Cited by 453Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessGrit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation

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Procrastination: associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies.

Howell, Andrew J., Watson, David C.·2007·Personality and Individual Differences

DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017

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RETRACTED: Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment
Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00441 · Cited by 1,266 · cited 2×
“This suggests that disorganization may be more closely related to not following-up on plans earlier formulated rather than to the absence of a plan in the first place ( Ariely & Wertenbroch, 2002; van Eerde, 2000).”
Background
Retracted
The Role of Goal Orientation in Self-Regulated Learning
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50043-3 · Cited by 5,173
Handbook of Self-Regulation
(2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-109890-2.x5027-6 · Cited by 4,453
A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.3.501 · Cited by 3,953
Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164493053003024 · Cited by 3,646
The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure.
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417 · cited 6×
“Organization, as a component of trait Conscientiousness, is also inversely correlated with procrastination ( Steel, in press; van Eerde, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis.
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461 · Cited by 2,531
Understanding Student Learning
Graham, N., Entwistle, N. J., & Ramsden, P. (1984) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121589 · Cited by 2,372
Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.544 · Cited by 2,254
Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503 · Cited by 1,788 · cited 2×
“Procrastination is the tendency to delay initiation or completion of important tasks to the point of discomfort (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984).”
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Examining ‘active’ procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective
Cao, L. (2012) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2012.663722 · Cited by 46
“…that procrastination is associated with low levels of academic self-efficacy and self-esteem, and high levels of anxiety (Ferrari & Tice, 2000; Howell & Watson, 2007; Milgram, Dangour, & Raviv, 1992; *Email: lcao@westga.edu Educational Psychology 2012, 1–31, iFirst Article ISSN 0144-3410…”
Influential
Decisional Procrastination in Academic Settings: The Role of Metacognitions and Learning Strategies
de Palo, V., Monacis, L., Miceli, S., Sinatra, M., & Nuovo, S. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00973 · Cited by 47
“…it has been associated with self regulation (Dietz et al., 2007), self control (Schouwenburg and Groenewoud, 2001), action-control (Blunt and Pychyl, 2005), time management (Strunk et al., 2013), time orientation (Ferrari and Díaz-Morales, 2007), and learning strategies (Howell and Watson, 2007).”
Background
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN DISTANCE LEARNING: INTERVENING ROLE OF ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION
CARATIQUIT, K. D., & CARATIQUIT, L. J. C. (2023) · Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.17718/tojde.1060563 · Cited by 38
“…to previous research, low self-efficacy, disorganization, low intrinsic motivation, inadequate effort control, and ineffective time management are all significant predictors of academic procrastination among students (Howell & Watson, 2007; Wolters et al., 2017, as cited by Melgaard et al., 2022).”
Background
Better late than early? Reviewing procrastination in organizations
Chauhan, R. S., MacDougall, A. E., Buckley, M. R., Howe, D. C., Crisostomo, M. E., & Zeni, T. A. (2020) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-09-2019-0413 · Cited by 40
Effects of visual feedback on medical students’ procrastination within web-based planning and reflection protocols
Wäschle, K., Lachner, A., Stucke, B., Rey, S., Frömmel, C., & Nückles, M. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.022 · Cited by 40
“Several empirical studies showed that procrastination is indeed negatively related to the frequency in which students use cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies (Howell & Watson, 2007; Wäschle et al., 2014).”
Background
Case study of a problem-based learning course of project management for senior engineering students
Lutsenko, G. V. (2018) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2018.1454892 · Cited by 36
“Other researchers also admit that lack of appropriate self-regulatory skills and tendency to delay working until the deadline are common phenomena among students(e.g. Howell and Watson 2006; Häfner, Oberst, and Stock 2014).”
