Cited by 453Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessGrit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation

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Procrastination: associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies.

Howell, Andrew J., Watson, David C.·2007·Personality and Individual Differences

DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017

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RETRACTED: Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment
Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00441 · Cited by 1,266 · cited 2×
“This suggests that disorganization may be more closely related to not following-up on plans earlier formulated rather than to the absence of a plan in the first place ( Ariely & Wertenbroch, 2002; van Eerde, 2000).”
Background
Retracted
The Role of Goal Orientation in Self-Regulated Learning
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50043-3 · Cited by 5,173
Handbook of Self-Regulation
(2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-109890-2.x5027-6 · Cited by 4,453
A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.3.501 · Cited by 3,953
Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164493053003024 · Cited by 3,646
The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure.
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417 · cited 6×
“Organization, as a component of trait Conscientiousness, is also inversely correlated with procrastination ( Steel, in press; van Eerde, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis.
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461 · Cited by 2,531
Understanding Student Learning
Graham, N., Entwistle, N. J., & Ramsden, P. (1984) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121589 · Cited by 2,372
Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.544 · Cited by 2,254
Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503 · Cited by 1,788 · cited 2×
“Procrastination is the tendency to delay initiation or completion of important tasks to the point of discomfort (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984).”
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Interventions to Reduce Academic Procrastination: A Review of Their Theoretical Bases and Characteristics
Furlán, L. A., & Cristofolini, T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12737-3_9 · Cited by 16
Prospective Relations between 2 × 2 Achievement Goals and the Quality of Sport Training
Conroy, D. E., Cassidy, C. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2008) · Cairn.info · Cited by 12
Patterns of Procrastination, Motivation, and Strategy Use across Class Contexts and Students’ Abilities
Wang, J., Sperling, R. A., & Haspel, P. (2015) · Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science · doi:10.15640/jpbs.v3n2a8 · Cited by 12
“In relation to motivational goal theories (Ames, 1992), studies report that individuals may procrastinate more under conditions that foster either mastery-avoidance orientationor performance-avoidance orientation (Elliot, 1999; Howell & Watson, 2007; Pintrich, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Association between procrastination and learning strategies in medical students in a hybrid problem-based and lecture-based learning curriculum
Pereira, M. M. H. D. F., Kubrusly, M., Santos, A. B. T. M. D., de Oliveira, M. V. P., Coimbra, L. O., & Rocha, H. A. L. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-06306-0 · Cited by 14
“Other studies have also shown that there is a negative relationship between academic procrastination and motivation [3], and that students who apply time organization and learning strategies tend to have lower levels of academic pro-crastination and higher levels of academic performance [35].”
Moderating Roles of Hardiness and Self-Efficacy in the Relationship between Flow and Academic Procrastination on Academic Performance: A Structural Equation Model Approach
Vinothkumar, M., Kousalya, & Rai, V. V. (2016) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0302.044 · Cited by 12
“For example, delays resulting from the time that was spent planning and gathering vital preparatory information can be beneficial (Alexander & Onwuegbuzie, 2007; Howell & Watson, 2007; Choi & Moran, 2009).”
Background
Comparison of Learning Strategies Used in Three High School Subject Areas :
Oshio, K. (2017) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep.65.225 · Cited by 11
Comparing Class- and Task-Level Measures of Achievement Goals
Richey, J. E., Bernacki, M. L., Belenky, D. M., & Nokes‐Malach, T. J. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2017.1386155 · Cited by 11
“…goals are consistently associated with negative feelings such as test anxiety, negative behaviors such as disorganization and shallow processing, and negative achievement outcomes such as low test scores and grades (Elliot & McGregor, 2001; Elliot et al., 1999; Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
Leveraging performance and feedback‐seeking indicators from a digital learning platform for early prediction of students' learning outcomes
Ober, T. M., Cheng, Y., Carter, M. F., & Liu, C. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12870 · Cited by 12
How beliefs explain the effect of achievement goals on judgments of learning
Ikeda, K. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09294-y · Cited by 11
“Given that achievement goals are associated with learning strategies (Elliot & Moller, 2003; Howell & Watson, 2007; Ikeda et al., 2021; Nolen, 1988; Senko & Miles, 2008), it would be necessary to orient individuals to specific achievement goals for effective learning.”
