Cited by 453Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessGrit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation

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Procrastination: associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies.

Howell, Andrew J., Watson, David C.·2007·Personality and Individual Differences

DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017

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RETRACTED: Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment
Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00441 · Cited by 1,266 · cited 2×
“This suggests that disorganization may be more closely related to not following-up on plans earlier formulated rather than to the absence of a plan in the first place ( Ariely & Wertenbroch, 2002; van Eerde, 2000).”
Background
Retracted
The Role of Goal Orientation in Self-Regulated Learning
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50043-3 · Cited by 5,173
Handbook of Self-Regulation
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A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework.
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Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)
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The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure.
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417 · cited 6×
“Organization, as a component of trait Conscientiousness, is also inversely correlated with procrastination ( Steel, in press; van Eerde, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis.
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461 · Cited by 2,666
Understanding Student Learning
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Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.544 · Cited by 2,254
Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503 · Cited by 1,788 · cited 2×
“Procrastination is the tendency to delay initiation or completion of important tasks to the point of discomfort (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984).”
BackgroundMethod

Show all 37 references

Sorted by citations

Achievement Goal Theory at the Crossroads: Old Controversies, Current Challenges, and New Directions
Senko, C., Hulleman, C. S., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2011) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538646 · Cited by 1,017
“…1999; Harackiewicz et al., 2000; Wolters, 1998) and occasionally even predict deep learning strategies (Al-Amadi, 2001; Dupeyrat & Marin´e, 2005; Howell & Watson, 2007; Liem, Lau, & Nie, 2008): perhaps the learning tactics of performance-focused students depend on their beliefs about their…”
The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis
Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038 · Cited by 786
Academic procrastination of undergraduates: low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination.
Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., & Rajani, S. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.07.001 · Cited by 728
“…measure, with results showing high reliability, and validity evidence shown in the form of high positive correlations with other procrastination measures, and significant inverse relationships with behavioral measures of timely task completion (e.g., Howell & Watson, 2007; Howell et al., 2006).”
MethodResult
Academic procrastination: psychological antecedents revisited
Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12173 · Cited by 534
Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist?
Steel, P. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.025 · Cited by 514
Procrastination: When Good Things Don’t Come to Those Who Wait
Klingsieck, K. B. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000138 · Cited by 483
Procrastination, participation, and performance in online learning environments
Michinov, N., Brunot, S., Bohec, O. L., Juhel, J., & Delaval, M. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.025 · Cited by 425
“…self-regulation (e.g., van Eerde, 2000; Senécal, Koestner, & Vallerand,1995; Steel, 2007), metacognitive self-regulation through achievement goal orientations (e.g., Howell & Watson, 2007; Pintrich, 2000), and self-efficacy for self-regulation (e.g., Klassen, Krawchuk, & Rajani, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Academic procrastination in college students: the role of self-reported executive function.
Rabin, L. A., Fogel, J., & Nutter-Upham, K. E. (2011) · Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2010.518597 · Cited by 434
“Howell and Watson (2007 ) found that lower cognitive and metacognitive strategy usage and disorganization predicted procrastination in a sample of college students.”
Background
Why Not Procrastinate? Development and Validation of a New Active Procrastination Scale
Choi, J. N., & Moran, S. V. (2009) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.149.2.195-212 · Cited by 339
Students' LMS interaction patterns and their relationship with achievement: A case study in higher education
Cerezo, R., Sánchez‐Santillán, M., Ruiz, M. P. P., & Núñez, J. C. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.02.006 · Cited by 334
Discriminant and criterion-related validity of achievement goals in predicting academic achievement: A meta-analysis.
Huang, C. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026223 · Cited by 361
Learning during COVID-19: the role of self-regulated learning, motivation, and procrastination for perceived competence
Pelikan, E. R., Lüftenegger, M., Holzer, J., Korlat, S., Spiel, C., & Schober, B. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-021-01002-x · Cited by 313
When are Achievement Goal Orientations Beneficial for Academic Achievement? A Closer Look at Main Effects and Moderating Factors
Linnenbrink‐Garcia, L., Tyson, D. F., & Patall, E. A. (2008) · Cairn.info · Cited by 260
Overcoming procrastination? A meta-analysis of intervention studies
van Eerde, W., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.09.002 · Cited by 257
Procrastination and self-efficacy: tracing vicious and virtuous circles in self-regulated learning.
