Cited by 453Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessGrit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation

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Procrastination: associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies.

Howell, Andrew J., Watson, David C.·2007·Personality and Individual Differences

DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017

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RETRACTED: Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment
Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00441 · Cited by 1,266 · cited 2×
“This suggests that disorganization may be more closely related to not following-up on plans earlier formulated rather than to the absence of a plan in the first place ( Ariely & Wertenbroch, 2002; van Eerde, 2000).”
Background
Retracted
The Role of Goal Orientation in Self-Regulated Learning
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50043-3 · Cited by 5,173
Handbook of Self-Regulation
(2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-109890-2.x5027-6 · Cited by 4,453
A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.3.501 · Cited by 3,953
Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164493053003024 · Cited by 3,646
The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure.
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417 · cited 6×
“Organization, as a component of trait Conscientiousness, is also inversely correlated with procrastination ( Steel, in press; van Eerde, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis.
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461 · Cited by 2,531
Understanding Student Learning
Graham, N., Entwistle, N. J., & Ramsden, P. (1984) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121589 · Cited by 2,372
Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.544 · Cited by 2,254
Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503 · Cited by 1,788 · cited 2×
“Procrastination is the tendency to delay initiation or completion of important tasks to the point of discomfort (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984).”
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Impact of Student Goal Orientation and Self-Regulation on Learning Outcomes
McKinney, A. P. (2014) · Cited by 3
INVESTIGATION OF PROCRASTINATION PREVALENCE AND ITS CAUSES AMONG UNIVERSITY MANAGERS AND EMPLOYEES
Mostafa, K., Fayyazi, M., & Kaveh, M. (2010) · doi:10.22067/pmt.v2i4.9078 · Cited by 6
Validity Study of The Active Procrastination Scale
Kim, J. Y., & Shin, H. (2013) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.14.3.201306.1503 · Cited by 3
Achievement goals, observed behaviors, and performance: Testing a mediation model in a college classroom
Richey, J. E., Nokes‐Malach, T. J., & Wallace, A. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 3
Prokrastination als Coaching-Anliegen
Riediger, M. (2016) · Organisationsberatung Supervision Coaching · doi:10.1007/s11613-016-0479-8 · Cited by 3
“Konsistent mit der postulierten Rolle der Belohnungsfrist zeigen Studien, dass Prokrastination mit zunehmender Nähe zum Fristende (der Deadline) K abnimmt (z. B. Howell und Watson 2007).”
Background
UNDERSTANDING THE MASTERY-AVOIDANCE GOALS CONSTRUCT: AN INVESTIGATION AMONG MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TWO DOMAINS
Karakus, M. (2016) · TUScholarShare (Temple University) · Cited by 3
Development and validation of a 2x2 model of time-related academic behavior: Procrastination and timely engagement.Preprint
Strunk, K. K., Cho, Y., & Steele, M. R. (2017) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/6yrdx · Cited by 4
مستوى ممارسة التعلم المنظم ذاتیا لدى طالبات كلیة التربیة بجامعة الملك سعود فی ضوء المرحلة الدراسیة والعمر
السنيدي, أ. ب. ع. (2022) · مجلة جامعة الفيوم للعلوم التربوية والنفسية · doi:10.21608/jfust.2022.266351 · Cited by 2
Will they or won't they make it in time? The role of contextual and behavioral predictors in reaching deadlines of mandatory assignments
Imhof, C., Hlosta, M., & Bergamin, P. B. (2025) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3706468.3706514 · Cited by 2
The Effect of Adolescents' Perception of Parental Overprotection, Goal-Seeking Orientation and Self-Handicapping on their Academic Procrastination
Lee, J. S., & Kim, J. M. (2016) · 한국가정관리학회지 · doi:10.7466/jkhma.2016.34.6.1 · Cited by 2
Levels of Academic Procrastination and Self-Motivation and the Relationship between them among Students of Makkah and Laith Colleges in Saudi Arabia
ALSilami, T. A. (2015) · Journal of Educational & Psychological Sciences · doi:10.12785/jeps/160219 · Cited by 2
Relationships Between Academic Achievement with Personality Traits and Early Maladaptive Schemas with Self-Determination Mediation in Students
Mohtashami, Z., Moradi, H., Afkari, F., & Bigdeli, H. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology · doi:10.52547/ijes.3.1.176 · Cited by 2
Revealing the most and the least successful behaviours using two-phase clustering analysis