Background
The Study of Relationship Between Obsessive Beliefs and Procrastination Among Students of Mohagheghe Ardabili and Marageh Universities
Sadeghi, H., Hajloo, N., & Emami, F. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.058 · Cited by 10
What are the relationships between college students’ goal orientations and learning strategies?
Takashiro, N. (2016) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.5964/psyct.v9i2.169 · Cited by 10
“…is contentious (Phan, 2011) and generally, students with higher level of mastery goals were positively related to higher-levels of learning strategies (e.g. Howell & Watson, 2007; Ozkal, 2013; Simons et al., 2004), but negatively related to lower-levels of learning strategies (Simons et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
Towards Lifelong Learning: Identifying Learner Profiles on Procrastination and Self-Regulation
Ng, B. (2016) · Cited by 10
Effect of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies training on academic procrastination and self efficacy in students
Ghadampour, E., & Beiranvand, K. (2019) · Advances in Cognitive Science · doi:10.30699/icss.21.3.31 · Cited by 10
Which students benefit most from an intervention aimed at reducing academic procrastination?
Baars, G. J. A., Schmidt, H. G., Hermus, P., van der Molen, H. T., Arnold, I. J. M., & Smeets, G. (2021) · European Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/21568235.2021.1999294 · Cited by 10
“…characteristics of students such as maladaptive implicit beliefs (Howell and Buro 2009), self-regulation failure (Senécal, Koestner, and Vallerand 1995), low self-efficacy (Klassen, Krawchuk, and Rajani 2008), or unproductive achievement motives (Ferrari and Tice 2000; Howell and Watson 2007).”
Background
The Role of Metacognitive Beliefs in Predicting Academic Procrastination Among Students in Iran: Cross-sectional Study
Safari, Y., & Yousefpoor, N. (2022) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/32185 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, results obtained by Howell and Watson [20] indicated a reverse correlation between certain metacognitive beliefs and academic procrastination.”
Result
PROCRASTINATION AND THE 2 × 2 ACHIEVEMENT GOAL FRAMEWORK IN MALAYSIAN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Ganesan, R., Mamat, N. H., Mellor, D. J., Rizzuto, L., & Kolar, C. (2014) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21760 · Cited by 13
The Study of Relationship Between Meta Cognition Beliefs and Procrastination Among Students of Tabriz and Mohaghegh Ardabili Universities
Sadeghi, H. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.057 · Cited by 10
Employment goal commitment moderates the impact of job search goal orientation on the job search process
Kanar, A. M. (2017) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-10-2016-0165 · Cited by 10
Learning Strategies :
Shinogaya, K. (2012) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep.60.92 · Cited by 13
Learning strategies and procrastination as a function of need satisfaction and autonomous motivation: A diary study
Tahiri, M. J. B., & Mouratidis, A. A. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12645 · Cited by 14
Procrastination – Having, or Not Having Self-Access, That Is the Question
Klingsieck, K. B. (2024) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000528 · Cited by 10
Teachers’ academic motivation and student procrastination behaviour: mediating effects of emotion regulation and study habits
Sarwar, S., Tara, A. N., Abid, M. N., & Dukhaykh, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02352-5 · Cited by 26
“Students who lack good study habits often need help with time management, resulting in stress, confusion, and missed opportunities to engage deeply with course materials [54].”
Executive Functions, Metacognition, Self-Regulation, and Self-Regulated Learning – What are We Talking About? A Review and Introduction of the EMERGE Model
Theobald, M., Koerner, J. K. A., Breitwieser, J., Buhr, L., Karbach, J., Könen, T., Nobbe, L., Reinelt, T., Schaaf, M., Schmiedek, F., et al. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10157-0 · Cited by 12
Motivations for learning of family medicine residents trained in competency-based education
Бабенко, О., Szafran, O., Koppula, S., & Au, L. (2017) · Education for Primary Care · doi:10.1080/14739879.2017.1362666 · Cited by 9
AS RELAÇÕES ENTRE O DESEMPENHO ACADÊMICO E A PROCRASTINAÇÃO: UM ESTUDO EXPLORATÓRIO COM ACADÊMICOS DOS CURSOS DE GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS CONTÁBEIS E ADMINISTRAÇÃO DO PIAUÍ
Silva, L. D. S., Bernardes, J. R., do Nascimento, J. C. H. B., Veras, S. L. L., & de Castro, M. M. B. (2022) · Contabilidade Vista & Revista · doi:10.22561/cvr.v33i1.6441 · Cited by 10
Chinese students’ filial piety beliefs and procrastination in mathematics learning: The mediating role of academic emotions
Guo, M., Cao, Y., & Hu, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1050259 · Cited by 9
“, conscientiousness; Steel and Klingsieck, 2016) and motivation (e.g., goal orientations; Howell and Watson, 2007), teacher-related factors (e.”
