Selective Activation of the Deep Layers of the Human Primary Visual Cortex by Top-Down Feedback
Open accessAbstract
In addition to bottom-up input, the visual cortex receives large amounts of feedback from other cortical areas [1-3]. One compelling example of feedback activation of early visual neurons in the absence of bottom-up input occurs during the famous Kanizsa illusion, where a triangular shape is perceived, even in regions of the image where there is no bottom-up visual evidence for it. This illusion increases the firing activity of neurons in the primary visual cortex with a receptive field on the illusory contour [4]. Feedback signals are largely segregated from feedforward signals within each cortical area, with feedforward signals arriving in the middle layer, while top-down feedback avoids the middle layers and predominantly targets deep and superficial layers [1, 2, 5, 6]. Therefore, the feedback-mediated activity increase in V1 during the perception of illusory shapes should lead to a specific laminar activity profile that is distinct from the activity elicited by bottom-up stimulation. Here, we used fMRI at high field (7 T) to empirically test this hypothesis, by probing the cortical response to illusory figures in human V1 at different cortical depths [7-14]. We found that, whereas bottom-up stimulation activated all cortical layers, feedback activity induced by illusory figures led to a selective activation of the deep layers of V1. These results demonstrate the potential for non-invasive recordings of neural activity with laminar specificity in humans and elucidate the role of top-down signals during perceptual processing.
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Long-range cortical projections crucial for the global workspace originate in cortical layers II/III and V/VI where feedback effects are most pronounced.
“Long-range cortical projections, crucial for the global workspace, originate in cortical layers II/III and V/VI where feedback effects are also most pronounced.[81][82][83][84]”
From An integrative, multiscale view on neural theories of consciousness (2024) · cites this paper as [81]
The Results (p. 2) report that feedback from illusory figures selectively activated the deep layers of V1, and the discussion (pp. 3–4) describes feedback targeting deep and superficial layers. The paper does not establish that long-range projections originate in layers II/III and V/VI or that they are crucial for a global workspace; it also cautions that the laminar profile of feedback depends on the condition. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKok et al. found selective increases in activation of the deep layers of V1 induced by illusory figures associated with a Kanisza triangle.
“Using 7T fMRI, Kok et al. 169 found selective increases in activation of the deep layers of V1 induced by illusory figures associated with a Kanisza triangle”
From Evaluating the neurophysiological evidence for predictive processing as a model of perception (2020) · cites this paper as [169]
Kok et al. observed dampened activity in regions of superficial and middle layers of V1 associated with the encoding of the Pac-Man inducers that resembled the laminar profile of genuine bottom-up stimulation.
“while dampened activity was observed in regions of superficial and middle layers of V1 associated with the encoding of the Pac‐Man inducers that resembled the laminar profile of genuine bottom‐up stimulation”
From Evaluating the neurophysiological evidence for predictive processing as a model of perception (2020) · cites this paper as [169]
In a recent study, Kok et al. found that an illusory figure induced by spatial context specifically activated the deep (but not middle and superficial) layers of V1.
“in a recent study Kok et al. [156] found that an illusory figure induced by the spatial context (i.e., the Kanizsa illusion) specifically activated the deep (but not the middle and superficial) layers of V1 (Figure ID)”
From How Do Expectations Shape Perception? (2018) · cites this paper as [156]
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- Authors
- Kok, P., Bains, L. J., van Mourik, T., Norris, D. G., & de Lange, F. P.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kok, Peter
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 371-376
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2279620263
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 23.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- James S. McDonnell Foundation (220020373)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (452-13-016)
- Universität Duisburg-Essen
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- top-down feedback, primary visual cortex, Kanizsa illusion, illusory contours, deep cortical layers, perceptual processing, high-field fMRI, human visual cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Feedback, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Visual Cortex, Young Adult
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