Akram, A., Fu, C.-Z., Lin, R., Arooj, A., Yuan, C.-Z., Jiang, Y.-C., & Tang, Y. (2021) · Technology, Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2021.1890199 · Cited by 2
“…studies discuss the relationship of procrastination with academic achievement (e.g. Akinsola et al., 2007; Ariely & Wertenbroch, 2002; Cerezo et al., 2016; Elvers et al., 2003; Grunschel et al., 2016; Howell & Watson, 2007; Karatas, 2015; K. R. Kim & Seo, 2015; Michinov et al., 2011; You, 2015).”
Background
Procrastination vs. Active Delay: How Students Prepare to Code in Introductory Programming
Cloude, E. B., Zhang, J., Baker, R. S., & Fouh, E. (2024) · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE) · doi:10.1145/3626252.3630907 · Cited by 3
“First, they administered the Procras-tination Assessment Scale [11] and Active Procrastination Scale [4].”
Method
How well do students know their writing? A pilot study examining authorship quizzes to promote learning and address contract cheating
Quesnel, M. S., & Stoesz, B. M. (2025) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.9529 · Cited by 3
Impact of achievement goals on academic achievement: mediating role of procrastination and moderating role of loneliness
Bahl, R., Gupta, S., Amin, F., Khurshid, S., Rathore, B., & Iqbal, M. (2025) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-10-2024-2813 · Cited by 2
Multi-cultural Differences in Hope and Goal-Achievement
Maree, D. J. F., & Maree, M. (2013) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6368-5_21 · Cited by 4
The Influence of Academic Values and Belongingness Concerns on Achievement Goals, Self-Efficacy, and Perceived Stress in First Quarter Freshmen: Relationships to Academic Performance and the Mediating Role of Procrastination
Kennedy, G. J. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
Procrastination and the Shifting Political Media Environment: An Experimental Study of Media Choice Affecting a Democratic Outcome
Ellithorpe, M. E., Holbert, R. L., & Palmer-Wackerly, A. L. (2013) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2013.832692 · Cited by 2
“Traditional research conducted on the concept of procrastination typically focuses on outcomes like learning (Howell & Watson, 2009; Wolters, 2003).”
PREDICTION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION BASED ON COGNITIVE, EMOTIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AND GENDER
valizadeh, Z., Ahadi, H., hidari, M., Mazaheri, M., & Kajbaf, M. B. (2015) · Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology · Cited by 2
Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Academic Procrastination in Undergraduate Students: Mediation Effect of Academic Burnout
王, 丁. (2016) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2016.67102 · Cited by 2
Structural Model of Academic Procrastination Based on Personality Traits by Educational Motivation in Secondary High School Students
Ghanadi, S., Fakhri, M. K., & Doosti, Y. (2017) · Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psych Physiology · doi:10.32598/ajnpp.4.2.57 · Cited by 2
The Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Future-Orientation: an Investigation among a Mid-sized International School in China
Shi, Y. (2018) · Annual International Conference on Education and Development (ICED) · doi:10.2991/iced-18.2018.15 · Cited by 2
“, problem-solving practice, reading, exam revision) [2].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The relationship between learning strategies and achievement goal orientations of high school students
Aslan, M., & Aktaş, K. (2019) · İlköğretim Online · doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2020.661869 · Cited by 2
“…focusing on the relationship between learning strategies and achievement goal orientations are examined, it can be seen some studies conducted with university students (Duman & Eren, 2014; Howell & Watson, 2007) and some conducted with secondary and high school students (Ames & Archer, 1988).”
BackgroundResult
Hubungan antara Self-Efficacy dengan Prokrastinasi Akademik pada Mahasiswa Baru
Tayori, A., Klementina, J., Rumahorbo, M. S. I. F., Ilyas, P. A. M., Isaputra, S. A., & Kaparang, G. J. (2024) · WACANA · doi:10.20961/wacana.v16i2.83756 · Cited by 2
Procrastination in online learner-led courses
El-Sayed, A., Mustafa, F., & Almutawa, A. M. (2011) · Kuwait Conference on e-Services and e-Systems · doi:10.1145/2107556.2107577 · Cited by 2
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Gafoor, K. A., & Kurukkan, A. (2015) · Cited by 2
Assessing Students' Study Strategies and Achievement GoalsPreprint
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Waiting for the right place and right time: belief content correlates of academic procrastination
Littrell, S. S. (2016) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) · Cited by 2
Goal setting and its influence on achievement in the Spanish language classroom:combining second language acquisition, achievement goal theory, and goal setting theory
Rutté, A. M. M. D. (2018) · Cited by 2
Predictors of Indulgence in Procrastinating Behaviour: Demographic Variables and Self-Esteem
Adu, R. A. (2014) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0201.007 · Cited by 1