Background
Discriminant validity of constructs derived from the self-regulative model for evaluation anxiety for predicting clinical manifestations of test anxiety
Herzer, F., Wendt, J., & Hamm, A. O. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.07.012 · Cited by 11
Dominant achievement goals across tracks in high school
Scheltinga, P. A. M., Kuyper, H., Timmermans, A. C., & van der Werf, G. P. C. (2015) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2015.1024613 · Cited by 9
“An opposite of homework effort, procrastination, is associated with avoidance goals, the mastery-avoidance goal in particular (Howell & Watson, 2007; Seo, 2009).”
Background
Self-Regulation as a Mediator in the Relationship between Self-Efficacy, Task Value and Active Procrastination
Taura, A. A., Abdullah, M. C., Roslan, S. B., & Omar, Z. B. (2014) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · Cited by 9
Determining the effect of reducing procrastination tendency on the academic achievement in physics course
Erdemir, N. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies · doi:10.5897/ijeaps2018.0587 · Cited by 9
“Different researches have shown that reducing the tendency of procrastination is used as an alternative teaching strategy to improve students' success and knowledge in physics course (Howell and Watson, 2007; Scher and Ferrari, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Transfer of learning, fear of failure, procrastination, and self-efficacy in learning English: Any evidence from the arts?
Tseng, M.-C. (2020) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2019-0086 · Cited by 9
Algunas relaciones entre la procrastinación y los procesos básicos de motivación y memoria
Becerra, L. D. A. (2014) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.33881/2027-1786.rip.7108 · Cited by 9
Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of procrastination assessment scale for students
Yip, M. C. W., & Chung, O. L. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1016116 · Cited by 8
“In particular, past studies have found that selfefficacy, learning motivation, effort regulation, perfectionism (fear of failure) and time management are all reflective characteristics of academic procrastination (Van Eerde, 2003; Howell and Watson, 2007; Klassen et al., 2008; Rakes and Dunn, 2010; Closson and Boutili…”
Background
Putting It off until Later: A Survey-Based Study on Academic Procrastination among Undergraduate Students
Hidayat, M. T., & Hasim, W. (2023) · Journal of Educational Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal) · doi:10.7358/ecps-2023-028-taha · Cited by 24
ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN GELECEK BEKLENTİLERİ İLE AKADEMİK ERTELEME EĞİLİMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Dikmen, M. (2021) · Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18069/firatsbed.869090 · Cited by 8
Conjunctive and additive group work reduce academic procrastination: insights from a vignette study
Koppenborg, M., Klingsieck, K. B., & Hüffmeier, J. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04294-w · Cited by 13
Explanation of students' academic procrastination behaviors with, anxiety, fear of failure, self-esteem and achievement goals
Kandemir, M. (2012) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.14527/c2s4m7 · Cited by 8
Attitudes toward Learning English and Procrastination in Students from a Private Institution Specialized in Foreign Languages in the City of Lima-Peru
Marquina-Luján, R. J., Inacio, E. J. H., Horna-Calderón, V. E., Romero, R. M. V., & García, A. K. (2021) · Revista Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.15446/rcp.v30n2.83678 · Cited by 8
“…teaching method (Clariana, Cladellas, Badía, & Gotzens, 2011), disorganization and lack of cognitive and metacognitive strategies by the trainee (Howell & Watson, 2007), teaching and learning methods during high school and university (Rodríguez & Clariana, 2017), and low beliefs of…”
Method
Temporal analysis of academic performance in higher education before, during and after COVID-19 confinement using artificial intelligence
Subirats, L., Corral, A. P., Perez-Ruiz, S., Fort, S., & Sacha, G. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282306 · Cited by 8
“There are some who study continuously and those who leave it for the last moment and procrastinate [17].”
