatively and positively valenced stimuli after intranasal OT treatment and the additional main effect of treatment on amygdala reactivity to shapes -which did not reveal any posthoc differences between groups but were in the same direction as the other analyses -are consistent with the hypothesis that intranasal”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Quintana et al., 2015a

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kemp and Guastella, 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bartz et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This study demonstrates that nose-to-brain pathways produce neural effects, suggesting facilitated entry to, or activity in, the brain with at least this form of intranasal delivery.

    “As IV-OT treatment, which produced comparable levels of systemic OT exposure with IN-OT administration, did not modulate amygdala activity compared to placebo, this study demonstrates that nose-to-brain pathways produce neural effects, suggesting facilitated entry to, or activity in, the brain with at least this form of intranasal delivery.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Outputs to the amygdala via the olfactory bulbs or transport through brain extracellular fluid from olfactory bulb and brainstem delivery sites after intranasal delivery may facilitate reductions in amygdala activity via a local GABAergic circuit.

    “Outputs to the amygdala via the olfactory bulbs (Sosulski et al., 2012) or transport through brain extracellular fluid (Neumann et al., 2013) from olfactory bulb and brainstem delivery sites after intranasal delivery may facilitate these reduc-tions in amygdala activity via a local GABAergic circuit.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sosulski et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Neumann et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The olfactory bulbs and brainstem are the two first central destinations for intranasal OT delivery.

    “The olfactory bulbs and brainstem are the two first central destinations for intranasal OT delivery (Quintana et al., 2015a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Quintana et al., 2015a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Other studies have reported similar results after administration of 24 IU, but dosages are difficult to compare between experiments as these studies used traditional nasal spray devices to administer OT.

    “Of note, other studies have reported similar results after administration of 24 IU (Domes et al., 2007;Kanat et al., 2015;Labuschagne et al., 2010), however, the dosages are difficult to compare between experiments as these studies used traditional nasal spray devices to administer OT.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Domes et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kanat et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Labuschagne et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    This result provides additional evidence to suggest a lower intranasal OT dose may better facilitate the modulation of social cognition and behavior and that peripheral actions of OT do not appear to have any significant neural corollaries.

    “This result provides additional evidence to suggest a lower intranasal OT dose may better facilitate the modulation of social cognition and behavior and that peripheral actions of OT do not appear to have any significant neural corollaries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Cross reactivity with AVP receptors may offset the activation of OT receptors and heighten reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which may explain why an effect was found with the 8IU dose but not the 24IU dose.

    “First, cross reactivity with AVP receptors may offset the activation of OT receptors (Neumann and Landgraf, 2012) and heighten reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Legros, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Neumann and Landgraf, 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Legros, 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individual differences and context can influence the response to OT administration.

    “Individual differences and context can influence the response to OT administration (Bartz et al., 2011), thus a strength of this study was the use of a within-subjects design in a homogenous sample to examine amygdala activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bartz et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Small sample sizes may inflate the issue of spurious findings in oxytocin research.

    “which would provide more robust outcomes as small samples sizes may inflate the issue of spurious findings in oxytocin research (Lane et al., 2016;Leng and Ludwig, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lane et al., 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Leng and Ludwig, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The present study design did not include a comparison between the Breath Powered device and a traditional nasal spray device.

    “The present study design also did not include a comparison between the Breath Powered device and a traditional nasal spray device.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
31 of 31

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Research has not yet evaluated amygdala activity after intravenous delivery with an intranasal OT comparator.

    “however, research has not yet evaluated amygdala activity after intravenous delivery with an intranasal OT comparator.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These findings are the first to report direct comparison of intranasal delivery to systemic delivery of OT.

    “These findings are the first to report direct comparison of intranasal delivery to systemic delivery of OT.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    This study presents the first data to evaluate neural activity after different intranasal OT doses, in addition to an IV OT administration arm to control for peripheral effects.

    “We present the first data to evaluate neural activity after different intranasal OT doses, in addition to an IV OT administration arm to control for peripheral effects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The amygdala plays a crucial role in social cognition and behavior.

    “which is pertinent given the crucial role of the amygdala in social cognition and behavior.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • ConsistentF(3, 15.1) = 4.54reported p = .019 · recomputed p = .019

    “F(3,15.1)= 4.54, p = .019”

  • ConsistentF(3, 15) = 3.44reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .044

    “F(3,15) = 3.44, p = .04”

  • ConsistentF(3, 14.6) = 3.15reported p = .057 · recomputed p = .057

    “F(3,14.6)= 3.15, p = .057”

  • ConsistentF(3, 15) = 3.56reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .040

    “F(3,15) = 3.56, p = .04”

  • ConsistentF(3, 14.7) = 4.46reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .020

    “F(3,14.7)= 4.46, p = .02”

  • ConsistentF(3, 15.1) = 1.28reported p = .32 · recomputed p = .317

    “F(3,15.1)= 1.28, p = .32”

  • ConsistentF(3, 13.6) = 1.14reported p = .37 · recomputed p = .367

    “F(3,13.6)= 1.14, p = .37”

  • ConsistentF(3, 14) = 2.14reported p = .14 · recomputed p = .141

    “F(3,14) = 2.14, p = .14”

  • ConsistentF(3, 14.4) = 1.87reported p = .18 · recomputed p = .181

    “F(3,14.4)= 1.87, p = .18”

  • ConsistentF(3, 14.7) = 4.79reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .016

    “F(3,14.7)= 4.79, p = .02”

10 of 10

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Stated trial duration exceeds the entire task duration

    Minor

    Five blocks of 20 trials at approximately 140 seconds per trial would take about 233 minutes, but the task and fMRI sequence is stated to last 21 minutes.

1 of 1

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References 70 · Cited by 102

Authors
Quintana, D. S., Westlye, L. T., Alnæs, D., Rustan, Ø. G., Kaufmann, T., Smerud, K. T., Mahmoud, R. A., Djupesland, P. G., & Andreassen, O. A.
Affiliations
  • Oslo University Hospital (NO)
  • Smerud Medical Research (Norway) (NO)
  • OptiNose (United States) (US)
  • OptiNose (Norway) (NO)
Corresponding author
Andreassen, Ole A.
ORCID
Venue
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-07
Volume
69
Pages
180-188
ISSN
0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.010
OpenAlex
W2341490827
Cited by
102
References
70
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1
FWCI
19.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
Universitetet i Oslo
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Keywords
intranasal oxytocin, amygdala activation, emotional face processing, dose-response relationship, intravenous oxytocin, blood-brain barrier, emotional stimuli
MeSH terms
Facial Recognition, Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Amygdala, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Cognition, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxytocin, Social Behavior, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult

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