Lensing Paths Going to Achievement: The Relationship among Students' Beliefs, Goal Orientation, Cognitive and Behavioral Process, and Achievement
Bezci, F., & Sungur, S. (2023) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2023.11320 · Cited by 3
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Thapa, K., & Rimal, S. P. (2024) · Journal of Chitwan Medical College · doi:10.54530/jcmc.1405 · Cited by 1
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Jo, S., & Park, T. (2024) · Journal of Lifelong Learning Society · doi:10.26857/jlls.2024.11.20.4.150 · Cited by 2
Does Social Monitoring Reduce Procrastination? Findings from a Five-Day Study
Teoh, A. N., Chouynuu, K., Lugiman, V., & Chailis, M. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2439012 · Cited by 1
“The fourth approach sees procrastination as a failure in motivation that is often associated with a lack of intrinsic motivation and goal-orienta-tion (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Parent goals, child goal orientations, and procrastination in mathematics learning: does gender matter?
Guo, M. (2025) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2025.2501141 · Cited by 1
“Some found positive relationships (Seo, 2009; Wolters, 2004), while others found insignificant (howell & Buro, 2009; howell & Watson, 2007) and even negative relationships (Ganesan et al., 2014).”
Being Precrastination or Active Procrastination? The Dominance/ Prestige Based Social Status Strategies and Construal Level Decided
Li, K., Wang, M., Fu, K.-K., Lin, Y., Chen, S., Jia, F., & Chen, G. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251343531 · Cited by 1
Exploring Different Types of Academic Procrastination in Adolescents: A Latent Profile Analysis
Ciminli, A. (2025) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-025-09815-5 · Cited by 2
“This pessimism makes it difficult for them to be motivated to achieve certain tasks and causes them to postpone their tasks (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
A randomized controlled trial of school-based exercise on procrastination in high school students: The mediating role of adolescence time management disposition
Li, G., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Z., Wei, H., Xu, K., Zhang, X., & Hou, S. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.103056 · Cited by 2
The role of construal level in active academic procrastination: The mediating effects of academic delay of gratification and self-Regulated learning in junior High school students
Jia, F., Ma, W., Liu, M., Li, K., Wang, H., & Zhou, T. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08964-9 · Cited by 1
“This variability aligns with the broader literature on individual differences in time management and motivation (Garcia-Ros et al., 2023 ; Howell & Watson, 2007 ; Wolters, 2003), reinforcing the idea that AAP represents one of several adaptive regulatory styles, rather than a universal outcome of…”
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Nadaf, Z. A., & Nazir, U. (2026) · International Journal of Educational Reform · doi:10.1177/10567879251415353 · Cited by 1
The role of personal and contextual variables in college students' academic achievement
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“Furthermore, students are expected to use effective strategies requiring careful allocation of effort and time (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
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“…goal orientation is related to interest (Harackiewicz vd., 1997), learning approaches, fear of failure (Elliot & McGregor, 2001), procrastination (Howell & Watson, 2007), metacognitive awareness (Coutinho, 2008; Coutinho & Neuman, 2008), emotional exhaustion (Tuominen-Soini, Salmela-Aro &…”
BackgroundInfluential
PROCRASTINAÇÃO PARA O ESTUDO E AUTOEFICÁCIA ACADÉMICA EM ALUNOS DO 3º CICLO E ENSINO SECUNDÁRIO: RELAÇÃO COM O RENDIMENTO ESCOLAR E O NIVEL SOCIOECONÓMICO
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“ماجحإ /ناقتلإا فادهأ هجوت ىلع ةيفيكتلالا ةيلامكلل بجوم :يميداكلأا فيوستلاو زاجنلإا فادهأ تاهجوت نيب ةقلاعلا تلوانت تاسارد :اايناث ه ىرجأ دقفنوسطاوو لوا Howell & Watson (2007) فشك ىلإ تفده ةسارد ةعماجلا ةبلط نم ةنيع ىدل زاجنلإا فادهأ تاهجوتو يميداكلأا فيوستلا نيب ةقلاعلا =ن( ادنكب170 يميداكلأا…”

Authors: Howell, A. J., & Watson, D. C.
Affiliations: MacEwan University (CA)
Corresponding author: Howell, Andrew J.
ORCID: Howell, Andrew J.
Watson, David C.
Venue: Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-07
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Pages: 167-178
ISSN: 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017
OpenAlex: W2047173849
Cited by: 453
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 9.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Keywords: procrastination, achievement goal orientation, learning strategies, self-regulation, mastery-avoidance goals, mastery goals, disorganization, cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, student self-regulation

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