Background
The Explanation of The Academic Procrastination Behaviour of Pre-Service Teachers With Five Factor Personality Traits
Karataş, H., & Bademcioglu, M. (2015) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 9
Increase Productivity, Decrease Procrastination, and Increase Energy
Peper, E., Harvey, R., Lin, I., & Duvvuri, P. (2014) · Biofeedback · doi:10.5298/1081-5937-42.2.06 · Cited by 8
“Procrastination is also related to greater disorganization and less use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
Factores asociados a la Procrastinación Académica en estudiantes Universitarios. Revisión sistemática
Mendoza, C. E. R. (2022) · Unaciencia Revista de Estudios e Investigaciones · doi:10.35997/unaciencia.v15i28.662 · Cited by 7
Silent suffering: exploring the far-reaching impact of supervisor ostracism via sociometer theory
Sarwar, B., Haris‐ul‐Mahasbi, M., Zulfiqar, S., Sarwar, M. A., & Huo, C. (2024) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-07-2023-0296 · Cited by 7
Motivation à apprendre et volition à l’adolescence : développement et étude de la validité d’un nouvel inventaire
Berger, J., & Davinroy, D. R. (2016) · Mesure et évaluation en éducation · doi:10.7202/1036700ar · Cited by 8
“…variables considérées comme des défaillances de l’apprentissage autorégulé. des corrélations positives ont été notées avec les buts de maîtriseévitement (howell & watson, 2007) et les buts d’évitement du travail (wolters, 2003). autrement dit, l’élève qui procrastine cherche à éviter de se voir…”
Evaluation of academic procrastination behavior in management of personal learning environments within intelligent tutoring systems
Yaraş, Z. (2021) · Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning · doi:10.31681/jetol.1015928 · Cited by 7
Study Harder? the Relationship of Achievement Goals to Attitudes and Self-Reported Use of Desirable Difficulties in Self-Regulated Learning
Weißgerber, S. C., Reinhard, M., & Schindler, S. (2016) · Cited by 7
Aprendizagem e Procrastinação: Uma Revisão de Publicações no Período 2005-2015
Correia, R. R., & de Moura, P. J. (2017) · REICE Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad Eficacia y Cambio en Educación · doi:10.15366/reice2017.15.2.006 · Cited by 6
The Effect of Goal Orientation on Student Achievement
Güler, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56083-0_18 · Cited by 7
Sense of Community dan Self-Regulated Learning sebagai Prediktor pada Prokrastinasi Akademik Mahasiswa
Maryam, E. W., Affandi, G. R., & Rezania, V. (2019) · Journal An-Nafs Kajian Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.33367/psi.v4i2.867 · Cited by 10
The role of motivational beliefs in the self-regulated learning of mathematics: the reconceptualization of the expectancy-value framework
Rovan, D., Petričević, E., & Pavlin-Bernardić, N. (2023) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-023-00733-1 · Cited by 9
“…motivation, and behaviour toward achieving goals, procrastination is increasingly viewed as a self-regulation failure, characterized as a lack of the ability to exert control over thoughts, emotions, impulses, and task performances in regard to preferred standards (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
The development and validation of a one-off scale to measure procrastination and precrastination traits in young adults
Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 · Cited by 6
“Disor-ganization is regarded as an outcome of procrastination which reflects the disorganized environment such as a bedroom or office where delays in cleanliness can be easily observed [69, 70].”
Investigating High School Students' Personality Traits and Academic Procrastination with Cluster Analysis
Börekci, C. (2022) · European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research · doi:10.12973/ejper.5.1.63 · Cited by 6
Trichotomous Goals of Elementary School Students Learning English as a Foreign Language: A Structural Equation Model
He, T., Chang, S.-M., Chen, S.-H. E., & Gou, W. J. (2012) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/08.11.14.pms.114.1.157-173 · Cited by 6
Introduction to the Impact of a Learning and Management Skills Course as perceived by the students
Furman, G. D. (2020) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie44824.2020.9274149 · Cited by 6
“Several studies have examined the relationship between procrastination and academic results [37, 38] and have found that academic procrastination is related to a lower performance in the tasks and in the underlying processes of self and social regulation.”
Background
The phenomenon of academic procrastination during the Covid-19 pandemic influenced by academic resilience and social support
(2023) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.47750/pegegog.13.01.05 · Cited by 6
Does Procrastination Have a Cultural or a Neurological Source? Evidence of its Mediating Role in the Relationship Between Psychological Capital and Academic Adjustment
Hazan‐Liran, B. (2023) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.47.2.11 · Cited by 6
Reexamining the online environment for self-directed learning
Harrasi, K. T. S. A. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2255080 · Cited by 6
“Lack of time management may also lead students to use the cognitive and metacognitive strategies for learning ineffectively (Howell & Watson, 2007; Wolters, 2003).”
