Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement
Abstract
Mastery goals have been linked to adaptive outcomes in normative goal theory and research; performance goals, to less adaptive outcomes. In contrast, approach performance goals may be adaptive for some outcomes under a revised goal theory perspective. The current study addresses the role of multiple
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Strong situational cues or contexts can override the effects of chronic goal orientation.
“both Elliot (1999) and Pintrich (2000) have argued that strong situational cues or contexts can override the effects of chronic goal orientation.”
From Why grades engender performance-avoidance goals: The mediating role of autonomous motivation. (2011) · cites this paper as Pintrich, 2000
A planning profile includes activities such as planning the sub-goals to reach, selection of learning strategy (action plan), the materials and resources to use, and allocation of time.
“In general, a planning profile includes activities such as a) planning the sub-goals to reach, b) selection of learning strategy (action plan), c) the materials and resources to use, and c) allocation of time (Pintrich, 2000).”
From Linking learning behavior analytics and learning science concepts: Designing a learning analytics dashboard for feedback to support learning regulation (2020) · cites this paper as Pintrich, 2000
Cites
A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.2.256 · Cited by 9,745 · see citing works
Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33 · Cited by 8,332 · see citing works
Self-citationClassrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation.
Ames, C. (1992) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261 · Cited by 6,468 · see citing works
Motivation in Education: Theory, Research, and Applications
Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (1995) · Cited by 5,724 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Goal Orientation in Self-Regulated Learning
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50043-3 · Cited by 5,173 · see citing works
Self-citationHandbook of educational psychology
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3084 · Cited by 4,850 · see citing works
A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation.
Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218 · Cited by 3,752 · see citing works
Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164493053003024 · Cited by 3,646 · see citing works
Self-citationHandbook of Educational Psychology
Berliner, D. C., & Calfee, R. C. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203053874 · Cited by 3,212 · see citing works
Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis.
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461 · Cited by 2,531 · see citing works
Social, emotional, and personality development
Eisenberg, N., & Damon, W. (1998) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 1,903 · see citing works
Advances in Motivation and Achievement
(2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0749-742320140000018017 · Cited by 1,545 · see citing works
Theoretical models of human development
Lerner, R. M., & Damon, W. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An underexplored aspect of goal theory.
Middleton, M., & Midgley, C. (1997) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.4.710 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., & Schiefele, U. (1998) · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
The relation between goal orientation and students' motivational beliefs and self-regulated learning
Wolters, C. A., Yu, S. L., & Pintrich, P. R. (1996) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(96)90015-1 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Self-citationSkaalvik, E. M. (1997) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.1.71 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
The Development and Validation of Scales Assessing Students' Achievement Goal Orientations
Midgley, C., Kaplan, A., Middleton, M., Maehr, M. L., Urdan, T., Anderman, L. H., Anderman, E. M., & Roeser, R. W. (1998) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1998.0965 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Rethinking achievement goals: When are they adaptive for college students and why?
Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., & Elliot, A. J. (1998) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3301_1 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Carter, S. M., Lehto, A. T., & Elliot, A. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1284 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
A pattern analysis of students' achievement goals.
Meece, J. L., & Holt, K. (1993) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.85.4.582 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
The impact of goal orientation on self‐regulation and performance among college students
Bouffard, T., Boisvert, J., Vezeau, C., & Larouche, C. (1995) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1995.tb01152.x · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Goals and Perceived Ability: Impact on Student Valuing, Self-Regulation, and Persistence
Miller, R. B., Behrens, J. T., Greene, B. A., & Newman, D. (1993) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1993.1002 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Midgley, C., Arunkumar, R., & Urdan, T. (1996) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.3.423 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Person-context interaction theories
Magnusson, D., & Stattin, H. (1998) · Cited by 275 · see citing works
The logic and implications of a person-oriented approach.
Magnusson, D. (1998) · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The Effect of Achievement Goals: Does Level of Perceived Academic Competence Make a Difference?
Kaplan, A., & Midgley, C. (1997) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1997.0943 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Advances in Motivation and Achievement
(2012) · Advances in motivation and achievement · doi:10.1108/s0749-7423(2012)0000017017 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Newman, R. S. (1998) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.90.4.644 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
FAILURE TOLERANCE AND ACADEMIC RISK‐TAKING IN TEN‐ TO TWELVE‐YEAR‐OLD STUDENTS
Clifford, M. M. (1988) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1988.tb00875.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Methods and models for studying the individual : essays in honor of Marian Radke-Yarrow
Cairns, R. B., Bergman, L. R., Kagan, J., & Radke‐Yarrow, M. (1998) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation.
Burnette, J. L., O'Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0029531 · Cited by 1,367 · see citing works
On the measurement of achievement goals: Critique, illustration, and application.
Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.613 · Cited by 1,281 · see citing works
Classroom goal structure, student motivation, and academic achievement
Meece, J. L., Anderman, E. M., & Anderman, L. H. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070258 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Pekrun, R., Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013383 · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works
A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net.