Background
Task ambiguity and academic procrastination: An experience sampling approach
Wieland, L. M., Hoppe, J. D., Wolgast, A., & Ebner‐Priemer, U. (2022) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101595 · Cited by 43
It’s in the means: Process focus helps against procrastination in the academic context
Krause, K., & Freund, A. M. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9541-2 · Cited by 42
Predicting college students’ online information searching strategies based on epistemological, motivational, decision-related, and demographic variables
Çevik, Y. D. (2015) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.09.002 · Cited by 35
“Finally, mastery avoidance goals have been related to a number of maladaptive outcomes, including lower performance (Van Yperen, Elliot, & Anseel, 2009), anxiety, fear of failure (Elliot & McGregor, 2001), and procrastination (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
A model explaining academic procrastination behavior
Kandemir, M. (2014) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.14527/pegegog.2014.016 · Cited by 35
“(Howell & Watson, 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Growth orientation predicts gains in middle and high school students’ mathematics outcomes over time
Bostwick, K. C. P., Martin, A. J., Collie, R. J., & Durksen, T. L. (2019) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.03.010 · Cited by 40
Academic procrastination among online students. Validation of a questionnaire
Martínez, V. G., & Payró, M. P. S. (2019) · Apertura · doi:10.32870/ap.v11n2.1673 · Cited by 34
Building on the Enriched Hierarchical Model of Achievement Motivation: Autonomous and Controlling Reasons Underlying Mastery Goals
Michou, A., Matos, L., Gargurevich, R., Gümüş, B., & Herrera, D. (2016) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.281 · Cited by 36
“For example, MAv goals are negatively related to performance improvement (Van Yperen, Elliot, & Anseel, 2009) and positively related to procrastination, surface processing, and disorganization (Howell & Watson, 2007) and anxiety (Elliot & McGregor, 2001).”
Background
Achievement Goals and Engagement With Academic Work in Early High School: Does Seeking Help From Teachers Matter?
Duchesne, S., Larose, S., & Feng, B. (2017) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431617737626 · Cited by 33
Purposeful delay and academic achievement. A critical review of the Active Procrastination Scale
Pinxten, M., Laet, T. D., Soom, C. V., Peeters, C., & Langie, G. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.04.010 · Cited by 40
Examining the ontological and epistemic assumptions of research on metacognition, self-regulation and self-regulated learning
Dinsmore, D. L. (2017) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2017.1333575 · Cited by 43
Effects of goal clarification on impulsivity and academic procrastination of college students
Muñoz-Olano, J. F., & Hurtado‐Parrado, C. (2017) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.1016/j.rlp.2017.03.001 · Cited by 41
“…support the existence of a relationship between following one’s own instructions and the tendency to complete academic tasks in a timely fashion, which has also been demonstrated in previous studies (Ariely & Wertenbroch, 2002; Howell & Watson, 2007; Karas et al., 2009; Pintrich & Shunck, 1993).”
BackgroundResult
Academic Procrastination in STEM: Interactive Effects of Stereotype Threat and Achievement Goals
Deemer, E. D., Smith, J. L., Carroll, A. N., & Carpenter, J. P. (2014) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2014.00076.x · Cited by 36
The Interactive Effect of Stressor Appraisals and Personal Traits on Employees’ Procrastination Behavior: The Conservation of Resources Perspective
Huang, Q., Zhang, K., Huang, Y., Bodla, A. A., & Xia, Z. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s399406 · Cited by 35
“Theoretical Development Procrastination as Resource Conservation Behavior Procrastination in the workplace refers to an employee’s intentional actions to take relaxing activities and postpone or delay assigned work.(1,3,4,30) Workplace procrastination can be identified through two dimensions, namely soldiering and cyb…”
Background
¿Puede amortiguar el Engagement los efectos nocivos de la Procrastinación Académica? [Can Engagement buffer the harmful effects of Academic Procrastination?]
González-Brignardello, M. P., & Paniagua, Á. S.-E. (2013) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.10.1.7039 · Cited by 49
Investigating students' motivational goals and self‐efficacy and task beliefs in relationship to course attendance and prior knowledge in an undergraduate statics course
Hunsu, N. J., Olaogun, O. P., Oje, A. V., Carnell, P. H., & Morkos, B. W. (2023) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20500 · Cited by 37
“If considered by itself, as was the case in some earlier studies (Elliot & Church, 1997; Harackiewicz et al., 2002; Howell & Watson, 2007), the first block model would indicate that performance-approach goal was a significant predictor of our participants' performance as earlier studies suggested.”