BackgroundResult
We are still to learn from our learners: A hidden curriculum developed during the covid-19 pandemic
Mohebi-Amin, A., Rabiei, M., Yazdi-Amirkhiz, S. Y., & Shomoossi, N. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104390 · Cited by 6
Prokrastination bei Studierenden des Lehramts und der Erziehungswissenschaften
Lohbeck, A., Hagenauer, G., Mühlig, A., Moschner, B., & Gläser‐Zikuda, M. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-016-0718-y · Cited by 6
Assessing the prevalence of organizational procrastination and the associated factors among nursing and midwifery staff
Rezaei, B., Yarmohammadian‎, M. H., & Ardakani, H. M. (2016) · فصلنامه مدیریت پرستاری · doi:10.29252/ijnv.5.1.17 · Cited by 6
Prediction of Subscale Test Anxiety Considering Behavioral Procrastination, Decisional Procrastination and Cognitive Avoidance in University Students
Firouzabad, Y. H., Nejad, S. B., & Davoudi, I. (2018) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.29252/nirp.ijpcp.23.4.424 · Cited by 7
Gender Does Not Influence Delaying Excuses: An Exploratory Study of the Reasons of Academic Procrastination among College Students
Vij, J. (2016) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0303.016 · Cited by 6
“(Howell & Watson, 2007; Konovalova, 2007; Klassen & Kuzucu, 2009; Sirin, 2011).”
ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION AND GENDER AS PREDICTORS OF SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT
Bezci, F., & Sungur, S. (2013) · Cited by 6
Strategies in Preparation for Learning and During Lectures :
Shinogaya, K. (2010) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep.58.452 · Cited by 6
“高校英語における予習方略と授業内方略の関係 ――パス解析によるモデルの構築―― 篠ヶ谷圭太本研究では，高校生の英語学習を対象として，予習時に使用される学習方略と，授業中に使用される学習方略の関係について検討を行った。まず，予備調査を実施し，予習時の学習方略，授業中の学習方略に関する質問紙尺度を作成した。因子分析の結果，予習方略については「準備・下調べ方略」，「推測方略」，「振り返り方略」，「援助要請」の４因子，授業内方略については「要点・疑問点把握方略」，「メモ方略」，「受動的方略」の３因子が抽出された。高校生1,148名に本調査を実施し，パス解析を用いて…”
Pengaruh Perfeksionisme, Achievement Goal Orientation dan Jenis Kelamin Terhadap Prokrastinasi Akademik Mahasiswa
Dluha, M. S., & Solicha, S. (2019) · Tazkiya Journal of Psychology · doi:10.15408/tazkiya.v6i1.11003 · Cited by 5
Relationship between Core Self-Evaluation and Academic Procrastination among Female Students in Saudi Arabia
Rajapakshe, W. (2018) · International Journal of Human Resource Studies · doi:10.5296/ijhrs.v8i3.13397 · Cited by 7
Hubungan Antara Dukungan Keluarga Inti Dengan Prokrastinasi Akademik Mahasiswa.
Panjaitan, S., Simanungkalit, M., Wardoyo, Y., Tuerah, F., & Roson, N. (2018) · Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan Kerusso · doi:10.33856/kerusso.v3i1.89 · Cited by 5
Mediating Role of Academic Procrastination between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance of Pakistani Youth
Waseem, A., Adeeb, M. A., & Mateen, M. (2021) · Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology · doi:10.52053/jpap.v2i1.35 · Cited by 7
Reducing Procrastination Without Sacrificing Students' Autonomy Through Optional Weekly Presentations of Student-Generated Content
YeckehZaare, I., Chen, S. S., & Barghi, T. (2023) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3545945.3569839 · Cited by 5
“Past research on procrastination has studied how self-efficacy/self-esteem [22, 38], personal anxiety [38, 43], ability to manage time [22], and personal goals [17, 38] play a role in how likely a student will procrastinate on academic tasks.”
Background
An exploratory study of goal orientations of traditional block and longitudinal integrated clerkship students
Lin-Beckford, S., Osman, N. Y., Krupat, E., & Hirsh, D. A. (2023) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2023.2216362 · Cited by 5
“Finally, performance-avoidance is most maladaptive, associated with hopelessness and shame with failed tasks (Pekrun et al. 2006; Howell and Watson 2007; Pekrun et al. 2009; Luo et al. 2011).”