Payne, S. C., Youngcourt, S. S., & Beaubien, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.128 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
Motivational profiles from a self-determination perspective: The quality of motivation matters.
Vansteenkiste, M., Sierens, E., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., & Lens, W. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015083 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
The making of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire.
Duncan, T. G., & McKeachie, W. J. (2005) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4002_6 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Schools, Academic Motivation, and Stage-Environment Fit
Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2009) · Handbook of Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001013 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Komarraju, M., & Nadler, D. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.005 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Roseth, C. J., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.223 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Harackiewicz, J. M., Durik, A. M., Barron, K. E., Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., & Tauer, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.1.105 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Experiences of Autonomy and Control Among Chinese Learners: Vitalizing or Immobilizing?
Vansteenkiste, M., Zhou, M., Lens, W., & Soenens, B. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.468 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Self-regulated learning: the educational legacy of Paul R. Pintrich.
Schunk, D. H. (2005) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4002_3 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Understanding procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective.
Wolters, C. A. (2003) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.179 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Authentic assessment: creating a blueprint for course design
Villarroel, V., Bloxham, S., Bruna, D., Bruna, C., & Herrera-Seda, C. (2018) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2017.1412396 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Procrastination: associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies.
Howell, A. J., & Watson, D. C. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Chiu, S.-I. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.024 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Adler, P. S., & Chen, C. X. (2011) · Accounting, Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2011.02.002 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Determinants of 21st-century digital skills: A large-scale survey among working professionals
van Laar, E., van Deursen, A. J. A. M., van Dijk, J. A. G. M., & de Haan, J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.017 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Sedrakyan, G., Malmberg, J., Verbert, K., Järvelä, S., & Kirschner, P. A. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.004 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Conditions for the Effectiveness of Multiple Visual Representations in Enhancing STEM Learning
Rau, M. A. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-016-9365-3 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Where is the “theory” within the field of educational technology research?
Hew, K. F., Lan, M., Tang, Y., Jia, C., & Lo, C. K. (2019) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12770 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Chiu, T. K. F. (2024) · Educational technology research and development · doi:10.1007/s11423-024-10366-w · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Dahri, N. A., Yahaya, N., Al-Rahmi, W. M., Aldraiweesh, A., Alturki, U., Almutairy, S., Shutaleva, A., & Soomro, R. B. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29317 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“As defined by Pintrich [33], self-regulation involves learners ’ ability to control, monitor, and manage their learning processes independently to attain their educational objectives.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Review of Self-Report and Alternative Approaches in the Measurement of Student Motivation
Fulmer, S. M., & Frijters, J. C. (2009) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-009-9107-x · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Research Note—Gamification of Technology-Mediated Training: Not All Competitions Are the Same
Santhanam, R., Liu, D., & Shen, W.-C. M. (2016) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2016.0630 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Lyon, A. R., Stirman, S. W., Kerns, S. E. U., & Bruns, E. J. (2011) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-010-0331-y · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Why grades engender performance-avoidance goals: The mediating role of autonomous motivation.
Pulfrey, C., Buchs, C., & Butera, F. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023911 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Ntoumanis, N., Taylor, I. M., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024934 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Puklek Levpušček, M., & Zupančič, M. (2009) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431608324189 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Givens Rolland, R. (2012) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654312464909 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Friedel, J. M., Cortina, K. S., Turner, J. C., & Midgley, C. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017590 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Relation Between Academic Motivation and Cheating
Anderman, E. M., & Koenka, A. C. (2017) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405841.2017.1308172 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Modeling AI-assisted writing: How self-regulated learning influences writing outcomes
Jin, F., Lin, C.-H., & Lai, C. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108538 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Low expectations equal no expectations: Aspirations, motivation, and achievement in secondary school
Walkey, F. H., McClure, J., Meyer, L. H., & Weir, K. F. (2013) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2013.06.004 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Staying on target: A systematic literature review on learner‐facing learning analytics dashboards
Valle, N., Antonenko, P., Dawson, K., & Huggins‐Manley, A. C. (2021) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13089 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Gibbons, R. E., Hokien, D., Hutson, B. L., & Maness, H. T. D. (2025) · Intersection: A Journal at the Intersection of Assessment and Learning · doi:10.61669/001c.129036 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Self-regulated learning (SRL) involves proactively managing cognition, behavior, and motivation to successfully accomplish learning tasks (Pintrich, 2000; Zimmerman, 1990).”
- Authors
- Pintrich, P. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pintrich, Paul R.
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Psychology
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 544-555
- ISSN
- 0022-0663 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2176
- OpenAlex
- W2072916024
- Cited by
- 2,254
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 171 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 148 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 133 · 2016: 108 · 2015: 106 · 2014: 135 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 113
- FWCI
- 32.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Educational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Keywords
- goal orientation, mastery goals, performance goals, learning outcomes, achievement outcomes, multiple objectives
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review