Result
ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY, EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, GPA AND ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Hen, M. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 29
The Efficacy of Interventions Aimed at Reducing Procrastination: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Malouff, J. M., & Schutte, N. S. (2019) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12243 · Cited by 30
Frontline Learning Research
Lindblom‐Ylänne, S., Saariaho, E., Inkinen, M., Haarala-Muhonen, A., & Hailikari, T. K. (2015) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v3i2.154 · Cited by 28
Fear of failure and academic satisfaction: the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties and procrastination
Duru, E., Balkıs, M., & Duru, S. (2024) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-024-00868-9 · Cited by 52
“Similarly, previous findings suggest that students with impulsivity (Steel, 2007) and goal avoidance orientation (Corkin et al., 2011; Howell & Buro, 2009; Howell & Watson, 2007; Seo, 2009) are more likely to procrastinate on their tasks and assignments.”
Executive Functioning Among College Students With and Without History of Childhood Maltreatment
Daly, B., Hildenbrand, A., Turner, E., Berkowitz, S., & Tarazi, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1317685 · Cited by 21
“When skills such as cognitive flexibility, selective and sustained attention, and working memory are impaired, college students are at increased risk for negative educational outcomes (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
Prediction of dilatory behaviour in online assignments
Imhof, C., Bergamin, P. B., & McGarrity, S. (2021) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102014 · Cited by 26
How wise are online procrastinators? A scale development
Negra, A., & Mzoughi, M. N. (2012) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/10662241211250971 · Cited by 27
Relative importance index (RII) in ranking of procrastination factors among university students
Aziz, N. B., Zain, Z. B., Mafuzi, R. M. Z. R., Mustapa, A. M., Najib, N. H. M., & Lah, N. F. N. (2016) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.4960862 · Cited by 25
The Roles of Self-Regulation and Self-Control in Procrastination
Saed, O. (2019) · Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal · doi:10.19080/pbsij.2019.13.555863 · Cited by 42
“Havel and Watson believe that disorganization and low achievement motivation are the characteristics of self-regulation failure in procrastination [16].”
Background
Groups holding multiple achievement goals in the math classroom: Profile stability and cognitive and affective outcomes
Lo, M., Chen, S., & Lin, S. S. J. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.06.001 · Cited by 25
Why Do It Later? Goal Orientation, Self-efficacy, Test Anxiety, on Procrastination
Ariani, D. W., & Susilo, Y. S. (2018) · Journal of Educational Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal) · doi:10.7358/ecps-2018-017-wahy · Cited by 27
“Howell and Watson (2007) also found that procrastination negatively associated with mastery-goal orientation.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Academic competence and achievement goals: Self-pressure and disruptive behaviors as mediators
Duchesne, S., & Larose, S. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.09.008 · Cited by 33
Procrastination and laziness rates among students with different academic performance as an organizational problem
Dautov, D. (2020) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202021018078 · Cited by 32
On the Positive Side of Avoidance Motivation: An Increase in Avoidance Motivation Reduces Procrastination among Students
Schodl, M. M., Raz, A., & Kluger, A. N. (2018) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12147 · Cited by 25
“Only a few studies have directly examined the relationship between avoidance motivation and procrastination (Howell & Buro, 2009; Howell & Watson, 2007; Wolters, 2003).”
Background
Exploring statistics anxiety: Contrasting mathematical, academic performance and trait psychological predictors
Bourne, V. J. (2018) · Psychology Teaching Review · doi:10.53841/bpsptr.2018.24.1.35 · Cited by 23
Rendimiento académico en universitarios españoles: el papel de la personalidad y la procrastinación académica
Hidalgo-Fuentes, S., Martínez-Álvarez, I., & Sospedra-Baeza, M. J. (2021) · European Journal of Education and Psychology · doi:10.32457/ejep.v14i1.1533 · Cited by 22
Social factors of procrastination: group work can reduce procrastination among students
Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2022) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-021-09682-3 · Cited by 39
“…impulsiveness (Gustavson et al., 2014; Rebetez et al., 2018; Steel, 2007), lower self-control (Przepiorka et al., 2019; Steel, 2007), lack of cognitive and meta-cognitive learning strategies (Howell & Watson, 2007), and lower self-efficacy (Steel, 2007; Van Eerde, 2003; Wäschle et al., 2014).”
