The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Procrastination: associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies.
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“Thus, students lacking self-management skills such as planning and prioritizing tasks (e.g., Lay and Schouwenburg, 1993) and metacognitive learning strategies (e.g., Wolters, 2003; Howell and Watson, 2007) should feel particularly lost when facing a situation with a large degree of freedom.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Howell and Watson, 2007
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Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment
Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00441 · Cited by 1,266 · cited 2×
“This suggests that disorganization may be more closely related to not following-up on plans earlier formulated rather than to the absence of a plan in the first place ( Ariely & Wertenbroch, 2002; van Eerde, 2000).”
BackgroundRetractedThe Role of Goal Orientation in Self-Regulated Learning
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50043-3 · Cited by 5,173
(2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-109890-2.x5027-6 · Cited by 4,453
A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.3.501 · Cited by 3,953
Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164493053003024 · Cited by 3,646
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417 · cited 6×
“Organization, as a component of trait Conscientiousness, is also inversely correlated with procrastination ( Steel, in press; van Eerde, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialApproach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis.
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461 · Cited by 2,531
Understanding Student Learning
Graham, N., Entwistle, N. J., & Ramsden, P. (1984) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121589 · Cited by 2,372
Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.544 · Cited by 2,254
Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503 · Cited by 1,788 · cited 2×
“Procrastination is the tendency to delay initiation or completion of important tasks to the point of discomfort (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984).”
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Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Items 401–450 of 450
Students' Procrastination Behavior on Their Online AssessmentsPreprint
Apas, P. D. D., & Ondayo, J. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4097821
توجهات أهداف الانجاز (2×3) کمنبئات بالسلوکيات الأکاديمية المرتبطة بالوقت لدى طلاب جامعة القصيم
مصطفى, ف. م. م. (2021) · Maǧallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ Bil-Manṣūraẗ · doi:10.21608/maed.2021.230555
توجهات أهداف الانجاز (2×3) کمنبئات بالسلوکيات الأکاديمية المرتبطة بالوقت لدى طلاب جامعة القصيم
مصطفى, ف. م. م. (2021) · Maǧallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ Bil-Manṣūraẗ · doi:10.21608/maed.2021.235539
A halogatás összefüggésének pilot vizsgálata a tanulmányi eredményekkel egyetemi hallgatóknál
Jakubovits, E., Mészáros, V., Szmetankó, Z., Tanyi, Z., Kovács, D., Smohai, M., Szili, I., & Kövi, Z. (2021) · Psychologia Hungarica Caroliensis · doi:10.52993/psyhung.9.2021.1.3
التنبؤ بالتلکؤ الأکادیمی بمعلومیة التخطیط المستقبلی لدى طلاب کلیة التربیة جامعة الأزهر
طه, م. ف. م., إبراهيم, أ. م. م., & درویش, ن. م. ح. (2022) · التربية (الأزهر) مجلة علمية محکمة للبحوث التربوية والنفسية والاجتماعية) · doi:10.21608/jsrep.2022.254618
Ibrahim, M., AL-Sinawi, S. H. N., Yanju, S., & Musah, M. B. (2022) · World Journal of English Language · doi:10.5430/wjel.v12n7p206
Academic Procrastination: How much does it affect medical students?Preprint
Tengiz, F. İ., Çakmak, Ç., Bakiu, E., Turan, N. D., Demir, S., Çakıoğlu, E., & Tekindal, M. A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2347312/v1
Relationship Between Procrastination and Attitude Toward Substance use among Medical Students