Background
A study on the relationship between the behaviour of the academic procrastination of the psychological counseling and guidance students and their goal orientations and self-esteem
Birol, Z. N., & Günal, Y. (2019) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.14527/pegegog.2019.014 · Cited by 5
Metacognitive Awareness, Procrastination and its Impact on Students’ Academic Performance
Siddiqui, G. K., Taj, S., & Maqsood, F. (2020) · Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research (SJESR) · doi:10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(400-406 · Cited by 8
Achievement goals affect memory encoding
Ikeda, K., Kakinuma, K., Jiang, J., & Tanaka, A. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101945 · Cited by 5
Tanulást hátráltató, nem hatékony stratégiák és korrigálási lehetőségeik
Nagy, Z., & Molnár, É. D. (2017) · Magyar Pedagógia · doi:10.17670/mped.2017.4.347 · Cited by 5
Gender Difference in Procrastination Among University Students
Kassim, F., Samiun, N. S., Ahmad, N., Zamri, N. A. A.-Z. A., & Kamarulzaman, W. B. (2022) · Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences · doi:10.55057/ajress.2022.4.3.2 · Cited by 5
The Effects of COMFORT Education on Nurses’ Attitude towards Communication Skills
Mohammadi, M., Jahromi, R. N., Jahromi, A. R., Mokhtari, Z., AllameZade, M., Tanasan, M., & Jahromi, R. N. (2019) · Research in Medical Education · doi:10.29252/rme.10.4.23 · Cited by 5
Student Academic Identity and Early Childhood Field-Based Initial Teacher Education.
Dunham, N. (2016) · Australian Association for Research in Education · Cited by 5
How self-regulated learning strategies interfere between metacognitions and decisional procrastination
de Palo, V., Monacis, L., & Sinatra, M. (2019) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.25115/psye.v11i1.1932 · Cited by 5
Procrastination
Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0140 · Cited by 5
Barriers to E-Learning Job Training: Government Employee Experiences in an Online Wilderness Management Course
Eidson, L. A. K. (2009) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 5
Barriers or helpers to health: A systematic review and three-level meta-analytic evidence to the associations between procrastination and health
Yang, T., Guo, S., Zhang, Q., Chen, Z., & Lu, D. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251351764 · Cited by 6
“On the other hand, research illuminated the paradigm of active procrastination, conceptualized as the intentional postponement of personal actions coupled with subsequent advantages (Howell and Watson, 2007).”
“I can do math!”: A self‐regulated learning intervention to enhance math‐related motivational factors and performance in middle school
Granello, F., Cuder, A., Doz, E., Pellizzoni, S., & Passolunghi, M. C. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.70034 · Cited by 10
Work in progress: Enhancing Learning Skills of Freshman Engineering Students
Furman, G. D., & Weissman, Z. (2023) · IEEE World Engineering Education Conference (EDUNINE) · doi:10.1109/edunine57531.2023.10102867 · Cited by 4
“Among others, they include the aspects of:(1) time management [3], (2) task procrastination [4,5], and (3) acquired-knowledge internalizing [6].”
Background
Investigating behavioral patterns of procrastinators in a Wiki-based activity
Garg, A., & Rajendran, R. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11893-4 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, procrastination is shown to be correlated with reduced use of cognitive and meta-cognitive learning strategies (Howell & Watson, 2007 ).”
Background
Psychological Capital and Academic Procrastination: The Mediating Role of Self-Regulated Learning among College Students
Rahmi, T. N., & Safitri, S. (2023) · Journal of Educational Health and Community Psychology · doi:10.12928/jehcp.v1i2.25209 · Cited by 10
“Previous studies have demonstrated that self-regulated learning significantly influences the level of academic procrastination among students (Steel, 2007; Howell & Watson, 2007).”
The Role of Test Anticipation in the Link Between Performance-Approach Goals and Academic Achievement
Crouzevialle, M., & Butera, F. (2016) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000176 · Cited by 4
The Effect of Self-regulation on Student Achievement
Danışman, Ş. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56083-0_8 · Cited by 5
Effect of Achievement Goals in Procrastination Tendencies of College Students
MORALES, R. A. (2021) · Cited by 4
Mediating effect of self-regulated learning strategy on the relationship between parenting attitude perceived by adolescents and their academic procrastination
Kim, D., Oh, J., 장정현, 강은비, 김명찬, & 남지은 (2013) · Asian Journal of Education · doi:10.15753/aje.2013.14.2.002 · Cited by 7
Prioritizing Causes of Procrastination among University Students: An Empirical Analysis
Aziz, N. B., Zain, Z. B., Mafuzi, R. M. Z. R., Mustapa, A. M., Najib, N. H. M., & Lah, N. F. N. (2017) · Journal of Telecommunication Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC) · Cited by 4
Efecto de la autoeficacia y eutrés en la procrastinación: un análisis multigrupo.