La procrastinación en la formación inicial del profesorado: el rol de las estrategias de aprendizaje y el rendimiento académico
Antón, L. J. M., Aramayo-Ruiz, K. P., Rodríguez-Sáez, J. L., & Manzanares, M. C. S. (2022) · Educación XX1 · doi:10.5944/educxx1.31553 · Cited by 22
Academic procrastination: the relationship between causal attribution styles and behavioral postponement.
Gargari, R. B., Sabouri, H., & Norzad, F. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 22
When Teams Fail to Self-Regulate: Predictors and Outcomes of Team Procrastination Among Debating Teams
van Hooft, E. A. J., & van Mierlo, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00464 · Cited by 23
“However, individual-level studies have also not always found support for the predicted positive relationship between performance-avoidance goal orientation and procrastination (e.g., Scher and Osterman, 2002; Howell and Watson, 2007; Howell and Buro, 2009; Corkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResult
Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Attributions of Achievement Motivation
Quispe-Bendezú, L. E., Araujo-Castillo, R., García-Tejada, J. E., Tejada, Y. G., Sprock, A. S., & Villalba‐Condori, K. O. (2020) · International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research · doi:10.26803/ijlter.19.1.11 · Cited by 22
“The results obtained, finally, are verified with those that Howell and Watson (2007) affirm, within the personal characteristics that favor the postponement of tasks are those linked with a low motivation to the achievement, declaring that both variables are negatively related.”
Result
Trait procrastination, self-efficacy and achievement goals: the mediation role of boredom coping strategies
Zhou, M., & Kam, C. C. S. (2017) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2017.1293801 · Cited by 31
“…purposes: (a) to replicate the same cross-sectional design as in most studies in this area such that results could be compared and contrasted (e.g. Howell & Watson, 2007; Van Eerde, 2004; Wolters, 2003); and (b) to form the basis of conceptualising and designing the necessary experimental and…”
BackgroundInfluential
Relationships Between Achievement Goal Orientations, Learning Engagement, and Academic Adjustment in Freshmen: Variable-Centered and Person-Centered Approaches
Wang, H., Xu, M., Xie, X., Dong, Y., & Wang, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767886 · Cited by 35
Achievement goals affect metacognitive judgments.
Ikeda, K., Yue, C. L., Murayama, K., & Castel, A. D. (2016) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000047 · Cited by 21
“…integration of information, whereas performance-approach goals tend to promote surface-level processes involving repetitive rehearsal and memorization (e.g., Elliot et al., 1999; Elliot & Moller, 2003; Howell, & Watson, 2007; Ikeda, Castel, & Murayama, 2015; Murayama & Elliot, 2011; Nolen, 1988).”
Influence of study satisfaction on academic procrastination in psychology students: a preliminary study
Universidad de San Martín de Porres, P., Domínguez-Lara, S., Campos-Uscanga, Y., & Universidad Veracruzana, M. (2017) · Liberabit Revista Peruana de Psicología · doi:10.24265/liberabit.2017.v23n1.09 · Cited by 29
Effects of positive college classroom motivational environments on procrastination and achievement
Serrano, D. M., Lindt, S. F., & Williams, P. S. (2020) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-020-09331-0 · Cited by 20
Predictors of procrastination in first-year university students: role of achievement goals and learning strategies
Martinie, M., Potocki, A., Broc, L., & Larigauderie, P. (2022) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-022-09743-1 · Cited by 36
“…2007; Scher & Osterman, 2002; Seo, 2009), and performance-avoidance goals (McGregor & Elliot, 2002; Seo, 2009; Wolters, 2003, 2004), while others found no relationship between procrastination and performance-avoidance goals (Howell & Buro, 2009; Howell & Watson, 2007; Scher & Osterman, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The Interplay Among EFL Learners’ Academic Procrastination, Learning Approach, Burnout, and Language Achievement
Kharrazi, F. H., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2023) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-023-00791-5 · Cited by 26
“…psychological and social factors, including psychological flexibility and delay discounting (Sutcliffe et al., 2018), achievement goal orientation (Howell & Watson, 2007), patterns of behavioral postponement (Howell et al., 2006), self-regulation (Wolters, 2003), flow experience (Lee, 2005),…”
The Relationship between Metacognition and Obsessive Beliefs, and Procrastination in Students of Tabriz and Mohaghegh Ardabili Universities, Iran.