Wäschle, K., Allgaier, A., Lachner, A., Fink, S., & Nückles, M. (2014) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.09.005 · Cited by 252
“Previous studies on procrastination identified numerous correlates of procrastination that are important components of selfregulated learning and strongly related to learning success, for example goal setting (e.g., Steel, 2007) and cognitive strategy use (e.g., Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
Statistics anxiety, trait anxiety, learning behavior, and academic performance
Macher, D., Paechter, M., Papousek, I., & Ruggeri, K. (2011) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-011-0090-5 · Cited by 253
“Some empirical evidence points at negative correlations between procrastination and the use of deep-level cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies (Howell and Watson 2007; Wolters 2003).”
Background
The Impact of Online Graduate Students' Motivation and Self-Regulation on Academic Procrastination
Rakes, G. C., & Dunn, K. E. (2010) · Cited by 228
Academic Procrastination, Emotional Intelligence, Academic Self-Efficacy, and GPA
Hen, M., & Goroshit, M. (2012) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219412439325 · Cited by 236
“…tasks that must be completed (Schraw, Wadkins, & Olafson, 2007), procrastination has been seen as an impediment to academic success because it decreases the quality and quantity of learning while increasing the severity of stress and negative outcomes in students’ lives (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
The role of academic emotions in the relationship between perceived academic control and self-regulated learning in online learning
You, J. W., & Kang, M. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.018 · Cited by 247
“High procrastinators tended to disorganize their learning and use less cognitive and metacognitive strategies (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
Pursuing their own learning agenda: How mastery-oriented students jeopardize their class performance
Senko, C., & Miles, K. M. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.12.001 · Cited by 240
Performance-approach goal effects depend on how they are defined: Meta-analytic evidence from multiple educational outcomes.
Senko, C., & Dawson, B. B. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000160 · Cited by 224
Gender Differences in the Relationship between Academic Procrastination, Satifaction with Academic Life and Academic Performance
Balkıs, M., & Duru, E. (2017) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.14204/ejrep.41.16042 · Cited by 250
“…perfectionism, anxiety, low task capability, high level of stress and fear of failure could be unattractive causing the student to be less satisfied (Howell & Watson, 2007; Haycock, McCarthy, & Skay, 1998; Schouwen-burg & Lay, 1995; Milgram, Marshevsky, & Sadeh, 1995; Saddler & Buley, 1999;…”
Background
Comparing active delay and procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective
Corkin, D. M., Yu, S. L., & Lindt, S. F. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.07.005 · Cited by 186
“I’ll do it later”: Type of motivation, self-efficacy and homework procrastination
Katz, I., Eilot, K., & Nevo, N. (2013) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9366-1 · Cited by 232
“Accordingly, while mastery-avoidance goals positively predict procrastination, mastery-approach and performance-approach goals negatively predict procrastination (Howell and Buro 2009; Howell and Watson 2007; Scher and Osterman 2002).”
Background
Examining the relations of time management and procrastination within a model of self-regulated learning
Wolters, C. A., Won, S., & Hussain, M. (2017) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-017-9174-1 · Cited by 186
Procrastination, personality traits, and academic performance: When active and passive procrastination tell a different story
Kim, S., Fernandez, S., & Terrier, L. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.021 · Cited by 183
“…procrastination (vs. “passive procrastination” which denotes the undesirable aspect of procrastination) is a functional delay whereby an individual intentionally postpones his action and benefits from it (Alexander & Onwuegbuzie, 2007; Bernstein, 1998; Chu & Choi, 2005; Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
Procrastination, self-regulation failure, academic life satisfaction, and affective well-being: underregulation or misregulation form
Balkıs, M., & Duru, E. (2015) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-015-0266-5 · Cited by 217
Academic procrastination and motivation of adolescents in Turkey
Klassen, R. M., & Kuzucu, E. (2009) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410802478622 · Cited by 194
“In Steel’s recent meta‐analysis of procrastination research, males were found to be more likely to procrastinate than females (Steel, 2007 ), although other studies have found conflicting support for sex‐related procrastination differences (eg, Flett, Blankstein, & Martin, 1995 ; Howell & Watson, 2007 ).”