Yupanqui-Lorenzo, D. E., Carhuaz, E. S. O., Capurro, V. M. P., & Alponte, A. A. R. (2023) · Revista Fuentes · doi:10.12795/revistafuentes.2023.21318 · Cited by 4
The Effectiveness of Teaching Academic Procrastination Reducing Strategies on Academic Self-regulation in the Secondary School Students in Tabriz
Fathi, A., Fathi, E., Mirnasab, M. M., & Gargari, R. B. (2015) · Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia · doi:10.13005/bbra/1939 · Cited by 4
Knowledge Transfer
Nokes‐Malach, T. J., & Richey, J. E. (2015) · Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0197 · Cited by 4
From disorganised study methods to disorganisation: new perspectives on a neglected study strategy
Cosnefroy, L. (2021) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2021.1986472 · Cited by 3
“Procrastination is defined as delaying the initiation or completion of a goal to the point of discomfort (Howell and Watson 2007).”
Background
Attitudes toward Studying, Academic Procrastination and Multiple Mediation Analysis between Them
Toy, B. Y. (2014) · Kuramsal Eğitimbilim · doi:10.5578/keg.7432 · Cited by 3
“Akademik başarı ve performans üzerinde etkili kabul edilen etmenlerden biri olan öğrencilerin ders çalışmaya yönelik tutumları, aynı zamanda çalışma stratejileri ve alışkanlıkları, öz düzenleme becerisi ve motivasyon gibi erteleme eğiliminin akademik nedenleri arasında öne çıkmaktadır (Balkıs ve diğerleri, 2006; Chiss…”
BackgroundInfluential
The mediation role of academic procrastination on the effect of the university students’ long-term orientation to career intention in the tourism industry
BALTACI, M., Çakıcı, A. C., & Dönmez, B. (2019) · Journal of Tourism Theory and Research · doi:10.24288/jttr.550746 · Cited by 3
“Howell and Watson (2007) investigated the relationships between procrastination, achievement goal orientations and learning strategies among undergraduate students.”
Background
The relationships among prospective teachers’ teacher efficacy with their levels of academic motivation, academic procrastination, and anxiety about the Public Personnel Selection Examination (PPSE)
Saracaloğlu, A. S., Dinçer, B., Eken, M., & BAYIK, S. (2020) · Uluslararası Eğitim Programları ve Öğretim Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.31704/ijocis.2020.003 · Cited by 3
“Howell and Watson (2007) stated that students whose cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies are low have high levels of academic procrastination.”
Background
Orientación al futuro y morosidad académica como instrumentos de predicción del rendimiento académico en estudiantes de preparatoria y universidad del noroeste de México
Pérez-Ríos, R., Hernández, L. F. B., Castro, S. B. E., & Castillo, M. A. S. (2023) · Revista Electrónica Educare · doi:10.15359/ree.27-2.15876 · Cited by 3
Exploring Academic Procrastination: An In-Depth Survey of Procrastination Patterns
Jayalakshmi, V. J., & Punithavalli, M. (2024) · Remote Sensing in Earth Systems Sciences · doi:10.1007/s41976-024-00144-w · Cited by 3
“Academic procrastination is also a frequent indicator of poor academic achievement, since it is associated with low self-worth, a lack of organization poor effort control, and poor time management [13, 14].”
Role of goal orientation, self-efficacy of self-regulation and personality in procrastination
Touraj, H., Farideh, M., Abbasi, N. M., & Rahim, B. (2012) · Cited by 3

Authors: Howell, A. J., & Watson, D. C.
Affiliations: MacEwan University (CA)
Corresponding author: Howell, Andrew J.
ORCID: Howell, Andrew J.
Watson, David C.
Venue: Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-07
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Pages: 167-178
ISSN: 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017
OpenAlex: W2047173849
Cited by: 453
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 9.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Keywords: procrastination, achievement goal orientation, learning strategies, self-regulation, mastery-avoidance goals, mastery goals, disorganization, cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, student self-regulation

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Procrastination: associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies.

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