Ali, M. B., & Babaei, M. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Research · doi:10.59657/2837-4843.brs.23.007 · Cited by 1
Jehan, T., Qureshi, Z., & Kayani, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Policy Research · doi:10.61506/02.00020
“The habitual delay of tasks gives rise to chronic procrastination, which affects the individual's cognitive behavior, blurring the individual's ability to make decisions on time (Hen & Goroshit, 2020; Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Backgroundالتسويف الأكاديمي في ضوء مفاهيم التعلم لدى طلاب الجامعة
توفيق, ه. ا. (2017) · Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ - Aswān/Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ - Aswān · doi:10.21608/mkts.2017.324616
Implemental Procrastination: Onset Delay Versus Delay in Sustained Goal StrivingPreprint
Gamst-Klaussen, T., Bobe, J., Klingsieck, K. B., Rozental, A., Steel, P., van Eerde, W., & Svartdal, F. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4671273
Afshar, H. K., Shahsavan, A. K., & Mohammadi, A. J. (2022) · Pajouhan Scientific Journal · doi:10.61186/psj.20.3.150
Difa, H. F., & Sandjaja, M. (2023) · JURNAL DIVERSITA · doi:10.31289/diversita.v9i2.9314
Revista de Psicología Volumen 13, Número 2, Julio-Diciembre 2023
Gallegos, W. L. A. (2024) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.36901/psicologia.v13i2.1610
Procrastinación laboral y rasgos de personalidad en trabajadores de una entidad financiera
Vásquez, J. G. V., Velásquez, F. V., & Revollar, C. P. (2024) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.36901/psicologia.v13i2.1614
Kang, S.-J., & Lee, K. (2024) · Journal of Lifelong Learning Society · doi:10.26857/jlls.2024.8.20.3.212
Vaculíková, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1382989
Strunk, K. K., & Steele, M. R. (2017) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/8mjgu_v1
Perfectionism and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Procrastination and Self-Regulation
Stoicescu, A.-D., Ana Maria, T. O. M. A., Nedelcea, C., Stîngă, T.-C., & Băleanu, A.-I. (2025) · Studia Doctoralia · doi:10.47040/sdpsych.v16i1.185 · Cited by 1
Shi, Y., Yu-peng, L., & Yu, Z. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251351232 · Cited by 3
Dwi, A., Mutakin, F., & Karamoy, Y. K. (2025) · Jurnal Bikotetik (Bimbingan dan Konseling Teori dan Praktik) · doi:10.26740/bikotetik.v9n1.p62-77
Calle, J. V. Q., Cosentino, A. C., Quito-Calle, L. E., Abril, L. E. C., & Ramírez, A. (2025) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-025-00365-y · Cited by 2
“…variables, such as academic satisfaction (Balkis & Duru, 2017), intentions to continue studying (Bäulke et al., 2018), effective learning strategies (Howell & Watson, 2007), academic commitment (Aspée et al., 2021), and academic performance (Goroshit, 2018; Kim & Seo, 2015; Kim et al., 2017).”
Yupanqui-Lorenzo, D. E., Arroyo-Pizarro, P., Arauco-Lozada, T., Martinez-Arevalo, A. R., & Becerra-Herrera, W. A. (2025) · Actualidades en Psicología · doi:10.15517/ap.v39i139.62430
Salud Mental Positiva y Procrastinación en Practicantes de un Programa de Psicología
Moyano-Duarte, Á., Rojas-Sánchez, M., Vergara-Álvarez, M., Domínguez, M. V., & Sierra, B. S. (2024) · Búsqueda · doi:10.21892/01239813.742
Belenky, D. M. (2013) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Balconi, M., Rovelli, K., & Allegretta, R. A. (2026) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2026.101448
Tahiri, M. J. B., Mouratidis, A. A., Erdem, E., & Karademir, A. U. (2026) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70624 · Cited by 1
Vlachopanou, P. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09329-6
“Defined as a state of positive functioning that includes purpose, engagement, and emotional balance (Diener et al., 2010 ), well-being has been shown to influence both academic performance and self-regulatory behavior (Howell & Watson, 2007; Mac-cann et al., 2011 ).”