Result
Relations of perceived parental autonomy support and control with adolescents' academic time management and procrastination
Won, S., & Yu, S. L. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.12.001 · Cited by 192
“…their self-handicapping behaviors, disorganization, test anxiety, and negatively with their participation in learning, effort, and use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies (Corkin, Yu, & Lindt, 2011; Howell & Watson, 2007; Michinov et al., 2011; Park & Sperling, 2012; Strunk & Steele, 2011).”
Background
Academic Procrastination in Two Settings: Motivation Correlates, Behavioral Patterns, and Negative Impact of Procrastination in Canada and Singapore
Klassen, R. M., Ang, R. P.-H., Chong, W. H., Krawchuk, L. L., Huan, V. S. L., Wong, I., & Yeo, L. S. (2009) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00394.x · Cited by 183
How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations
Svartdal, F., Dahl, T. I., Gamst-Klaussen, T., Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540910 · Cited by 159
“, Lay and Schouwenburg, 1993) and metacognitive learning strategies (e.g., Wolters, 2003; Howell and Watson, 2007) should feel particularly lost when facing a situation with a large degree of freedom.”
Background
Mathematics Anxiety and Statistics Anxiety. Shared but Also Unshared Components and Antagonistic Contributions to Performance in Statistics
Paechter, M., Macher, D., Martskvishvili, K., Wimmer, S., & Papousek, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01196 · Cited by 188
“Procrastination was also negatively related to the use of deep-level cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies (Wolters, 2003; Howell and Watson, 2007).”
Background
Exploring different types of academic delayers: A latent profile analysis
Grunschel, C., Patrzek, J., & Fries, S. (2012) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.09.014 · Cited by 160
Implicit beliefs, achievement goals, and procrastination: A mediational analysis
Howell, A. J., & Buro, K. (2008) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2008.08.006 · Cited by 156
Self-citation
Delay or procrastination – A comparison of self-report and behavioral measures of procrastination and their impact on affective well-being
Krause, K., & Freund, A. M. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.050 · Cited by 135
The development of academic procrastination in first-year secondary education students: The link with metacognitive self-regulation, self-efficacy, and effort regulation
Ziegler, N., & Opdenakker, M.-C. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.04.009 · Cited by 126
“For instance, quadratic trends over the course of secondary school have been found in students' development of achievement motivation, which is negatively associated with procrastination (Howell & Watson, 2007; Steel, 2007; Van der Werf et al., 2008).”
Background
Pre-class video watching fosters achievement and knowledge retention in a flipped classroom
Förster, M., Maur, A., Weiser, C., & Winkel, K. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104399 · Cited by 137
Avoiding procrastination through time management: an experimental intervention study
Häfner, A., Oberst, V., & Stock, A. (2014) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2014.899487 · Cited by 114
“When positive outcomes of academic preparation are far away in the future, it seems to be difficult for students to transfer their good intentions into actions, to resist temptations and persist (e.g. Howell and Watson 2006; Howell et al. 2006; König and Kleinmann 2005).”
Background
Academic Procrastinators and Their Self-Regulation
Park, S. W., & Sperling, R. A. (2012) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2012.31003 · Cited by 140
“Additionally, several studies found a significant positive relationship between avoidance goal orienttation and procrastination (Howell & Watson, 2007; Seo, 2009; Wolters, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Study strategies and beliefs about learning as a function of academic achievement and achievement goals
Geller, J., Toftness, A. R., Armstrong, P. I., Carpenter, S. K., Manz, C. L., Coffman, C. R., & Lamm, M. H. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1397175 · Cited by 119
“study by Karpicke et al. (2009), when students did endorse retrieval practice, they did so to gauge their knowledge of the material rather than to directly enhance learning.”
Background
Understanding procrastination: A motivational approach
Grund, A., & Fries, S. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.035 · Cited by 128
Academic Procrastination and Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Melgaard, J., Monir, R., Lasrado, L. A., & Fagerstrøm, A. (2022) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.11.080 · Cited by 132
“Our findings are in line with prior research [22; 36; 43; 51; 56], wherein procrastinators were found to be more prone to postponing their tasks and not taking advantage of the extra time available.”
BackgroundResult
On the Measurement of Procrastination: Comparing Two Scales in Six European Countries
Svartdal, F., Pfuhl, G., Nordby, K., Foschi, G., Klingsieck, K. B., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., Lindblom-Ylänne, S., & Rębkowska, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01307 · Cited by 99
“It also occurs more often in the context of masterygoal orientation (Howell and Watson, 2007), and less in selfdetermined activities (Senécal et al., 2003).”