Sadeghi, H., Hajloo, N., بابایی, ک., & Shahri, M. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 19
Are performance–avoidance goals always deleterious for academic achievement in college? The moderating role of social class
Bruno, A., Jury, M., Toczek, M., & Darnon, C. (2019) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-019-09480-y · Cited by 20
Mastery-Approach Goals Eliminate Retrieval-Induced Forgetting
Ikeda, K., Castel, A. D., & Murayama, K. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215575730 · Cited by 18
“Specifically, research has suggested that mastery-approach goals facilitate deep-level processing, whereas performance-approach goals facilitate surface-level processing (e.g., Crouzevialle & Butera, 2013; Elliot, McGregor, & Gable, 1999; Howell, & Watson, 2007; Murayama & Elliot, 2011; Nolen, 1988): mastery-approach…”
La volition, entre motivation et cognition : quelle place dans la pratique des étudiants, quels liens avec la motivation et la cognition?
Houart, M., Bachy, S., Dony, S. D. S., Hauzeur, D., Lambert, I., Poncin, C., & Slosse, P. (2019) · Revue internationale de pédagogie de l’enseignement supérieur · doi:10.4000/ripes.2061 · Cited by 18
The power of writing about procrastination: journaling as a tool for change
Hensley, L. C., & Munn, K. J. (2020) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2019.1702154 · Cited by 19
“Researchers have found negative connections between procrastination and students ’ grades (Van Eerde 2003), use of e ﬀ ective learning strategies (Howell & Watson, 2007), and persistence in college (Sauvé et al. 2018).”
Background
Interconnected factors in EFL engagement: classroom climate, growth mindset, and achievement goals
Ma, W., Yang, W., & Bu, Q. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1353360 · Cited by 42
Neural connectome features of procrastination: Current progress and future direction
Chen, Z., & Feng, T. (2022) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105882 · Cited by 22
Primary School Students with Reading Comprehension Difficulties and Students with Learning Disabilities: Exploring Their Goal Orientations, Classroom Goal Structures, and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies
Kampylafka, C., Polychroni, F., & Antoniou, A.-S. G. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13020078 · Cited by 29
“Finally, performance-avoidance goals have been described mainly as maladaptive, as they are positively linked to negative outcomes in both cognitive and emotional domains [30,64], including self-handicapping strategies [65,66], instances of acquired helplessness, withdrawal [33,67], procrastination behavior [68], high…”
Relationship between self-efficacy, task value, self-regulation strategies and active procrastination among pre-service teachers in colleges of education
Taura, A. A., Abdullah, M. C., Roslan, S. B., & Omar, Z. B. (2015) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) · doi:10.5897/ijpc2014.0297 · Cited by 22
“indicates that students who tend to procrastinate were found to be not able to effectively manage their learning (Ferrari, 2001) by being unable to select and use effective strategies that required effort and time to develop (Howell and Watson, 2007; Steel, 2007; Wolters, 2003).”
Background
Performance-approach goals, science task preference, and academic procrastination: Exploring the moderating role of competence perceptions
Deemer, E. D., Yough, M. S., & Morel, S. A. (2017) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-017-9649-z · Cited by 18
ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY, GENDER AND ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION
Ajayi, O. S. (2020) · Epiphany · doi:10.21533/epiphany.v13i1.324 · Cited by 29
“This is because it is believed that counterproductive behaviours, such as avoidance in commencing or completing a task, setting poor goals or making poor decisions, result from ineffective time and behaviour management (Howell & Watson, 2007; Steel, 2007; Wolters, 2003).”