Kusumawati, D. (2026) · Journal of Islamic Psychology. · doi:10.47134/islamicpsychology.v2i3.289
Metacognitive Dimension of Learning and Education
Ghanizadeh, A. (2026) · Springer texts in education · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20315-1_7
Akhtar, M., Zhang, Q., Garavan, T. N., Sadiq, A. N., Ramsey, E., O’Brien, F., & Darcy, C. (2026) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/s10672-026-09589-1
Zhang, X., Yan, B., Chen, B., Wu, L., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70073 · Cited by 1
Whiting, T., Shin, M., & Murphy, K. A. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113948
Fard, S. H., Golestaneh, S. M., KamalAbadi, M. J., & Dehghani, Y. (2026) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.70114
“Irritability and aggression also appeared as inter-personal outcomes, consistent with views linking procrastination to self-regulation difficulties under stress (Howell and Watson 2007).”
InfluentialSchaap, G., Goossen, N., Dennerlein, S., Hoogeboom, M., & Endedijk, M. D. (2026) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/jwl-12-2025-0438
Zhang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1873288
“Mastery-approach orientation is closely aligned with sustainable training engagement because it emphasizes personal improvement, skill mastery, effort, and long-term growth (Howell and Watson, 2007).”
Academic procrastination at three levels: The DEferral dispLAY (DELAY3) framework
Bäulke, L., Nagengast, B., & Trautwein, U. (2026) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2026.2686109
“…of processing modes) or improving metacognitive knowledge (regulation of learning processes) can help to overcome procrastination, as these strategies are also beneficial for being more competent in choosing specific goals (regulation of the self; e.g., Howell & Watson, 2007; Wolters, 2003).”
Exploring Different Types of Career Anxiety Among Young Adults: A Latent Profile Analysis
Ciminli, A., & Aydın, B. (2026) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/cdq.70036 · Cited by 1
Sorrenti, L., Meduri, C. F., Caparello, C., & Filippello, P. (2026) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe16080113
“Specifically, as highlighted in recent studies (Shan & Selamat, 2025; Meiri & Alfarraj, 2025; Theobald et al., 2024, 2023; Howell & Watson, 2007; Scher & Osterman, 2002; Wolters, 2004), our results show a positive association between LH and procrastination and a negative association between MO and…”
Tsermentseli, S. K., & Monks, C. P. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16081368
“Similarly, Howell and Watson (2007) found that higher levels of procrastination were associated with less adaptive learning strategies and poorer self-regulatory learning behaviors.”
Prokrastination, Lernverhalten und Studienerfolg
Grunschel, C., Kegel, L. S., Kulp, M., & Scheunemann, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72900-7_7
Ein Blick in die Forschung: Persönlichkeit, Motivation und Kontextfaktoren
Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-72900-7_2
Chang, L., Zhou, J., Luo, Y., Xu, J., & Zhang, H. (2026) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2026.2717632
Martinie, M., Theurel, A., & Shankland, R. (2026) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-026-10282-2
“Empirical evidence supports this perspective, showing that mastery-approach goals are associated with adaptive learning patterns and lower levels of procrastination (Elliot & McGregor, 2001; Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Duru, H., & Söner, O. (2026) · Educational Academic Research · doi:10.33418/education.1802987
Vera-Ponce, V. J., Zuzunaga-Montoya, F. E., Tamayo, M. J. C., León‐Figueroa, D. A., Uceda, C. I. G., Rivera-Lozada, O., Ballena-Caicedo, J., Delgado-Toro, H. E., & Valladares-Garrido, M. J. (2026) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe16100154
“Furthermore, the economic impact is substantial, as procrastination-related academic delays result in increased tuition costs and delayed entry into the workforce, creating long-term financial burdens for both students and their families (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Academic procrastination as a transversal phenomenon across academic areas and learning contexts
Cuya-Zevallos, C., Villanueva-Paredes, G. X., Paredes, K. S. V., Zegarra-Gago, H., & Machaca, E. S. M. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103764
(2008) · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Howell, A. J., & Watson, D. C.
- Affiliations
- MacEwan University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Howell, Andrew J.
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 167-178
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047173849
- Cited by
- 453
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 9.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Keywords
- procrastination, achievement goal orientation, learning strategies, self-regulation, mastery-avoidance goals, mastery goals, disorganization, cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, student self-regulation
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