Background
Learning Analytics to Reveal Links Between Learning Design and Self-Regulated Learning
Fan, Y., Matcha, W., Uzir, N. A., Wang, Q., & Gašević, D. (2021) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00249-z · Cited by 132
How College Students’ Achievement Goal Orientations Predict Their Expected Online Learning Outcome: The Mediation Roles of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies and Supportive Online Learning Behaviors
Yeh, Y., Kwok, O., Chien, H.-Y., Sweany, N. W., Baek, E., & McIntosh, W. A. (2019) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v23i4.2076 · Cited by 122
“Further, some researchers found that MAV goals were linked to maladaptive cognitive and learning strategies, especially in comparison to MAP goals of striving for gains (Howell & Watson, 2007; Van Yperen, Blaga, & Postmes, 2015).”
Background
Academic achievement: Interplay of positive parenting, self‐esteem, and academic procrastination
Batool, S. S. (2019) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12280 · Cited by 94
First-Year College Students’ Time Use
Thibodeaux, J., Deutsch, A., Kitsantas, A., & Winsler, A. (2016) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.1177/1932202x16676860 · Cited by 97
“Research from a self-regulated learning perspective suggests that students can decrease procrastination by increasing their self-efficacy or expectations for being able to achieve a certain level of performance (Howell & Watson, 2007; Wolters, 2003).”
Background
How to measure PhD students’ conceptions of academic writing – and are they related to well-being?
Lonka, K. (2014) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2014.05.03.1 · Cited by 102
Interrelations between motivational regulation, procrastination and college dropout intentions
Bäulke, L., Eckerlein, N., & Dresel, M. (2018) · Unterrichtswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s42010-018-0029-5 · Cited by 112
Predicting Students’ Academic Procrastination in Blended Learning Course Using Homework Submission Data
Akram, A., Fu, C., Li, Y., Javed, M. Y., Lin, R., Jiang, Y., & Tang, Y. Z. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2930867 · Cited by 92
Relationship between metacognitive awareness and motivation to learn in medical students
Siqueira, M. A. M., Gonçalves, J. P., Mendonça, V. S., Kobayasi, R., Arantes-Costa, F. M., Tempski, P. Z., & Martins, M. D. A. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-02318-8 · Cited by 88
Procrastination in a distance university setting
Klingsieck, K. B., Fries, S., Horz, C., & Hofer, M. (2012) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2012.723165 · Cited by 136
“As with previous study results (Deniz, 2006; Ferrari et al., 1995; Howell & Watson, 2007; Tice & Baumeister, 1997; van Eerde, 2003; Watson, 2001), procrastination was the predictor and the other variables were the criteria.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Clarifying mastery-avoidance goals in high school: Distinguishing between intrapersonal and task-based standards of competence
Madjar, N., Kaplan, A., & Weinstock, M. P. (2011) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.03.003 · Cited by 95
Academic Procrastination among Male and Female University and College Students
Khan, M. J., Arif, H., Noor, S. S., & Muneer, S. (2014) · Cited by 77
Self-efficacy, procrastination, and burnout in post-secondary faculty: An international longitudinal analysis
Hall, N. C., Lee, S. Y., & Rahimi, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226716 · Cited by 98
Development and validation of the brief regulation of motivation scale
Kim, Y., Brady, A. C., & Wolters, C. A. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.12.010 · Cited by 86
An exploration into the influence of academic and social values, procrastination, and perceived school belongingness on academic performance
Kennedy, G. J., & Tuckman, B. W. (2013) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-013-9220-z · Cited by 82
Development and validation of a 2×2 model of time-related academic behavior: Procrastination and timely engagement
Strunk, K. K., Cho, Y., Steele, M. R., & Bridges, S. L. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.02.007 · Cited by 79
Parental monitoring and helicopter parenting relevant to vocational student's procrastination and self-regulated learning
Hong, J., Hwang, M., Kuo, Y.-C., & Hsu, W.-Y. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.003 · Cited by 83
Enhancing MOOC learners’ skills for self-directed learning
Zhu, M. (2021) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2021.1956302 · Cited by 79
“Moreover, procrastination and lack of time management are related to ineffective use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies for learning (Howell & Watson, 2007; Wolters, 2003).”