Background
Active Procrastination, Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement in University Undergraduates
Gendron, A. L. (2011) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) · Cited by 17
Strengthening Conscientiousness by Means of Interventions: A Systematic Review
Turner, M., & Hodis, F. A. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10016-4 · Cited by 19
“…academic tasks as less aversive and more likely to lead to positive future outcomes; Zhang & Feng, 2020; having better academic performance; Kim & Seo, 2015; reducing dis-organisation and increasing the use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies during learning; Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Past Negative Consequences of Unnecessary Delay as a Marker of Procrastination
Svartdal, F., & Nemtcan, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787337 · Cited by 23
Examining the effect of self-regulation failure on academic achievement in emergency remote teaching and learning versus face-to-face
Boshoff-Knoetze, A., Duminy, L., & du Toit, Y. (2022) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-08-2021-0305 · Cited by 21
Continuous assessment in a large group of psychology undergraduates
Clariana, M., Gotzens, C., & Martín, M. B. (2017) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v9i23.1429 · Cited by 16
“…the construct began, academic procrastination has been connected with many other individual features, such as poor use of metacognitive strategies (Howell & Watson, 2007), academic cheating (Ferrari et al., 1998), lower grades (Moon & Illingworth, 2005), higher intention-gap dissonance (Dewitte &…”
Background
Changes in examination practices reduce procrastination in university students
Schmidt, H. G., Baars, G. J. A., Hermus, P., van der Molen, H. T., Arnold, I. J. M., & Smeets, G. (2021) · European Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/21568235.2021.1875857 · Cited by 16
“…maladaptive implicit beliefs (Howell and Buro 2009), in self-regulation failure (Senécal, Koestner, and Vallerand 1995; Van Eerde 2000; Wolters 2003), in low self-efficacy (Klassen, Krawchuk, and Rajani 2008), or in unproductive achievement motives (Ferrari and Tice 2000; Howell and Watson 2007).”
Background
APROXIMACIÓN A UN CONCEPTO ACTUALIZADO DE LA PROCRASTINACIÓN
Becerra, L. D. A. (2012) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.33881/2027-1786.rip.5209 · Cited by 26
Conflict and Control at Different Levels of Self-Regulation
Scholer, A. A., & Higgins, E. T. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0017 · Cited by 15
Human behaviour in multimodal interaction: main effects of civic action and interpersonal and problem-solving skills
Makri, E. G., Spiliotopoulos, D., Vassilakis, C., & Margaris, D. (2020) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-020-01846-x · Cited by 16
“In effect, complementing self-regulation with self-efficacy, awareness of how to organize and screen a task or course of action at hand, may further be accomplished (Howell and Watson 2007).”
Background
La influencia del género en variables de la personalidad que condicionan el aprendizaje : inteligencia emocional y procrastinación académica
Clariana, M., Cladellas, R., Badia Martín, M. D. M., & Gotzens, C. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 16
Procrastination and Motivation Beliefs of Adolescents: A Cross-Cultural Study
Hannok, W. (2011) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r31q59 · Cited by 16
Creative procrastinators: Mapping a complex terrain
Zanjani, S. H. A., Yunlu, D. G., & Beigh, J. N. S. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109640 · Cited by 17
Enhancing learning from online video lectures: the impact of embedded learning prompts in an undergraduate physics lesson
McClellan, D., Chastain, R. J., & DeCaro, M. S. (2023) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-023-09379-w · Cited by 15
Achievement goal orientations and self-regulated learning strategies of adult and traditional learners
Lin, X. Y., & Wang, C.-H. (2018) · New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development · doi:10.1002/nha3.20229 · Cited by 21
Not just who you are, but who you were before: Social identification, identity incompatibility, and performance‐undermining learning behaviour in higher education
Smyth, L., Mavor, K. I., & Gray, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2413 · Cited by 16
“We also further underscore the capacity of surface learning to predict academic procrastination and academic self-handicapping (Gadbois & Sturgeon, 2011; Howell & Watson, 2007; Thomas & Gadbois, 2007).”