Background
Differences in procrastination and motivation between undergraduate and graduate students
Cao, L. (2012) · Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.14434/josotl.v12i2.2018 · Cited by 74
Examining Procrastination among University Students through the Lens of the Self-Regulated Learning Model
Limone, P., Sinatra, M., Ceglie, F., & Monacis, L. (2020) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10120184 · Cited by 101
Are mastery-avoidance achievement goals always detrimental? An adult development perspective
Senko, C., & Freund, A. M. (2015) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-015-9474-1 · Cited by 79
“…perfectionism (Stoeber, Uphill, & Hotham, 2009), anxiety during task engagement (Elliot & McGregor, 2001; Putwain & Daniels, 2010), procrastination (Howell & Watson, 2007) and ineffective task strategies (Elliot & McGregor, 2001; Howell & Watson, 2007), and, according to recent meta-analyses, low…”
Procrastinación en Estudiantes Universitarios: Su Relación con la Edad y el Curso Académico
Camprubí, A. R., & Clariana, M. (2017) · Revista Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.15446/rcp.v26n1.53572 · Cited by 130
Analysis of the relation between academic procrastination, academic rational/irrational beliefs, time preferences to study for exams, and academic achievement: a structural model
Balkıs, M., Duru, E., & Buluş, M. (2012) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-012-0142-5 · Cited by 83
“As pointed out in the current literature, recent research has shown that academic procrastination is negatively correlated with academic achievement (Balkis and Duru 2009, 2010; Bruinsma and Jansen 2009; Collins, Onwuegbuzie, and Jiao 2008; Fritzsche et al. 2003; Howell and Watson 2007; Özer et al. 2009).”
Background
Predicting Academic Procrastination during Self-Regulated Learning in Iranian first Grade High School Students
Motie, H., Heidari, M., & Alsadat, S. M. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.02.023 · Cited by 68
The significance of emotional intelligence to students’ learning motivation and academic achievement: A study in Hong Kong with a Confucian heritage
Tam, H.-L., Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Hui, A. N. N., Chan, D. K.-Y., Leung, C., Leung, J. T. Y., Lo, H. H. M., & Lai, S. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105847 · Cited by 86
Prevalence of Academic Procrastination Among Medical Students and Its Relationship with Their Academic Achievement
Hayat, A. A., Jahanian, M., Bazrafcan, L., & Shokrpour, N. (2020) · Shiraz E-Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/semj.96049 · Cited by 65
“Some researchers have reported that with an increase in the years of education, the students’ motivation decreases since motivation is negatively associated with procrastination; the less the students’ motivation, the more the procrastination behaviors (42).”
Background
Differences in learning characteristics between students with high, average, and low levels of academic procrastination: students’ views on factors influencing their learning.
Visser, L., Korthagen, F. A. J., & Schoonenboom, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00808 · Cited by 64
“Students have a masteryapproach goal orientation (Howell and Watson, 2007) when they focus on learning, mastering the task according to selfset standards, or when they improve themselves and develop new competencies.”
Background
Effects of self-regulated learning and procrastination on academic stress, subjective well-being, and academic achievement in secondary education
García-Ros, R., Pérez‐González, F., Tomás, J. M., & Sancho, P. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03759-8 · Cited by 124
Prevalence of Academic Procrastination and Reasons for Academic Procrastination in University Students
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Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self-leadership
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How to Beat Procrastination
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“Additionally, temporally close feedback minimizes the requirement for delay of gratification (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
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Relationships between learning approach, procrastination and academic achievement amongst first-year university students
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“Researchers examining procrastination within a self-regulated learning framework have found that using an effective learning strategy is negatively associated with academic procrastination.(13) In addition, though some studies have shown that problematic smartphone use is associated with deep and surface level approac…”
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What makes a good study day? An intraindividual study on university students’ time investment by means of time-series analyses
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Constructing Proxy Variables to Measure Adult Learners' Time Management Strategies in LMS.
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Why Are You Waiting? Procrastination on Academic Tasks Among Undergraduate and Graduate Students
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The explanation of the academic procrastination behaviour of university students with perfectionism, obsessive – compulsive and five factor personality traits
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Understanding academic procrastination: A Longitudinal analysis of procrastination and emotions in undergraduate and graduate students
Rahimi, S., Hall, N. C., & Sticca, F. (2023) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-023-10010-9 · Cited by 56
“Procrastination has also been theoretically conceptualized as “quintessential self-regulation failure” (Steel, 2007, p. 65, see also Baumeister & Heatherton, 1996; Howell & Watson, 2007).”