Background
Exploring the expectations and experiences of first year students undergoing a tailored transition initiative
Harris-Reeves, B., Pearson, A., & Massa, H. (2022) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/1.19.3.15 · Cited by 18
Prediction of Behavioral and Decisional Procrastination Considering Meta-Cognition Beliefs in University Students
Hoseini, F. S., & Khayyer, M. (2009) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · Cited by 15
Self-regulation coaching to alleviate student procrastination: Addressing the likeability of studying behaviours
Sims, C. M. (2014) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2014.9.2.147 · Cited by 15
Awareness and Awakening: A Narrative-Oriented Inquiry of Undergraduate Students' Development of Mindful Agency in China
Wang, Q., Law, H., Li, Y., Xu, Z., & Pang, W. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02036 · Cited by 16
“…have inspired an extensive range of studies in educational psychology including motivation, learning strategies, attitudes (Ralph and Markus, 1995; Riding and Rayner, 1998; Crichton and Kinsel, 2003; Howell and Watson, 2007; Cassidy, 2011; Dermitzaki et al., 2013; Velayutham and Aldridge, 2013).”
Background
Learning outcomes in leadership teams: The multilevel dynamics of mastery goal orientation, team psychological safety, and team potency
Hjertø, K. B., & Paulsen, J. M. (2017) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2016.1250765 · Cited by 17
“…in and perceived value of learning, adaptive-learning strategies, and feedback-seeking and help-seeking behaviour (Baranik et al., 2010; Payne et al., 2007; VandeWalle & Cummings, 1997) and negatively related to procrastination associated with self-regulated learning (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
The possible contribution of procrastination and perception of self-efficacy to academic achievement
Shaked, L., & Altarac, H. (2023) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2022.2102414 · Cited by 16
Concern about experiencing downward socioeconomic mobility generates precarious types of motivation among students of color
Hernandez, I. A., Silverman, D. M., Rosario, R. J., & Destin, M. (2023) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-023-09763-5 · Cited by 15
“…mastery-approach goals are also more likely to exhibit adaptive learning strategies and are also more likely to display greater help-seeking behavior, intrinsic motivation, and academic performance (Baranik et al., 2010; Elliot & McGregor, 2001; Elliot & Murayama, 2008; Howell & Watson, 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Prokrastinasi akademik: perilaku yang harus dihilangkan
Wangid, M. N. (2019) · Tazkiya Journal of Psychology · doi:10.15408/tazkiya.v2i2.10772 · Cited by 14
Procrastination, perceived maternal psychological control, and structure in math class: The intervening role of academic self‐concept
Selçuk, Ş., Koçak, A. A., Mouratidis, A. A., Michou, A., & Sayıl, M. (2021) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22542 · Cited by 15
SIMPROGRAMMING: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED TEACHING APPROACH FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMMING IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Pedrosa, D., Cravino, J., Morgado, L. C., Barreira, C., Nunes, R. R., Martins, P., & Paredes, H. (2016) · INTED proceedings · doi:10.21125/inted.2016.0699 · Cited by 14
“It is also associated with higher levels of stress and anxiety [27].”
Background
How to prompt training effectiveness? An investigation on achievement goal setting intervention in workplace learning
Yan, J., Weihan, L., Huang, X., Duan, L., Wu, Y., Jiang, P., & Wang, X. (2022) · Journal of Workplace Learning · doi:10.1108/jwl-01-2022-0012 · Cited by 13
How to Procrastinate Productively With ADHD: A Study of Smartphone Use, Depression, and Other Academic Variables Among University Students With ADHD Symptoms
Müller, V., Mellor, D. J., & Piko, B. F. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231171724 · Cited by 17
“This latter behavior may be sign of a time pressure preference, conscious decision-making, capacity to meet deadlines, and the ability to achieve satisfactory outcomes (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
Achievement goals, self-efficacy, and psychological flexibility as antecedent of study engagement
Martinie, M., & Shankland, R. (2024) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-09921-3 · Cited by 15
Goal Achievement and Academic Dropout Among Italian University Students: The Mediating Role of Academic Burnout
Nicita, A., Fumia, A., Caparello, C., Meduri, C. F., Filippello, P., & Sorrenti, L. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15010003 · Cited by 18
“…orientation engage in a task to prevent losing previously acquired knowledge or abilities (deskilling); specifically, it is the goal to avoid doing worse than one has done before (Van Yperen et al., 2009) and may lead to anxiety and lower performance (Howell & Watson, 2007; Hulleman et al., 2010).”
Understanding Procrastination in First-Year Undergraduates: An Application of Attribution Theory
Lee, S. Y., & Hall, N. C. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9080136 · Cited by 20
Guidelines for the development of educational games to motivate the learning of theoretical concepts in Engineering and Computing courses
Yuxuan, C., de Souza, R. C. G., Contessoto, A. D. G., & Amorim, A. R. (2021) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22387 · Cited by 13
“This is a motivational technique widely used and advised by psychology, even in educational psychology, because achievement goal frameworks encourage students to reach their achievements and to develop motivational, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics [14].”
Method
A Low‐Intensity, High‐Frequency Intervention to Reduce Procrastination
Wessel, J., Bradley, G., & Hood, M. (2020) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12293 · Cited by 12
“To procrastinate is to delay performing an intended task, despite believing delay will be harmful (Corkin et al., 2011; Howell & Watson, 2007; Nguyen et al., 2013; Steel, 2007).”
Background
Internet-based self-help intervention for procrastination: randomized control group trial protocol
Ying, Z., & Wang, J. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07112-7 · Cited by 20
“Academic procrastination is linked to inadequate cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies [5].”
Background
Procrastination in early childhood: Associations with self-regulation, negative affectivity, and the home environment
Kamber, E., Fuke, T. S. S., Alunni, M., & Mahy, C. E. V. (2023) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.09.002 · Cited by 18
“Indeed, adult procrastinators show a decreased ability to delay gratification (Dewitte & Schouwenburg, 2002) and a lack of goal-orientation (Howell & Watson, 2007).”
Background
Modelling students’ performance in MOOCs: a multivariate approach
Carannante, M., Davino, C., & Vistocco, D. (2020) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2020.1723526 · Cited by 12
“Finally, as previously reported, Howell and Watson (2007) and Tuckman (2005) show that procrastination has a negative impact on performance and greater in on-line courses than others.”
BackgroundMethod
Predicting Delay in Goal-Directed Action: An Experience Sampling Approach Uncovering Within-Person Determinants Involved in the Onset of Academic Procrastination Behavior
Wieland, L. M., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Limberger, M. F., & Nett, U. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695927 · Cited by 20
An Approach for Early Prediction of Academic Procrastination in e-Learning Environment
Raj, N. S., & Renumol, V. G. (2023) · International Journal of Information and Education Technology · doi:10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.1.1782 · Cited by 12
“Predicting student performance and deficiencies in mastering MOOC knowledge points using multitask learning allows people to offer academic help in intervening and enhancing the learning outcomes of students confronting problems [14].”
Background
Using Multiple Methods to Distinguish Active Delay and Procrastination in College Students
Lindt, S. F., Serrano, D. M., Isd, H., & Yu, S. L. (2014) · Cited by 12
Changes in time-related academic behaviour are associated with contextual motivational shifts
Strunk, K. K., Lane, F., & Mwavita, M. (2017) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2017.1384535 · Cited by 13
“However, there is a history of using only one or two subscales of interest for a particular study (e.g. Howell & Watson, 2007; Klassen, Krawchuck, & Rajani, 2008; Klassen & Kuzucu, 2009).”
Background
The impact of procrastination on engineering students’ academic performance
Kim, J., & Nembhard, D. A. (2019) · International journal of engineering education · Cited by 12

Authors: Howell, A. J., & Watson, D. C.
Affiliations: MacEwan University (CA)
Corresponding author: Howell, Andrew J.
ORCID: Howell, Andrew J.
Watson, David C.
Venue: Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-07
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Pages: 167-178
ISSN: 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.017
OpenAlex: W2047173849
Cited by: 453
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 9.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Keywords: procrastination, achievement goal orientation, learning strategies, self-regulation, mastery-avoidance goals, mastery goals, disorganization, cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, student self-regulation

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Procrastination: associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies.

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