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Relative Contributions of Self-Efficacy, Self-Regulation, and Self-Handicapping in Predicting Student Procrastination
Strunk, K. K., & Steele, M. R. (2011) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/07.09.20.pr0.109.6.983-989 · Cited by 56
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Analyzing the log patterns of adult learners in LMS using learning analytics
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Fall Break Fallout: Exploring Student Perceptions of the Impact of an Autumn Break on Stress
Agnew, M., Poole, H. L., & Khan, A. (2019) · Student Success · doi:10.5204/ssj.v10i3.1412 · Cited by 38
“Research on academic procrastination is replete with reports of such responses to unobtained academic goals and ineffective management of academic-based stressors (Howell & Watson, 2007; Krause & Freund, 2014; Wohl, Pychyl, & Bennett, 2010).”
Background
What Research Has Been Conducted on Procrastination? Evidence From a Systematical Bibliometric Analysis
Yan, B., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.809044 · Cited by 47
“However, intrinsic motivation, self-regulated learning, and timemanagement have been shown to relieve the procrastination behavior (Wolters, 2003; Howell and Watson, 2007; Baker et al., 2019).”
Background
How does self-regulated learning relate to active procrastination and other learning behaviors?
Yamada, M., Goda, Y., Matsuda, T., Saito, Y., Kato, H., & Miyagawa, H. (2016) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-016-9118-9 · Cited by 50
“These results, however, contradict the findings of Howell et al. (2006). Howell et al.”
ResultInfluential
Academic Procrastination Behavior among Public University Students
Fentaw, Y., Moges, B. T., & Ismail, S. M. (2022) · Education Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/1277866 · Cited by 63
“Other research has shown contradictory results on gender-related procrastination differences [15].”
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A Mediating Model of Emotional Balance and Procrastination on Academic Performance
Diotaiuti, P., Valente, G., Mancone, S., & Bellizzi, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665196 · Cited by 65
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“Most previous studies examining the relations between achievement goals and learning strategies focused on adolescent and college students (e.g. Howell & Watson, 2007; Sungur, 2007; Weinstein et al., 2011; Wolters, 2004).”
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Medical student well-being and lifelong learning: A motivational perspective
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“Tomorrow is the busiest day of the week”: Executive functions mediate the relation between procrastination and attention problems
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Decisional styles and risk of problem drinking or gambling
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“Relations between procrastination and performance goals appear more complex, with studies finding positive associations (Sadler and Buley 1999), negative associations (Howell and Buro 2009) or weak associations (Wolters 2003; Howell and Watson 2007; Corkin, Yu, and Lindt 2011).”
Background
In sport and now in medical school: examining students’ well-being and motivations for learning
Бабенко, О., & Mosewich, A. D. (2017) · International Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.5116/ijme.59b7.8023 · Cited by 45
Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization of Academic Procrastination
Tao, X., Hanif, H., Ahmed, H. H., & Ebrahim, N. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.722332 · Cited by 58
Fear of COVID-19 lead to procrastination among Turkish university students: The mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty
Doğanülkü, H. A., Korkmaz, O., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00681-9 · Cited by 48
“Individuals with procrastination behavior face difficulties in issues that cover most life aspects, such as emotion regulation [23], time management [11], and learning strategies [24].”
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Linking self-report and process data to performance as measured by different assessment types
Ober, T. M., Hong, M. R., Rebouças-Ju, D., Carter, M. F., Liu, C., & Cheng, Y. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104188 · Cited by 40
Online self‐regulated learning and academic procrastination: A moderated mediation model
Ma, M., Li, M., Wang, Q., Qiu, A., & Wang, T. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22730 · Cited by 52

Authors: Howell, A. J., & Watson, D. C.
Affiliations: MacEwan University (CA)
Corresponding author: Howell, Andrew J.
ORCID: Howell, Andrew J.
Watson, David C.
Venue: Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-07
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Pages: 167-178
ISSN: 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017
OpenAlex: W2047173849
Cited by: 453
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 9.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Keywords: procrastination, achievement goal orientation, learning strategies, self-regulation, mastery-avoidance goals, mastery goals, disorganization, cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, student self-regulation

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